In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-Ⅲ(WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administr...In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-Ⅲ(WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Specifically, we used in-situ measurements to evaluate the performance of seven packages of input/dissipation source terms in the WW3 model. We forced the WW3 model by wind fields derived from a combination of the parametric Holland model and high-resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) wind data in a 0.125? grid, herein called H-E winds. We trained the H-E winds by fitting a shape parameter B to buoy-measured observations, which resulted in a smallest root mean square error(RMSE) of 3 m s^(-1) for B, when treated as a constant 0.4. Then, we applied the seven input/dissipation terms of WW3, labelled ST1, ST2, ST2+STAB2, ST3, ST3+STAB3, ST4, and ST6, to simulate the significant wave height(SWH) up to 5 m during typhoons Fungwong and Chan-hom around the Zhoushan Islands. We then compared the SWHs of the simulated waves with those measured by the in-situ buoys. The results indicate that the simulation using ST2 performs best with an RMSE of 0.79 m for typhoon Fung-wong and an RMSE of 1.12 m for typhoon Chan-hom. Interestingly, we found the simulated SWH results to be relatively higher than those of the observations in the area between Hangzhou Bay and the Zhoushan Islands. This behavior is worthy of further investigation in the future.展开更多
We use the WAVEWATCH-III model to quantify the effect of oceanic current on typhoon-wave modeling in the East-China-Sea（ECS）.Typhoons Jelawat and Saomai in the autumn of 2000 are hindcasted.The oceanic currents in t...We use the WAVEWATCH-III model to quantify the effect of oceanic current on typhoon-wave modeling in the East-China-Sea（ECS）.Typhoons Jelawat and Saomai in the autumn of 2000 are hindcasted.The oceanic currents in the ECS are mainly constituted of Kuroshio and typhoon-generated currents.The results show distinguishable differences in wave height and wave period under the typhoon conditions.The oceanic current causes the maximum differences,of up to a 0.5 m significant wave height and a 1 s mean wave period.Comparisons between typhoons Jelawat and Saomai show the dependence of the current effect on the typhoon characteristics.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of sea surface waves as they pass through oil slicks.The parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM)theory-based wave retrieval algorithm was applie...The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of sea surface waves as they pass through oil slicks.The parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM)theory-based wave retrieval algorithm was applied to 20 images of horizontal-horizontal(HH)polarization obtained using the phased-array L-band synthetic aperture radar(SAR)(PALSAR)on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS-1).The images were collocated with simulations from the WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ(WW3)model in a 0.1°grid using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)reanalysis(ERA-5)winds data as the forcing field.The validation of the model-simulated significant wave height(SWH)against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter produced a 0.66m root mean square error(RMSE)for the SWH,with a coefficient(COR)0.74.In this sense,the WW3-simulated waves were reliable for our work.A comparison between the SAR retrieval results and the WW3 simulations was performed using the dataset for the regions without oil slicks,which produced a 0.34m RMSE for the SWH,with a COR of 0.79,which is less than a the RMSE of 0.52 m and the COR of 0.70 for the regions with oil slicks.Moreover,it was found that the SAR-derived SWHs were significantly underestimated by about 0.2m in the areas with oil slicks.This difference is probably due to the underestimation of the SAR-derived wind speeds at moderate wind speeds(i.e.,at wind speeds of greater than 5ms^(-1)).An additional analysis compared the SAR-derived wave spectra with those from the WW3 model as waves passed through the oil slicks.The interesting finding is that the wave energy at short wave lengths(about 30m)is reduced by the oil slicks,causing the movement of the dominant wave spectrum to shift to longer wave lengths(about 80 m).展开更多
