Approximately 35.0% of annual hospitals budget is spent on buying materials and supplies, including medicines. We can bring about substantial improvement in the hospital inventory and expenditures by the inventory con...Approximately 35.0% of annual hospitals budget is spent on buying materials and supplies, including medicines. We can bring about substantial improvement in the hospital inventory and expenditures by the inventory control techniques. Objective: To identify the categories of drugs which need stringent management control. Material and Method: The ABC and VED analysis of the medical store of a Neuropsychiatry hospital at Delhi, India was conducted for the year 2008-2009 to identify the categories of items needing stringent management control. Results: The total number of the drugs at the medical store was 145 drugs. The total annual drug expenditure (ADE) on these drug items was Rs. 19219594.79. ABC analysis revealed 3.45%, 6.9% and 89.65% items as A, B and C category items, respectively, accounting for 70.5%, 19.68% and 9.83% of ADE of the medical store. VED analysis showed 32.41%, 61.38% and 6.2% items as V, E, and D category items, respectively, accounting for 70.9%, 28.72% and 0.38% of ADE of the medical store. On ABC-VED matrix analysis, 33.8%, 60% and 6.2% items were found to be category I, II and III items, respectively, accounting for 92.33%, 7.29% and 0.38% of ADE of the medical store. Conclusion: It is suggested by the study that the management of Category I drugs should be done by the top management resulting in stringent control on the annual expenses. The Category II should be managed by the middle management level and Category III at lower managerial level.展开更多
The optimal arrangement of viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) used to link two adjacent shear-type structures under seismic excitation was investigated. A two-step optimal design method is proposed. First, optimal parameter ...The optimal arrangement of viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) used to link two adjacent shear-type structures under seismic excitation was investigated. A two-step optimal design method is proposed. First, optimal parameter expressions of the Kelvin model are used to calculate the optimal stiffness and damping coefficient of the VEDs. Then, using the two-step optimal design method, taking the quadratic performance index as the optimization objective, the optimal arrangement of the dampers is determined. General rules about the optimal arrangement of the VEDs were obtained. The results show that the placement of only one damper between two adjacent shear-type structures should be avoided; if more than one damper is used, they should be distributed on the top and lower floors of the structures. Optimization of the number of dampers had little effect on response reduction. The most important factor was the optimization of the placement of the dampers. Through comparative study, for buildings of equal and unequal heights, the optimal parameters of dampers from parametric studies were shown to match the theoretical results for different numbers and placements of dampers. The level of response reduction was shown to be sensitive to the damping coefficient of the dampers.展开更多
Editor's Note: On Sept 9, the staff reporter of Human Rights magazine You Xueyun interviewed Prof. Ved P. Nanda, School of Law, University of Denver, USA and Honorary President of World Jurist Association (WJA). H...Editor's Note: On Sept 9, the staff reporter of Human Rights magazine You Xueyun interviewed Prof. Ved P. Nanda, School of Law, University of Denver, USA and Honorary President of World Jurist Association (WJA). He attended the 22nd Congress on the Law of the World held by WJA in Beijing and Shanghai, China, from Sept.4-10. Following is his viewpoints on human rights.展开更多
文摘Approximately 35.0% of annual hospitals budget is spent on buying materials and supplies, including medicines. We can bring about substantial improvement in the hospital inventory and expenditures by the inventory control techniques. Objective: To identify the categories of drugs which need stringent management control. Material and Method: The ABC and VED analysis of the medical store of a Neuropsychiatry hospital at Delhi, India was conducted for the year 2008-2009 to identify the categories of items needing stringent management control. Results: The total number of the drugs at the medical store was 145 drugs. The total annual drug expenditure (ADE) on these drug items was Rs. 19219594.79. ABC analysis revealed 3.45%, 6.9% and 89.65% items as A, B and C category items, respectively, accounting for 70.5%, 19.68% and 9.83% of ADE of the medical store. VED analysis showed 32.41%, 61.38% and 6.2% items as V, E, and D category items, respectively, accounting for 70.9%, 28.72% and 0.38% of ADE of the medical store. On ABC-VED matrix analysis, 33.8%, 60% and 6.2% items were found to be category I, II and III items, respectively, accounting for 92.33%, 7.29% and 0.38% of ADE of the medical store. Conclusion: It is suggested by the study that the management of Category I drugs should be done by the top management resulting in stringent control on the annual expenses. The Category II should be managed by the middle management level and Category III at lower managerial level.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51178203)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (No. 50925828)
文摘The optimal arrangement of viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) used to link two adjacent shear-type structures under seismic excitation was investigated. A two-step optimal design method is proposed. First, optimal parameter expressions of the Kelvin model are used to calculate the optimal stiffness and damping coefficient of the VEDs. Then, using the two-step optimal design method, taking the quadratic performance index as the optimization objective, the optimal arrangement of the dampers is determined. General rules about the optimal arrangement of the VEDs were obtained. The results show that the placement of only one damper between two adjacent shear-type structures should be avoided; if more than one damper is used, they should be distributed on the top and lower floors of the structures. Optimization of the number of dampers had little effect on response reduction. The most important factor was the optimization of the placement of the dampers. Through comparative study, for buildings of equal and unequal heights, the optimal parameters of dampers from parametric studies were shown to match the theoretical results for different numbers and placements of dampers. The level of response reduction was shown to be sensitive to the damping coefficient of the dampers.
文摘Editor's Note: On Sept 9, the staff reporter of Human Rights magazine You Xueyun interviewed Prof. Ved P. Nanda, School of Law, University of Denver, USA and Honorary President of World Jurist Association (WJA). He attended the 22nd Congress on the Law of the World held by WJA in Beijing and Shanghai, China, from Sept.4-10. Following is his viewpoints on human rights.
