The present study explores the experiences of married couples with women's liberation and gender equality in the 1950s in urban China.It moves away from state centeredness to examine the interactive processes amon...The present study explores the experiences of married couples with women's liberation and gender equality in the 1950s in urban China.It moves away from state centeredness to examine the interactive processes among state, family and individuals. Particular attention is given to the ways in which married individuals constructed their national identity and obligatory relations with the state as social agents. Data come from in-depth interviews of 80 elderly married individuals in Beijing in the summers of 2000 and 2003.It was found that women's liberation in the 1950s was imtimately interwined with and served China's nationalist and class projects.The multifacetedness of women's liberation revealed its dual nature:women's rights and obligations went hand in hand, largely at the expense of womem's pursuit of their personal freedom. However,the subordination ofwomen's individualistic emancipation to larger causes should not be merely interpreted as women'scompromise to the party state, but rather as a result of the conscious choice that women made in the course of pursuing gender obligation equality.Under the above circumstances, gender in urban China in the 1950s was contructed differently at state and family levels.While at the state leve, both women and men wered molded into non-gendered“state persons”,within the household,husbands and wives still largely followed traditional gendered division of labor. Consequently,neither men nor women in the 1950s had achieved personal freedom,but both had reached the obligation equality. In this case, not only gneder equality could be achieved in the abasence of women' s individualistic liberation, but also the meanings of the two notions were different from those developed in the West. Therefore, Western feminist theories in China must be modified to capture the historical context of state-socialist China in order to fully understand the meanings of its women's liberation and gender-equality.展开更多
Venous access devices are of pivotal importance for an increasing number of critically ill patients in a variety of disease states and in a variety of clinical settings(emergency, intensive care, surgery) and for diff...Venous access devices are of pivotal importance for an increasing number of critically ill patients in a variety of disease states and in a variety of clinical settings(emergency, intensive care, surgery) and for different purposes(fluids or drugs infusions, parenteral nutrition, antibiotic therapy, hemodynamic monitoring, procedures of dialysis/apheresis). However, healthcare professionals are commonly worried about the possible consequences that may result using a central venous access device(CVAD)(mainly, bloodstream infections and thrombosis), both peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs) and centrally inserted central catheters(CICCs). This review aims to discuss indications, insertion techniques, and care of PICCs in critically ill patients. PICCs have many advantages over standard CICCs. First of all, their insertion is easy and safe-due to their placement into peripheral veins of the armand the advantage of a central location of catheter tip suitable for all osmolarity and p H solutions. Using the ultrasound-guidance for the PICC insertion, the risk of hemothorax and pneumothorax can be avoided, as wellas the possibility of primary malposition is very low. PICC placement is also appropriate to avoid post-procedural hemorrhage in patients with an abnormal coagulative state who need a CVAD. Some limits previously ascribed to PICCs(i.e., low flow rates, difficult central venous pressure monitoring, lack of safety for radio-diagnostic procedures, single-lumen) have delayed their start up in the intensive care units as common practice. Though, the recent development of power-injectable PICCs overcomes these technical limitations and PICCs have started to spread in critical care settings. Two important take-home messages may be drawn from this review. First, the incidence of complications varies depending on venous accesses and healthcare professionals should be aware of the different clinical performance as well as of the different risks associated with each type of CVAD(CICCs or PICCs). Second, an inapp展开更多
The decompositional characterizations of the weighted Herz spaces on Rn are established. Using this decomposition, the boundedness on the weighted Herz spaces for a large class of sublinear operators is studied.
Technology development has always been one of the forces driving breakthroughs in biomedical research. Since the time of Thomas Morgan, Drosophilists have, step by step, developed powerful genetic tools for manipulati...Technology development has always been one of the forces driving breakthroughs in biomedical research. Since the time of Thomas Morgan, Drosophilists have, step by step, developed powerful genetic tools for manipulating and functionally dissecting the Drosophila genome, but room for improving these technologies and developing new techniques is still large, especially today as biologists start to study systematically the functional genomics of different model organisms, including humans, in a high-throughput manner. Here, we report, for the first time in Drosophila, a rapid, easy, and highly specific method for modifying the Drosophila genome at a very high efficiency by means of an improved transcription activator-like effector nuclease （TALEN） strategy. We took advantage of the very recently developed ＂unit assembly＂ strategy to assemble two pairs of specific TALENs designed to modify the yellow gene （on the sex chromosome） and a novel autosomal gene. The mRNAs of TALENs were subsequently injected into Drosophila embryos. From 31.2% of the injected Fo fertile flies, we detected inheritable modification involving the yellow gene. The entire process from construction of specific TALENs to detection of inheritable modifications can be accomplished within one month. The potential applications of this TALEN-mediated genome modification method in Drosophila are discussed.展开更多
Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many comp...Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.展开更多
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now the most common endoscopic treatment in Japan for intramucosal gastrointestinal neoplasms (non-metastatic). ESD is an invasive endoscopic surgical procedure, requiring ex... Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now the most common endoscopic treatment in Japan for intramucosal gastrointestinal neoplasms (non-metastatic). ESD is an invasive endoscopic surgical procedure, requiring extensive knowledge, skill, and specialized equipment. ESD starts with evaluation of the lesion, as accurate assessment of the depth and margin of the lesion is essential. The devices and strategies used in ESD vary, depending on the nature of the lesion. Prior to the procedure, the operator must be knowledgeable about the treatment strategy(ies), the device(s) to use, the electrocautery machine settings, the substances to inject, and other aspects. In addition, the operator must be able to manage complications, should they arise, including immediate recognition of the complication(s) and its treatment. Finally, in case the ESD treatment is not successful, the operator should be prepared to apply alternative treatments. Thus, adequate knowledge and training are essential to successfully perform ESD.展开更多
文摘The present study explores the experiences of married couples with women's liberation and gender equality in the 1950s in urban China.It moves away from state centeredness to examine the interactive processes among state, family and individuals. Particular attention is given to the ways in which married individuals constructed their national identity and obligatory relations with the state as social agents. Data come from in-depth interviews of 80 elderly married individuals in Beijing in the summers of 2000 and 2003.It was found that women's liberation in the 1950s was imtimately interwined with and served China's nationalist and class projects.The multifacetedness of women's liberation revealed its dual nature:women's rights and obligations went hand in hand, largely at the expense of womem's pursuit of their personal freedom. However,the subordination ofwomen's individualistic emancipation to larger causes should not be merely interpreted as women'scompromise to the party state, but rather as a result of the conscious choice that women made in the course of pursuing gender obligation equality.Under the above circumstances, gender in urban China in the 1950s was contructed differently at state and family levels.While at the state leve, both women and men wered molded into non-gendered“state persons”,within the household,husbands and wives still largely followed traditional gendered division of labor. Consequently,neither men nor women in the 1950s had achieved personal freedom,but both had reached the obligation equality. In this case, not only gneder equality could be achieved in the abasence of women' s individualistic liberation, but also the meanings of the two notions were different from those developed in the West. Therefore, Western feminist theories in China must be modified to capture the historical context of state-socialist China in order to fully understand the meanings of its women's liberation and gender-equality.