In this work,we examined long-term wave distributions using a third-generation numerical wave model called WAVE-WATCH-III(WW3)(version 6.07).We also evaluated the influence of sea ice on wave simulation by using eight...In this work,we examined long-term wave distributions using a third-generation numerical wave model called WAVE-WATCH-III(WW3)(version 6.07).We also evaluated the influence of sea ice on wave simulation by using eight parametric switches.To select a suitable ice-wave parameterization,we validated the simulations from the WW3 model in March,May,September,and December 2017 against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter at latitudes of up to 60°N.Generally,all parameterizations ex-hibited slight differences,i.e.,about 0.6 m root mean square error(RMSE)of significant wave height(SWH)in May and September and about 0.9 m RMSE for the freezing months of March and December.The comparison of the results with the SWH from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for December 2017 indicated that switch IC4_M1 performed most effec-tively(0.68 m RMSE)at high latitudes(60°-80°N).Given this finding,we analyzed the long-term wave distributions in 1999-2018 on the basis of switch IC4_M1.Although the seasonal variability of the simulated SWH was of two types,i.e.,‘U’and‘sin’modes,our results proved that fetch expansion prompted the wave growth.Moreover,the interannual variability of the specific regions in the‘U’mode was found to be correlated with the decade variability of wind in the Arctic Ocean.展开更多
For the survival and development of‘One Belt,One Road’,the present work aimed to evaluate the current situation of wave energy resources around Sri Lankan(SL)waters.Thirty-year ERA-Interim wind data were used to dri...For the survival and development of‘One Belt,One Road’,the present work aimed to evaluate the current situation of wave energy resources around Sri Lankan(SL)waters.Thirty-year ERA-Interim wind data were used to drive the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-III,and the seasonal and regional distribution characteristics of wave energy resources in SL waters were analyzed.Furthermore,the optimal season and region that contribute most to wave power in the study area were determined.On the basis of 30-year hindcast wave data,the significant wave height and wave power density,the occurrence of available SWH and rich WPD,the effective storage of wave energy,and the contribution and stability of wave energy were also analyzed.Results show that extremely optimistic wave energy resources are found at the western,southern,and southeastern waters of SL;moreover,the period of June,July,August(JJA)has great advantages in terms of the overall level of WPD,wave energy effective storage,and the contribution rate of wave energy.In addition,the wave energy during JJA is more stable than that of other periods and thus is benefi-cial to the transformation and development of wave energy.This study also provides important guiding value for disaster prevention and reduction,coastal zone management,and coastal development in the crucial region of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.展开更多
The ’Trapped-Fetch Wave Model(TFWM)’, which is developed for wave prediction in north Atlantic hurricanes, is applied to typhoon cases in western North Pacific(WNP). The comparison with operational numerical ocean w...The ’Trapped-Fetch Wave Model(TFWM)’, which is developed for wave prediction in north Atlantic hurricanes, is applied to typhoon cases in western North Pacific(WNP). The comparison with operational numerical ocean wind wave prediction system at Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) is examined. In application to WNP typhoon, the TFWM has shown some advantage against typical operational spectral wave models. Even though the full spectral 3rd generation numerical wave model can provides a reliable wave field prediction, it has little value when the atmospheric model poorly predicts the location and intensity of concerned storms or tropical cyclone. The analysis of TFWM output should lead the forecaster back to a more in-depth examination of the full spectral wave model output, resulting in an improved forecast product. As a supporting guidance tool for marine forecaster, the TFWM has shown its own uniqueness and necessity.展开更多
