Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella(chickenpox) and herpes zoster(shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adul...Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella(chickenpox) and herpes zoster(shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adults have had varicella in childhood, it is unusual to encounter an infected pregnant woman but, if the disease does appear, it can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus or newborn. The major maternal complications include pneumonia, which can lead to death if not treated. If the virus passes to the fetus, congenital varicella syndrome, neonatal varicella(particularly serious if maternal rash appears in the days immediately before or after childbirth) or herpes zoster in the early years of life may occur depending on the time of infection. A Microbiology laboratory can help in the diagnosis and management of mother-child infection at four main times:(1) when a pregnant woman has been exposed to varicella or herpes zoster, a prompt search for specific antibodies can determine whether she is susceptible to, or protected against infection;(2) when a pregnant woman develops clinical symptoms consistent with varicella, the diagnosis is usually clinical, but a laboratory can be crucial if the symptoms are doubtful or otherwise unclear(atypical patterns in immunocompromised subjects, patients with post-vaccination varicella, or subjects who have received immunoglobulins), or if there is a need for a differential diagnosis between varicella and other types of dermatoses with vesicle formation;(3) when a prenatal diagnosis of uterine infection is required in order to detect cases of congenital varicella syndrome after the onset of varicella in the mother; and(4) when the baby is born and it is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicella(and its complications), make a differential diagnosis between varicella and other diseases with similar symptoms, or confirm a causal relationship between maternal varicella and malformations in a newborn.展开更多
Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a type of herpes virus known to cause varicella,mainly in young children,and herpes zoster in adults.Although generally non-lethal,VZV infection can be associated with serious complicatio...Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a type of herpes virus known to cause varicella,mainly in young children,and herpes zoster in adults.Although generally non-lethal,VZV infection can be associated with serious complications,particularly in adults.Acute pancreatitis caused by VZV infection is a rare event,with reports primarily concerning immunocompromised individuals.Here we report a 44-year-old immunocompetent female who developed acute pancreatitis associated with VZV infection.The patient presented with vomiting and persistent pain in the upper quadrant less than one week after diagnosis and treatment for a herpes zoster-related rash with stabbing pain on the abdomen and dorsal right trunk side.A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was confirmed based on abdominal pain,elevated levels of urine and serum amylase,and findings of peri-pancreatic exudation and effusions by computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.This case highlights that,though rare,acute pancreatitis should be considered in VZV patients who complain of abdominal pain,especially in the epigastric area.Early detection and proper treatment are needed to prevent the condition from deteriorating further and to minimize mortality.展开更多
BACKGROUND Facial herpes is a common form of the herpes simplex virus-1 infection and usually presents as vesicles near the mouth,nose,and periocular sites.In contrast,we observed a new facial symptom of herpes on the...BACKGROUND Facial herpes is a common form of the herpes simplex virus-1 infection and usually presents as vesicles near the mouth,nose,and periocular sites.In contrast,we observed a new facial symptom of herpes on the entire face without vesicles.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old woman with a history of varicella infection and shingles since an early age presented with sarcoidosis of the entire face and neuralgia without oral lesions.The patient was prescribed antiviral treatment with valacyclovir and acyclovir cream.One day after drug administration,facial skin lesions and neurological pain improved.Herpes simplex without oral blisters can easily be misdiagnosed as pimples upon visual examination in an outpatient clinic.CONCLUSION As acute herpes simplex is accompanied by neuralgia,prompt diagnosis and prescription are necessary,considering the pathological history and health conditions.展开更多