文摘Venous access devices are of pivotal importance for an increasing number of critically ill patients in a variety of disease states and in a variety of clinical settings(emergency, intensive care, surgery) and for different purposes(fluids or drugs infusions, parenteral nutrition, antibiotic therapy, hemodynamic monitoring, procedures of dialysis/apheresis). However, healthcare professionals are commonly worried about the possible consequences that may result using a central venous access device(CVAD)(mainly, bloodstream infections and thrombosis), both peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs) and centrally inserted central catheters(CICCs). This review aims to discuss indications, insertion techniques, and care of PICCs in critically ill patients. PICCs have many advantages over standard CICCs. First of all, their insertion is easy and safe-due to their placement into peripheral veins of the armand the advantage of a central location of catheter tip suitable for all osmolarity and p H solutions. Using the ultrasound-guidance for the PICC insertion, the risk of hemothorax and pneumothorax can be avoided, as wellas the possibility of primary malposition is very low. PICC placement is also appropriate to avoid post-procedural hemorrhage in patients with an abnormal coagulative state who need a CVAD. Some limits previously ascribed to PICCs(i.e., low flow rates, difficult central venous pressure monitoring, lack of safety for radio-diagnostic procedures, single-lumen) have delayed their start up in the intensive care units as common practice. Though, the recent development of power-injectable PICCs overcomes these technical limitations and PICCs have started to spread in critical care settings. Two important take-home messages may be drawn from this review. First, the incidence of complications varies depending on venous accesses and healthcare professionals should be aware of the different clinical performance as well as of the different risks associated with each type of CVAD(CICCs or PICCs). Second, an inapp
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The decompositional characterizations of the weighted Herz spaces on Rn are established. Using this decomposition, the boundedness on the weighted Herz spaces for a large class of sublinear operators is studied.
基金supported by the grants from the 973 Program(Nos.2009CB918702 and 2012CB945101)the NSFC(Nos.31071087 and 31100889)+1 种基金W.-M.D.is supported by NIH grant R01GM072562National Science Foundation of USA(IOS-1052333)
文摘Technology development has always been one of the forces driving breakthroughs in biomedical research. Since the time of Thomas Morgan, Drosophilists have, step by step, developed powerful genetic tools for manipulating and functionally dissecting the Drosophila genome, but room for improving these technologies and developing new techniques is still large, especially today as biologists start to study systematically the functional genomics of different model organisms, including humans, in a high-throughput manner. Here, we report, for the first time in Drosophila, a rapid, easy, and highly specific method for modifying the Drosophila genome at a very high efficiency by means of an improved transcription activator-like effector nuclease （TALEN） strategy. We took advantage of the very recently developed ＂unit assembly＂ strategy to assemble two pairs of specific TALENs designed to modify the yellow gene （on the sex chromosome） and a novel autosomal gene. The mRNAs of TALENs were subsequently injected into Drosophila embryos. From 31.2% of the injected Fo fertile flies, we detected inheritable modification involving the yellow gene. The entire process from construction of specific TALENs to detection of inheritable modifications can be accomplished within one month. The potential applications of this TALEN-mediated genome modification method in Drosophila are discussed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61422203 and 61333014)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB340501)
文摘Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.
文摘 Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is now the most common endoscopic treatment in Japan for intramucosal gastrointestinal neoplasms (non-metastatic). ESD is an invasive endoscopic surgical procedure, requiring extensive knowledge, skill, and specialized equipment. ESD starts with evaluation of the lesion, as accurate assessment of the depth and margin of the lesion is essential. The devices and strategies used in ESD vary, depending on the nature of the lesion. Prior to the procedure, the operator must be knowledgeable about the treatment strategy(ies), the device(s) to use, the electrocautery machine settings, the substances to inject, and other aspects. In addition, the operator must be able to manage complications, should they arise, including immediate recognition of the complication(s) and its treatment. Finally, in case the ESD treatment is not successful, the operator should be prepared to apply alternative treatments. Thus, adequate knowledge and training are essential to successfully perform ESD.
