Pan gnammas occur across Australia, mainly in granites and sandstones. Their morphology and origins on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia are known, but this Twidale model is not applicable everywhere. I investigated the...Pan gnammas occur across Australia, mainly in granites and sandstones. Their morphology and origins on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia are known, but this Twidale model is not applicable everywhere. I investigated their morphology and theorized on their origins at eight sites across the continent, noting particularly their edge profiles, floors and depths in relation to their geological placement. The steep sides, flat floors, depths up to about 25 cm in laminated granites appl<span style="font-family:Verdana;">y</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> only in the hot climates of Western Australia and South Australia. Laminations are rare in Victorian granites, so their pan gnammas have sloped edges and are not as deep (ca.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10 cm) and in the granitic uplands of southeast Queensland</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> corrosion at the edge </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">concentrated to a narrow zone and most gnammas are only ca. 5 cm deep. Gnammas in horizontal sandstones in New South Wales and Queensland have steep or sloping edges and reach ca 10 cm deep but in dipping sandstones of the Grampians, Victoria horizontality of corrosion has produced visors at pan edges. The vertically bedded Uluru sandstones ha</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> enabled deeper corrosion and pans of different morphology. Regional depth variation has biological consequences.</span>展开更多
Background:Reconstruction of upper and lower lip subunits is a complicated and elusive challenge.For patients affected by defects involving upper and lower lip subunits,a technique able to reconstruct both aesthetic u...Background:Reconstruction of upper and lower lip subunits is a complicated and elusive challenge.For patients affected by defects involving upper and lower lip subunits,a technique able to reconstruct both aesthetic units with matched colour,sufficient contours and similar texture would be ideal.In this study,we present our experience with upper and lower lip reconstruction using the pre-expanded bipedicled visor flap.Methods:From January 2014 to January 2017,12 male patients presenting with defects of the upper and lower lip subunits were treated using this surgical technique.After a period of expansion of the scalp flap of over 6 months,the bipedicled visor flap was raised from both the parietal regions and rotated to resurface the defect.Delay and section of the pedicle were then performed.Results:Twelve male patients with postburn scars aged 22 to 48 years(mean:34 years)were successfully treated with no major complications.The donor site was closed primarily in all cases.Subsequent flap debulking and minor revisions were performed under local anaesthesia between 6 and 12 months postoperatively.Conclusions:The pre-expanded bipedicled visor flap provides an effective and reliable option for upper and lower lip reconstruction with excellent colour and texture.It is feasible to achieve these results simultaneously from a single donor site by using a pre-expanded bipedicled visor flap.展开更多
文摘Pan gnammas occur across Australia, mainly in granites and sandstones. Their morphology and origins on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia are known, but this Twidale model is not applicable everywhere. I investigated their morphology and theorized on their origins at eight sites across the continent, noting particularly their edge profiles, floors and depths in relation to their geological placement. The steep sides, flat floors, depths up to about 25 cm in laminated granites appl<span style="font-family:Verdana;">y</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> only in the hot climates of Western Australia and South Australia. Laminations are rare in Victorian granites, so their pan gnammas have sloped edges and are not as deep (ca.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10 cm) and in the granitic uplands of southeast Queensland</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> corrosion at the edge </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">concentrated to a narrow zone and most gnammas are only ca. 5 cm deep. Gnammas in horizontal sandstones in New South Wales and Queensland have steep or sloping edges and reach ca 10 cm deep but in dipping sandstones of the Grampians, Victoria horizontality of corrosion has produced visors at pan edges. The vertically bedded Uluru sandstones ha</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> enabled deeper corrosion and pans of different morphology. Regional depth variation has biological consequences.</span>
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Award Number:81801918National Natural Science Foundation of China,Award Number:81772098。
文摘Background:Reconstruction of upper and lower lip subunits is a complicated and elusive challenge.For patients affected by defects involving upper and lower lip subunits,a technique able to reconstruct both aesthetic units with matched colour,sufficient contours and similar texture would be ideal.In this study,we present our experience with upper and lower lip reconstruction using the pre-expanded bipedicled visor flap.Methods:From January 2014 to January 2017,12 male patients presenting with defects of the upper and lower lip subunits were treated using this surgical technique.After a period of expansion of the scalp flap of over 6 months,the bipedicled visor flap was raised from both the parietal regions and rotated to resurface the defect.Delay and section of the pedicle were then performed.Results:Twelve male patients with postburn scars aged 22 to 48 years(mean:34 years)were successfully treated with no major complications.The donor site was closed primarily in all cases.Subsequent flap debulking and minor revisions were performed under local anaesthesia between 6 and 12 months postoperatively.Conclusions:The pre-expanded bipedicled visor flap provides an effective and reliable option for upper and lower lip reconstruction with excellent colour and texture.It is feasible to achieve these results simultaneously from a single donor site by using a pre-expanded bipedicled visor flap.