Understanding the defense mechanisms of the host of an organism is important for infection control.In previous studies,we demonstrated that interferon-a(IFN-a),but not IL-12,was produced by human peripheral blood mono...Understanding the defense mechanisms of the host of an organism is important for infection control.In previous studies,we demonstrated that interferon-a(IFN-a),but not IL-12,was produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with varicella-zoster virus(VZV).Here,we investigated what kind of cell(s)and which signal molecule(s)are involved in IFN-a production.Using cell isolation and ELISA,we found that plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)were responsible for IFN-a production during VZV infection.We also found that Toll-like receptor 9(TLR9)was involved in VZV-induced IFN-a production because inhibitory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide inhibited IFN-a production.UV-inactivated VZV-induced IFN-a production was lower than that of active VZV,indicating another TLR9-independent pathway.Further studies demonstrated that double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase,but not DNA-dependent protein kinase was involved in VZV-induced IFN-a production.Together,these results suggest that pDCs play an important role in IFN-a production during VZV infection through TLR9-dependent and-independent pathways.展开更多
The subunit herpes zoster vaccine Shingrix is superior to attenuated vaccine Zostavax in both safety and efficacy,yet its unlyophilizable liposome delivery system and the limited supply of naturally sourced immunologi...The subunit herpes zoster vaccine Shingrix is superior to attenuated vaccine Zostavax in both safety and efficacy,yet its unlyophilizable liposome delivery system and the limited supply of naturally sourced immunological adjuvant QS-21 still need to be improved.Based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)delivery systems that are stable during the lyophilization and rehydration process and using a double-emulsion(w/o/w)solvent evaporation method,we designed a series of nanoparticles with varicella-zoster virus antigen glycoprotein E(VZV-g E)as an antigen and nucleic acids including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid(Poly I:C)and phosphodiester Cp G oligodeoxynucleotide(Cp G ODN),encapsulated as immune stimulators.While cationic lipids(DOTAP)have more potential than neutral lipids(DOPC)for activating g E-specific cell-mediated immunity(CMI)in immunized mice,especially when g E is encapsulated in and presented on the surface of nanoparticles,PLGA particles without lipids have the greatest potential to induce not only the highest g Especific Ig G titers but also the strongest g E-specific CMI responses,including the highest proportions of interferon-c(IFNc)-and interleukin-2(IL-2)-producing CD4?/CD8?T cells according to a flow cytometry assay and the greatest numbers of IFN-c-and IL-2-producing splenocytes according to an enzyme-linked immunospot(ELISPOT)assay.These results showed that immune-stimulating nucleic acids together with the PLGA delivery system showed promise as a safe and economical varicella and zoster vaccine candidate.展开更多
As a common cause of viral encephalitis,varicella-zoster virus(VZV)may invade the central nervous system of immunosuppressed patients during reactivation.Herein,we report a rare case of an immunocompetent patient with...As a common cause of viral encephalitis,varicella-zoster virus(VZV)may invade the central nervous system of immunosuppressed patients during reactivation.Herein,we report a rare case of an immunocompetent patient with VZV encephalitis who developed severe hyponatremia and was considered to have a suspected primary infection.The patient was diagnosed with the support of second-generation sequencing and had persistent hyponatremia after being cured.Although rare,this case suggests that VZV encephalitis may occur in unexpected patients and present with unusual clinical manifestations,requiring advanced detection methods and clinical expertise for resolution.展开更多
BACKGROUND Varicella(chickenpox)and herpes zoster(shingles)are outcomes of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)infection,and understanding their incidence trends is vital for public health planning.AIM To conduct an ambispecti...BACKGROUND Varicella(chickenpox)and herpes zoster(shingles)are outcomes of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)infection,and understanding their incidence trends is vital for public health planning.AIM To conduct an ambispective epidemiological study by analyzing the main epidemiological characteristics of VZV infection during an 18 year-period(2000-2018).METHODS We used descriptive and epidemiological methods to characterize chickenpox in Bulgaria,the city of Plovdiv and the region for a period of 18 years(2000-2018).RESULTS The average incidence of varicella-zoster infection for the period 2000–2018 in the Plovdiv region was estimated at 449.58‰.The highest relative share of the infection was assessed in the month of January at 13.6%,and the lowest in the months of August and September at 2.9%(both months).The age group most affected by the infection was 1-4 years,followed by 5-9 years.This corresponds to the so-called"pro-epidemic population"-a phenomenon typical for airborne infections,confirming their mass impact on the perpetuation of VZV infection.CONCLUSION Our findings reveal significant insights into VZV epidemiology,including age-specific incidence rates,clinical manifestations,and vaccination impact.This comprehensive analysis contributes to the broader understanding of VZV infec-tion dynamics and may inform evidence-based preventive measures.展开更多