Wave climate analysis and other applications for the Pacific Ocean require a reliable wave hindcast. Five source and sink term packages in the Wavewatch III model （v3.14 and v4.18） are compared and assessed in this ...Wave climate analysis and other applications for the Pacific Ocean require a reliable wave hindcast. Five source and sink term packages in the Wavewatch III model （v3.14 and v4.18） are compared and assessed in this study through comprehensive observations, including altimeter significant wave height, advanced synthetic aperture radar swell, and buoy wave parameters and spectrum. In addition to the evaluation of typically used integral parameters, the spectra partitioning method contributes to the detailed wave system and wave maturity validation. The modified performance evaluation method （PS） effectively reduces attribute numbers and facilitates the overall assessment. To avoid possible misleading results in the root mean square error-based validations, another indicator called HH （indicating the two authors） is also calculated to guarantee the consistency of the results. The widely used Tolman and Chalikov （TC） package is still generally efficient in determining the integral properties of wave spectra but is physically deficient in explaining the dissipation processes. The ST4 package performs well in overall wave parameters and significantly improves the accuracy of wave systems in the open ocean. Meanwhile, the newly published ST6 package is slightly better in determining swell energy variations. The two packages （ACC350 and BIA） obtained from Wavewatch III v3.14 exhibit large scatters at different sea states. The three most ideal packages are further examined in terms of reproducing wave- induced momentum flux from the perspective of transport. Stokes transport analysis indicates that ST4 is the closest to the NDBC-buoy-spectrum-based transport values, and TC and ST6 tend to overestimate and underestimate the transport magnitude, respectively, in swell mixed areas. This difference must be considered, particularly in air-wave-current coupling research and upper ocean analysis. The assessment results provide guidance for the selection of ST4 for use in a background Pacific Ocean hindcast fo展开更多
将基于最优插值（OI）的同化并行模块植入全谱空间的第三代海浪模式 WAVEWATCH III ver-sion3.14,建立数据同化的海浪模式预报系统,并通过实际的预报个例对同化系统进行检验。个例实验是以5°S以北的印度洋海域为目标计算区域,海面...将基于最优插值（OI）的同化并行模块植入全谱空间的第三代海浪模式 WAVEWATCH III ver-sion3.14,建立数据同化的海浪模式预报系统,并通过实际的预报个例对同化系统进行检验。个例实验是以5°S以北的印度洋海域为目标计算区域,海面风场强迫采用业务单位的中尺度天气预报模式WRF （weather research and forecast）提供的逐时海面风场预报产品。模式积分过程中连续同化2010年12月15日、16日和17日过境北印度洋的Jason-2卫星高度计沿轨有效波高（SWH）数据（需要指出的是,每次同化得到新的SWH分析场后需重构相应的二维海浪谱用于谱模式）。SWH同化分析值和无同化的对照组分别与高度计沿轨观测数据比较发现,就日平均统计来看,同化较无同化使SWH分析值的均方根误差减小约25%-50%。以 SWH同化分析场作为初始场的预报表明,同化对预报影响的时效性可延长至48-60 h。本研究目的是通过将高度计测量的SWH数据同化到海浪模式进一步提升海浪数值预报的准确度。展开更多
基金partly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract (Nos. 2017YFA0604901, 2016YFC 1401002 and 2016YFC1402000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract (Nos. 41776 183, 41606024 and 41506033)
文摘In this study, we simulated typhoon waves in the shallow waters around the Zhoushan Islands using the WaveWatch-Ⅲ(WW3) model version 5.16, the latest version released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Specifically, we used in-situ measurements to evaluate the performance of seven packages of input/dissipation source terms in the WW3 model. We forced the WW3 model by wind fields derived from a combination of the parametric Holland model and high-resolution European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) wind data in a 0.125? grid, herein called H-E winds. We trained the H-E winds by fitting a shape parameter B to buoy-measured observations, which resulted in a smallest root mean square error(RMSE) of 3 m s^(-1) for B, when treated as a constant 0.4. Then, we applied the seven input/dissipation terms of WW3, labelled ST1, ST2, ST2+STAB2, ST3, ST3+STAB3, ST4, and ST6, to simulate the significant wave height(SWH) up to 5 m during typhoons Fungwong and Chan-hom around the Zhoushan Islands. We then compared the SWHs of the simulated waves with those measured by the in-situ buoys. The results indicate that the simulation using ST2 performs best with an RMSE of 0.79 m for typhoon Fung-wong and an RMSE of 1.12 m for typhoon Chan-hom. Interestingly, we found the simulated SWH results to be relatively higher than those of the observations in the area between Hangzhou Bay and the Zhoushan Islands. This behavior is worthy of further investigation in the future.