Varicella-zoster is a highly communicable virus that can be transmitted through the airborne route.About one quarter of people are infected with this virus.Previous studies have described the structure of A-capsid and...Varicella-zoster is a highly communicable virus that can be transmitted through the airborne route.About one quarter of people are infected with this virus.Previous studies have described the structure of A-capsid and a blurred reconstruction of the C-capsid with icosahedral symmetry.In this study,we have determined the more precise detailed structures of the varicella-zoster virus(VZV)B-and C-capsid in icosahedral symmetry using a combination of block-based reconstruction and symmetry relaxation strategies.In addition,we are reporting structural details of the portal vertex reconstructions in five-fold symmetry and portal reconstructions in twelve-fold symmetry.The structures unveil the basis for the high thermal stability of the VZV capsid.The conformational flexibility of structural elements of the capsid plays a role in the assembly of the capsid and drives processes critical for the viral life cycle.The results of the study open up new avenues for the development of drugs against a highly prevalent and contagious pathogen.展开更多
The primary varicella-zoster virus(VzV)infection that causes chickenpox(also known as varicella),spreads quickly among people and,in severe circumstances,can cause to fever and encephalitis.In this paper,the Mittag-Le...The primary varicella-zoster virus(VzV)infection that causes chickenpox(also known as varicella),spreads quickly among people and,in severe circumstances,can cause to fever and encephalitis.In this paper,the Mittag-Leffler fractional operator is used to examine the mathematical representation of the vzV.Five fractional-order differential equations are created in terms of the disease's dynamical analysis such as S:Susceptible,V:Vaccinated,E:Exposed,I:Infectious and R:Recovered.We derive the existence criterion,positive solution,Hyers-Ulam stability,and boundedness of results in order to examine the suggested fractional-order model's wellposedness.Finally,some numerical examples for the VzV model of various fractional orders are shown with the aid of the generalized Adams-Bashforth-Moulton approach to show the viability of the obtained results.展开更多
Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus that resides in a dorsal root ganglion. Herpes zoster can develop at any time after a primary infection or varicella vaccination. The incidence ...Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus that resides in a dorsal root ganglion. Herpes zoster can develop at any time after a primary infection or varicella vaccination. The incidence among children is approximately 110 per 100,000 person-years. Clinically, herpes zoster is characterized by a painful, unilateral vesicular eruption in a restricted dermatomal distribution. In young children, herpes zoster has a predilection for areas supplied by the cervical and sacral dermatomes. Herpes zoster tends to be milder in children than that in adults. Also, vaccine-associated herpes zoster is milder than herpes zoster after wild-type varicella. The diagnosis of herpes zoster is mainly made clinically, based on a distinct clinical appearance. The most common complications are secondary bacterial infection, depigmentation, and scarring. Chickenpox may develop in susceptible individuals exposed to herpes zoster. Oral acyclovir should be considered for uncomplicated herpes zoster in immunocompetent children. Intravenous acyclovir is the treatment of choice for immunocompromised children who are at risk for disseminated disease. The medication should be administered ideally within 72 hours of rash onset.展开更多
BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a common viral infection,but meningitis is a rare complication of VZV infection.The cerebrospinal fluid glucose of viral meningitis is usually within the normal range,which is ...BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a common viral infection,but meningitis is a rare complication of VZV infection.The cerebrospinal fluid glucose of viral meningitis is usually within the normal range,which is different from bacteria,fungi,and cancerous meningitis.This paper reports a case of VZV meningitis with hypoglycorrhachia and the relevant literature was reviewed.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of an immunocompetent 39-year-old male,presenting with severe headache and fevers,without meningeal signs or exanthem,found to have VZV meningitis by the metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid.The cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed hypoglycorrhachia(cerebrospinal fluid glucose of 2.16)and he was treated successfully with intravenous acyclovir.Our literature review identified only ten cases diagnosed with VZV meningitis with hypoglycorrhachia previously reported to date in the English literature whose cerebrospinal fluid glucose was from 1.6 to 2.7mmol/L,with a ratio of cerebrospinal fluid to serum glucose from 0.30 to 0.49.CONCLUSION Although rare,the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with VZV meningitis may have hypoglycorrhachia,which broadens the understanding of the disease.展开更多
Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a highly infectious agent responsible for both varicella and herpes zoster disease.Despite high efficacy,there remain safety and accessibility concerns with the licensed vaccines.Here,we ...Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a highly infectious agent responsible for both varicella and herpes zoster disease.Despite high efficacy,there remain safety and accessibility concerns with the licensed vaccines.Here,we sought to produce a VZV g E immunogen using an E.coli expression system.We found that the soluble expression and yield of g E protein could be enhanced via C-terminal truncations to the protein,thereby facilitating a robust and scalable purification process for the purpose of vaccine manufacturing.The lead truncated g E(aa 31–358),hereafter referred to as tg E,was a homogenous monomer in solution and showed excellent antigenicity.Finally,we assessed and compared the immunogenicity of tg E with commercial v Oka LAV and Shingrix vaccine.We found that aluminum-adjuvanted tg E was immunogenic as compared with v Oka LAV.When adjuvanted with AS01B,a two-dose immunization of tg E showed comparable or better potency in antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity with those of the Shingrix vaccine at the same dosage,especially in terms of the proportion of IFN-γ-expressing CD4^(+)T cells.In conclusion,this method of E.coli-mediate tg E expression offers a cost-effective and scalable strategy to generate an ideal VZV g E immunogen for the development of both varicella and zoster vaccines.展开更多
Varicella-zoster virus(VZV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles. ORF7 is an important virulence determinant of VZV in both human skin and nerve tissues,however, its specific function ...Varicella-zoster virus(VZV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles. ORF7 is an important virulence determinant of VZV in both human skin and nerve tissues,however, its specific function and involved molecular mechanism in VZV pathogenesis remain largely elusive. Previous yeast two-hybrid studies on intraviral protein-protein interaction network in herpesviruses have revealed that VZV ORF7 may interact with ORF53, which is a virtually unstudied but essential viral protein. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize VZV ORF53, and to investigate its relationship with ORF7. For this purpose, we prepared monoclonal antibodies against ORF53 and, for the first time, characterized it as a ~40 k Da viral protein predominantly localizing to the trans-Golgi network of the infected host cell. Next, we further confirmed the interaction between ORF7 and ORF53 by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies in both plasmid-transfected and VZV-infected cells. Moreover, interestingly, we found that ORF53 lost its trans-Golgi network localization and became dispersed in the cytoplasm of host cells infected with an ORF7-deleted recombinant VZV, and thus ORF7 seems to play a role in normal subcellular localization of ORF53. Collectively, these results suggested that ORF7 and ORF53 may function as a complex during infection, which may be implicated in VZV pathogenesis.展开更多
Herpes zoster and varicella are the two main clinical presentations of the varicella zoster virus infection. Varicella is the manifestation of primary infection. It is a systemic infection, frequent in childhood. Herp...Herpes zoster and varicella are the two main clinical presentations of the varicella zoster virus infection. Varicella is the manifestation of primary infection. It is a systemic infection, frequent in childhood. Herpes zoster is a reactivation of the virus. It often occurs in immunocompromised situations such as AIDS. Several localizations can be observed in herpes zoster. Disseminated lesions are rarely described. Authors report a case of ophthalmic and generalized (or disseminated) herpes zoster in an immunocompetent child. No history of previous varicella and no particular medical background or family tare was found. However, maternal varicella when pregnant of our patient was reported. The patient had good nutritional status and no cause of immunosuppression. Immediate evolution was favorable for our patient, but the possibility of long-term complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus should make consider the advisability of vaccination against varicella-zoster virus in children.展开更多
Even though varicella is rare in pregnancy, the disease can lead occasionally to disastrous illnesses for both the mother and her neonate. By contrast, normal zoster is not associated with special problems during preg...Even though varicella is rare in pregnancy, the disease can lead occasionally to disastrous illnesses for both the mother and her neonate. By contrast, normal zoster is not associated with special problems during pregnancy and peri- natal period. Pregnant women, who contract varicella, are at risk of varicella pneumonia which must be regarded as medical emergency. At any stage during pregnancy, chickenpox may cause intrauterine infection. The consequences for the fetus depend on the time of maternal disease. During the first two trimesters, maternal varicella may result in congenital varicella syndrome which may occur in nearly 2%. Typical symptoms are skin lesions in dermatomal distribution, neurological defects, eye diseases, and skeletal anomalies. Maternal infection near term is associated with a substantial risk of intrauterine acquired neonatal chickenpox in the neonate. If the mother develops varicella rash between day 4 (5) ante partum and day 2 post partum, generalized neonatal varicella leading to death in about 20% of the cases has to be expected. The present paper reviews the clinical consequences and the currently available concepts of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy.展开更多
A 41-year-old woman developed skin lesions on her upper back and arm. Initially, a definitive diagnosis could not be made. Subsequently, PCR detected VZV DNA in skin lesions and saliva. Immediate antiviral treatment l...A 41-year-old woman developed skin lesions on her upper back and arm. Initially, a definitive diagnosis could not be made. Subsequently, PCR detected VZV DNA in skin lesions and saliva. Immediate antiviral treatment led to a quick recovery without complicating prolonged fatigue and weakness typically seen in adults with varicella.展开更多
文摘Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella(chickenpox) and herpes zoster(shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adults have had varicella in childhood, it is unusual to encounter an infected pregnant woman but, if the disease does appear, it can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus or newborn. The major maternal complications include pneumonia, which can lead to death if not treated. If the virus passes to the fetus, congenital varicella syndrome, neonatal varicella(particularly serious if maternal rash appears in the days immediately before or after childbirth) or herpes zoster in the early years of life may occur depending on the time of infection. A Microbiology laboratory can help in the diagnosis and management of mother-child infection at four main times:(1) when a pregnant woman has been exposed to varicella or herpes zoster, a prompt search for specific antibodies can determine whether she is susceptible to, or protected against infection;(2) when a pregnant woman develops clinical symptoms consistent with varicella, the diagnosis is usually clinical, but a laboratory can be crucial if the symptoms are doubtful or otherwise unclear(atypical patterns in immunocompromised subjects, patients with post-vaccination varicella, or subjects who have received immunoglobulins), or if there is a need for a differential diagnosis between varicella and other types of dermatoses with vesicle formation;(3) when a prenatal diagnosis of uterine infection is required in order to detect cases of congenital varicella syndrome after the onset of varicella in the mother; and(4) when the baby is born and it is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicella(and its complications), make a differential diagnosis between varicella and other diseases with similar symptoms, or confirm a causal relationship between maternal varicella and malformations in a newborn.
基金Supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China No.LY14H160027,No.LQ12H16009the Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province,No.2013C33137,No.2013KKYA093
文摘Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a type of herpes virus known to cause varicella,mainly in young children,and herpes zoster in adults.Although generally non-lethal,VZV infection can be associated with serious complications,particularly in adults.Acute pancreatitis caused by VZV infection is a rare event,with reports primarily concerning immunocompromised individuals.Here we report a 44-year-old immunocompetent female who developed acute pancreatitis associated with VZV infection.The patient presented with vomiting and persistent pain in the upper quadrant less than one week after diagnosis and treatment for a herpes zoster-related rash with stabbing pain on the abdomen and dorsal right trunk side.A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was confirmed based on abdominal pain,elevated levels of urine and serum amylase,and findings of peri-pancreatic exudation and effusions by computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.This case highlights that,though rare,acute pancreatitis should be considered in VZV patients who complain of abdominal pain,especially in the epigastric area.Early detection and proper treatment are needed to prevent the condition from deteriorating further and to minimize mortality.
文摘BACKGROUND Facial herpes is a common form of the herpes simplex virus-1 infection and usually presents as vesicles near the mouth,nose,and periocular sites.In contrast,we observed a new facial symptom of herpes on the entire face without vesicles.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old woman with a history of varicella infection and shingles since an early age presented with sarcoidosis of the entire face and neuralgia without oral lesions.The patient was prescribed antiviral treatment with valacyclovir and acyclovir cream.One day after drug administration,facial skin lesions and neurological pain improved.Herpes simplex without oral blisters can easily be misdiagnosed as pimples upon visual examination in an outpatient clinic.CONCLUSION As acute herpes simplex is accompanied by neuralgia,prompt diagnosis and prescription are necessary,considering the pathological history and health conditions.
基金grants NSC 94-2314-B-182A-101(HR Yu)NSC 98-2314-B-182A-004-MY3(H R Yu)from the National Science Council,Taiwan.