基金Project supported by the Public Science and Technology Research Funds of Ocean (Grant No. 201105018)the Young Scientist Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41106019)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No. BK2012315)the Young Scientist Fund of State Oceanic Administration,China (Grant No. 2011258)
文摘We use the WAVEWATCH-III model to quantify the effect of oceanic current on typhoon-wave modeling in the East-China-Sea（ECS）.Typhoons Jelawat and Saomai in the autumn of 2000 are hindcasted.The oceanic currents in the ECS are mainly constituted of Kuroshio and typhoon-generated currents.The results show distinguishable differences in wave height and wave period under the typhoon conditions.The oceanic current causes the maximum differences,of up to a 0.5 m significant wave height and a 1 s mean wave period.Comparisons between typhoons Jelawat and Saomai show the dependence of the current effect on the typhoon characteristics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41906152 and 42076238).
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of sea surface waves as they pass through oil slicks.The parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM)theory-based wave retrieval algorithm was applied to 20 images of horizontal-horizontal(HH)polarization obtained using the phased-array L-band synthetic aperture radar(SAR)(PALSAR)on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS-1).The images were collocated with simulations from the WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ(WW3)model in a 0.1°grid using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)reanalysis(ERA-5)winds data as the forcing field.The validation of the model-simulated significant wave height(SWH)against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter produced a 0.66m root mean square error(RMSE)for the SWH,with a coefficient(COR)0.74.In this sense,the WW3-simulated waves were reliable for our work.A comparison between the SAR retrieval results and the WW3 simulations was performed using the dataset for the regions without oil slicks,which produced a 0.34m RMSE for the SWH,with a COR of 0.79,which is less than a the RMSE of 0.52 m and the COR of 0.70 for the regions with oil slicks.Moreover,it was found that the SAR-derived SWHs were significantly underestimated by about 0.2m in the areas with oil slicks.This difference is probably due to the underestimation of the SAR-derived wind speeds at moderate wind speeds(i.e.,at wind speeds of greater than 5ms^(-1)).An additional analysis compared the SAR-derived wave spectra with those from the WW3 model as waves passed through the oil slicks.The interesting finding is that the wave energy at short wave lengths(about 30m)is reduced by the oil slicks,causing the movement of the dominant wave spectrum to shift to longer wave lengths(about 80 m).
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016 YFC1401605)the Key Special Project for Introduced Tal-ents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41806005 and 42076238).
文摘In this work,we examined long-term wave distributions using a third-generation numerical wave model called WAVE-WATCH-III(WW3)(version 6.07).We also evaluated the influence of sea ice on wave simulation by using eight parametric switches.To select a suitable ice-wave parameterization,we validated the simulations from the WW3 model in March,May,September,and December 2017 against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter at latitudes of up to 60°N.Generally,all parameterizations ex-hibited slight differences,i.e.,about 0.6 m root mean square error(RMSE)of significant wave height(SWH)in May and September and about 0.9 m RMSE for the freezing months of March and December.The comparison of the results with the SWH from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for December 2017 indicated that switch IC4_M1 performed most effec-tively(0.68 m RMSE)at high latitudes(60°-80°N).Given this finding,we analyzed the long-term wave distributions in 1999-2018 on the basis of switch IC4_M1.Although the seasonal variability of the simulated SWH was of two types,i.e.,‘U’and‘sin’modes,our results proved that fetch expansion prompted the wave growth.Moreover,the interannual variability of the specific regions in the‘U’mode was found to be correlated with the decade variability of wind in the Arctic Ocean.
基金The work was supported by the Key Technology Research and Development Pro-gram of Shandong(Nos.2019GHY112072,2019GHY112051)the State Key Laboratory of Precision Measur-ing Technology and Instruments(No.pilab 1906)We also got a grant from the Key Research and Development Pro-gram of Tianjin(Nos.18YFZCSF00620,18YFYSZC00120).