文摘Understanding the defense mechanisms of the host of an organism is important for infection control.In previous studies,we demonstrated that interferon-a(IFN-a),but not IL-12,was produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with varicella-zoster virus(VZV).Here,we investigated what kind of cell(s)and which signal molecule(s)are involved in IFN-a production.Using cell isolation and ELISA,we found that plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)were responsible for IFN-a production during VZV infection.We also found that Toll-like receptor 9(TLR9)was involved in VZV-induced IFN-a production because inhibitory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide inhibited IFN-a production.UV-inactivated VZV-induced IFN-a production was lower than that of active VZV,indicating another TLR9-independent pathway.Further studies demonstrated that double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase,but not DNA-dependent protein kinase was involved in VZV-induced IFN-a production.Together,these results suggest that pDCs play an important role in IFN-a production during VZV infection through TLR9-dependent and-independent pathways.
基金financially supported by the CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine(Grant Number 2017-I2M3-022)Central basic scientific research in colleges and universities(Grant Number 3332019162)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 81503117)the Foundation for Studying Abroad from the China Scholarship Council(Grant Number 201808110121)
文摘The subunit herpes zoster vaccine Shingrix is superior to attenuated vaccine Zostavax in both safety and efficacy,yet its unlyophilizable liposome delivery system and the limited supply of naturally sourced immunological adjuvant QS-21 still need to be improved.Based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)delivery systems that are stable during the lyophilization and rehydration process and using a double-emulsion(w/o/w)solvent evaporation method,we designed a series of nanoparticles with varicella-zoster virus antigen glycoprotein E(VZV-g E)as an antigen and nucleic acids including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid(Poly I:C)and phosphodiester Cp G oligodeoxynucleotide(Cp G ODN),encapsulated as immune stimulators.While cationic lipids(DOTAP)have more potential than neutral lipids(DOPC)for activating g E-specific cell-mediated immunity(CMI)in immunized mice,especially when g E is encapsulated in and presented on the surface of nanoparticles,PLGA particles without lipids have the greatest potential to induce not only the highest g Especific Ig G titers but also the strongest g E-specific CMI responses,including the highest proportions of interferon-c(IFNc)-and interleukin-2(IL-2)-producing CD4?/CD8?T cells according to a flow cytometry assay and the greatest numbers of IFN-c-and IL-2-producing splenocytes according to an enzyme-linked immunospot(ELISPOT)assay.These results showed that immune-stimulating nucleic acids together with the PLGA delivery system showed promise as a safe and economical varicella and zoster vaccine candidate.
文摘As a common cause of viral encephalitis,varicella-zoster virus(VZV)may invade the central nervous system of immunosuppressed patients during reactivation.Herein,we report a rare case of an immunocompetent patient with VZV encephalitis who developed severe hyponatremia and was considered to have a suspected primary infection.The patient was diagnosed with the support of second-generation sequencing and had persistent hyponatremia after being cured.Although rare,this case suggests that VZV encephalitis may occur in unexpected patients and present with unusual clinical manifestations,requiring advanced detection methods and clinical expertise for resolution.
基金the European Union-NextGenerationEU,through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria,No.BG-RRP-2.004-0008.
文摘BACKGROUND Varicella(chickenpox)and herpes zoster(shingles)are outcomes of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)infection,and understanding their incidence trends is vital for public health planning.AIM To conduct an ambispective epidemiological study by analyzing the main epidemiological characteristics of VZV infection during an 18 year-period(2000-2018).METHODS We used descriptive and epidemiological methods to characterize chickenpox in Bulgaria,the city of Plovdiv and the region for a period of 18 years(2000-2018).RESULTS The average incidence of varicella-zoster infection for the period 2000–2018 in the Plovdiv region was estimated at 449.58‰.The highest relative share of the infection was assessed in the month of January at 13.6%,and the lowest in the months of August and September at 2.9%(both months).The age group most affected by the infection was 1-4 years,followed by 5-9 years.This corresponds to the so-called"pro-epidemic population"-a phenomenon typical for airborne infections,confirming their mass impact on the perpetuation of VZV infection.CONCLUSION Our findings reveal significant insights into VZV epidemiology,including age-specific incidence rates,clinical manifestations,and vaccination impact.This comprehensive analysis contributes to the broader understanding of VZV infec-tion dynamics and may inform evidence-based preventive measures.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (XDB29010000)National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFA0900801)+5 种基金National Science Foundation Grants 32200135 and 12034006supported by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar (No.32325004)the NSFS Innovative Research Group (No.81921005)supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2022QNRC001)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS grantsupported by the Special Research Assistant Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Varicella-zoster is a highly communicable virus that can be transmitted through the airborne route.About one quarter of people are infected with this virus.Previous studies have described the structure of A-capsid and a blurred reconstruction of the C-capsid with icosahedral symmetry.In this study,we have determined the more precise detailed structures of the varicella-zoster virus(VZV)B-and C-capsid in icosahedral symmetry using a combination of block-based reconstruction and symmetry relaxation strategies.In addition,we are reporting structural details of the portal vertex reconstructions in five-fold symmetry and portal reconstructions in twelve-fold symmetry.The structures unveil the basis for the high thermal stability of the VZV capsid.The conformational flexibility of structural elements of the capsid plays a role in the assembly of the capsid and drives processes critical for the viral life cycle.The results of the study open up new avenues for the development of drugs against a highly prevalent and contagious pathogen.
文摘The primary varicella-zoster virus(VzV)infection that causes chickenpox(also known as varicella),spreads quickly among people and,in severe circumstances,can cause to fever and encephalitis.In this paper,the Mittag-Leffler fractional operator is used to examine the mathematical representation of the vzV.Five fractional-order differential equations are created in terms of the disease's dynamical analysis such as S:Susceptible,V:Vaccinated,E:Exposed,I:Infectious and R:Recovered.We derive the existence criterion,positive solution,Hyers-Ulam stability,and boundedness of results in order to examine the suggested fractional-order model's wellposedness.Finally,some numerical examples for the VzV model of various fractional orders are shown with the aid of the generalized Adams-Bashforth-Moulton approach to show the viability of the obtained results.
文摘Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus that resides in a dorsal root ganglion. Herpes zoster can develop at any time after a primary infection or varicella vaccination. The incidence among children is approximately 110 per 100,000 person-years. Clinically, herpes zoster is characterized by a painful, unilateral vesicular eruption in a restricted dermatomal distribution. In young children, herpes zoster has a predilection for areas supplied by the cervical and sacral dermatomes. Herpes zoster tends to be milder in children than that in adults. Also, vaccine-associated herpes zoster is milder than herpes zoster after wild-type varicella. The diagnosis of herpes zoster is mainly made clinically, based on a distinct clinical appearance. The most common complications are secondary bacterial infection, depigmentation, and scarring. Chickenpox may develop in susceptible individuals exposed to herpes zoster. Oral acyclovir should be considered for uncomplicated herpes zoster in immunocompetent children. Intravenous acyclovir is the treatment of choice for immunocompromised children who are at risk for disseminated disease. The medication should be administered ideally within 72 hours of rash onset.
文摘BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a common viral infection,but meningitis is a rare complication of VZV infection.The cerebrospinal fluid glucose of viral meningitis is usually within the normal range,which is different from bacteria,fungi,and cancerous meningitis.This paper reports a case of VZV meningitis with hypoglycorrhachia and the relevant literature was reviewed.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of an immunocompetent 39-year-old male,presenting with severe headache and fevers,without meningeal signs or exanthem,found to have VZV meningitis by the metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid.The cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed hypoglycorrhachia(cerebrospinal fluid glucose of 2.16)and he was treated successfully with intravenous acyclovir.Our literature review identified only ten cases diagnosed with VZV meningitis with hypoglycorrhachia previously reported to date in the English literature whose cerebrospinal fluid glucose was from 1.6 to 2.7mmol/L,with a ratio of cerebrospinal fluid to serum glucose from 0.30 to 0.49.CONCLUSION Although rare,the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with VZV meningitis may have hypoglycorrhachia,which broadens the understanding of the disease.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2301404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81991490)+2 种基金the Industry-University-Academy Cooperation Program of Xiamen(2022CXY0107)the Principal Fund(20720220006 and 20720220004)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019RU022)。
文摘Varicella-zoster virus(VZV)is a highly infectious agent responsible for both varicella and herpes zoster disease.Despite high efficacy,there remain safety and accessibility concerns with the licensed vaccines.Here,we sought to produce a VZV g E immunogen using an E.coli expression system.We found that the soluble expression and yield of g E protein could be enhanced via C-terminal truncations to the protein,thereby facilitating a robust and scalable purification process for the purpose of vaccine manufacturing.The lead truncated g E(aa 31–358),hereafter referred to as tg E,was a homogenous monomer in solution and showed excellent antigenicity.Finally,we assessed and compared the immunogenicity of tg E with commercial v Oka LAV and Shingrix vaccine.We found that aluminum-adjuvanted tg E was immunogenic as compared with v Oka LAV.When adjuvanted with AS01B,a two-dose immunization of tg E showed comparable or better potency in antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity with those of the Shingrix vaccine at the same dosage,especially in terms of the proportion of IFN-γ-expressing CD4^(+)T cells.In conclusion,this method of E.coli-mediate tg E expression offers a cost-effective and scalable strategy to generate an ideal VZV g E immunogen for the development of both varicella and zoster vaccines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81601762)the National Science and Technology Major Project of Infectious Diseases (No. 2017ZX10304402)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Projects for Major New Drugs Innovation and Development (No. 2017ZX09101005-005-003)the Scientific Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics (No. 2016ZY005)