文摘For the survival and development of‘One Belt,One Road’,the present work aimed to evaluate the current situation of wave energy resources around Sri Lankan(SL)waters.Thirty-year ERA-Interim wind data were used to drive the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-III,and the seasonal and regional distribution characteristics of wave energy resources in SL waters were analyzed.Furthermore,the optimal season and region that contribute most to wave power in the study area were determined.On the basis of 30-year hindcast wave data,the significant wave height and wave power density,the occurrence of available SWH and rich WPD,the effective storage of wave energy,and the contribution and stability of wave energy were also analyzed.Results show that extremely optimistic wave energy resources are found at the western,southern,and southeastern waters of SL;moreover,the period of June,July,August(JJA)has great advantages in terms of the overall level of WPD,wave energy effective storage,and the contribution rate of wave energy.In addition,the wave energy during JJA is more stable than that of other periods and thus is benefi-cial to the transformation and development of wave energy.This study also provides important guiding value for disaster prevention and reduction,coastal zone management,and coastal development in the crucial region of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
文摘The ’Trapped-Fetch Wave Model(TFWM)’, which is developed for wave prediction in north Atlantic hurricanes, is applied to typhoon cases in western North Pacific(WNP). The comparison with operational numerical ocean wind wave prediction system at Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) is examined. In application to WNP typhoon, the TFWM has shown some advantage against typical operational spectral wave models. Even though the full spectral 3rd generation numerical wave model can provides a reliable wave field prediction, it has little value when the atmospheric model poorly predicts the location and intensity of concerned storms or tropical cyclone. The analysis of TFWM output should lead the forecaster back to a more in-depth examination of the full spectral wave model output, resulting in an improved forecast product. As a supporting guidance tool for marine forecaster, the TFWM has shown its own uniqueness and necessity.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program) of China under contract No.2013AA122803the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA11010104
文摘Wave climate analysis and other applications for the Pacific Ocean require a reliable wave hindcast. Five source and sink term packages in the Wavewatch III model （v3.14 and v4.18） are compared and assessed in this study through comprehensive observations, including altimeter significant wave height, advanced synthetic aperture radar swell, and buoy wave parameters and spectrum. In addition to the evaluation of typically used integral parameters, the spectra partitioning method contributes to the detailed wave system and wave maturity validation. The modified performance evaluation method （PS） effectively reduces attribute numbers and facilitates the overall assessment. To avoid possible misleading results in the root mean square error-based validations, another indicator called HH （indicating the two authors） is also calculated to guarantee the consistency of the results. The widely used Tolman and Chalikov （TC） package is still generally efficient in determining the integral properties of wave spectra but is physically deficient in explaining the dissipation processes. The ST4 package performs well in overall wave parameters and significantly improves the accuracy of wave systems in the open ocean. Meanwhile, the newly published ST6 package is slightly better in determining swell energy variations. The two packages （ACC350 and BIA） obtained from Wavewatch III v3.14 exhibit large scatters at different sea states. The three most ideal packages are further examined in terms of reproducing wave- induced momentum flux from the perspective of transport. Stokes transport analysis indicates that ST4 is the closest to the NDBC-buoy-spectrum-based transport values, and TC and ST6 tend to overestimate and underestimate the transport magnitude, respectively, in swell mixed areas. This difference must be considered, particularly in air-wave-current coupling research and upper ocean analysis. The assessment results provide guidance for the selection of ST4 for use in a background Pacific Ocean hindcast fo
文摘将基于最优插值（OI）的同化并行模块植入全谱空间的第三代海浪模式 WAVEWATCH III ver-sion3.14,建立数据同化的海浪模式预报系统,并通过实际的预报个例对同化系统进行检验。个例实验是以5°S以北的印度洋海域为目标计算区域,海面风场强迫采用业务单位的中尺度天气预报模式WRF （weather research and forecast）提供的逐时海面风场预报产品。模式积分过程中连续同化2010年12月15日、16日和17日过境北印度洋的Jason-2卫星高度计沿轨有效波高（SWH）数据（需要指出的是,每次同化得到新的SWH分析场后需重构相应的二维海浪谱用于谱模式）。SWH同化分析值和无同化的对照组分别与高度计沿轨观测数据比较发现,就日平均统计来看,同化较无同化使SWH分析值的均方根误差减小约25%-50%。以 SWH同化分析场作为初始场的预报表明,同化对预报影响的时效性可延长至48-60 h。本研究目的是通过将高度计测量的SWH数据同化到海浪模式进一步提升海浪数值预报的准确度。