文摘Varicella-zoster virus(VZV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles. ORF7 is an important virulence determinant of VZV in both human skin and nerve tissues,however, its specific function and involved molecular mechanism in VZV pathogenesis remain largely elusive. Previous yeast two-hybrid studies on intraviral protein-protein interaction network in herpesviruses have revealed that VZV ORF7 may interact with ORF53, which is a virtually unstudied but essential viral protein. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize VZV ORF53, and to investigate its relationship with ORF7. For this purpose, we prepared monoclonal antibodies against ORF53 and, for the first time, characterized it as a ~40 k Da viral protein predominantly localizing to the trans-Golgi network of the infected host cell. Next, we further confirmed the interaction between ORF7 and ORF53 by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies in both plasmid-transfected and VZV-infected cells. Moreover, interestingly, we found that ORF53 lost its trans-Golgi network localization and became dispersed in the cytoplasm of host cells infected with an ORF7-deleted recombinant VZV, and thus ORF7 seems to play a role in normal subcellular localization of ORF53. Collectively, these results suggested that ORF7 and ORF53 may function as a complex during infection, which may be implicated in VZV pathogenesis.
文摘Herpes zoster and varicella are the two main clinical presentations of the varicella zoster virus infection. Varicella is the manifestation of primary infection. It is a systemic infection, frequent in childhood. Herpes zoster is a reactivation of the virus. It often occurs in immunocompromised situations such as AIDS. Several localizations can be observed in herpes zoster. Disseminated lesions are rarely described. Authors report a case of ophthalmic and generalized (or disseminated) herpes zoster in an immunocompetent child. No history of previous varicella and no particular medical background or family tare was found. However, maternal varicella when pregnant of our patient was reported. The patient had good nutritional status and no cause of immunosuppression. Immediate evolution was favorable for our patient, but the possibility of long-term complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus should make consider the advisability of vaccination against varicella-zoster virus in children.
文摘Even though varicella is rare in pregnancy, the disease can lead occasionally to disastrous illnesses for both the mother and her neonate. By contrast, normal zoster is not associated with special problems during pregnancy and peri- natal period. Pregnant women, who contract varicella, are at risk of varicella pneumonia which must be regarded as medical emergency. At any stage during pregnancy, chickenpox may cause intrauterine infection. The consequences for the fetus depend on the time of maternal disease. During the first two trimesters, maternal varicella may result in congenital varicella syndrome which may occur in nearly 2%. Typical symptoms are skin lesions in dermatomal distribution, neurological defects, eye diseases, and skeletal anomalies. Maternal infection near term is associated with a substantial risk of intrauterine acquired neonatal chickenpox in the neonate. If the mother develops varicella rash between day 4 (5) ante partum and day 2 post partum, generalized neonatal varicella leading to death in about 20% of the cases has to be expected. The present paper reviews the clinical consequences and the currently available concepts of prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy.
文摘A 41-year-old woman developed skin lesions on her upper back and arm. Initially, a definitive diagnosis could not be made. Subsequently, PCR detected VZV DNA in skin lesions and saliva. Immediate antiviral treatment led to a quick recovery without complicating prolonged fatigue and weakness typically seen in adults with varicella.
