To review the present status of breast cancer(BC) screening/early detection in low- and middle-income countries(LMICs) and identify the way forward, an open focused search for articles was undertaken in Pub Med, Googl...To review the present status of breast cancer(BC) screening/early detection in low- and middle-income countries(LMICs) and identify the way forward, an open focused search for articles was undertaken in Pub Med, Google Scholar and Google, and using a snowball technique, further articles were obtained from the reference list of initial search results. In addition, a query was put up on Research Gate to obtain more references and find out the general opinion of experts on the topic. Experts were also personally contacted for their opinion. Breast cancer(BC) is the most common cancer in women in the world. The rise in incidence is highest in LMICs where the incidence has often been much lower than high-income countries. In spite of more women dying of cancer than pregnancy or childbirth related causes in LMICs, most of the focus and resources are devoted to maternal health. Also, the majority of women in LMICs present at late stages to a hospital to initiate treatment. A number of trials have been conducted in various LMICs regarding the use of clinical breast examination and mammography in various combinations to understand the best ways of implementing a population level screening/early detection of BC; nevertheless, more research in this area is badly needed for different LMIC specific contexts. No-tably, very few LMICs have national level programs for BC prevention via screening/early detection and even stage reduction is not on the public health agenda. This is in addition to other barriers such as lack of awareness among women regarding BC and the presence of stigma, inappropriate attitudes and lack of following proper screening behavior, such as conducting breast self-examinations. The above is mixed with the apathy and lack of awareness of policy makers regarding the fact that BC prevention is much more cost-effective and humane than BC treatment. Implementation of population level programs for screening/early detection of BC, along with use of ways to improve awareness of women regarding BC, can prove criti展开更多
目的:对比分析评估数字乳腺断层摄影(digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT)、数字乳腺X线摄影(digital mammography,DM)及超声检查对乳腺导管内乳头状瘤(intraductal papilloma,IDP)的应用价值。方法:回顾并分析567例经术后病理学检查证...目的:对比分析评估数字乳腺断层摄影(digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT)、数字乳腺X线摄影(digital mammography,DM)及超声检查对乳腺导管内乳头状瘤(intraductal papilloma,IDP)的应用价值。方法:回顾并分析567例经术后病理学检查证实的乳腺IDP患者的临床资料,共696个病灶,以美国放射学会(American College of Radiology,ACR)的乳腺影像报告和数据系统(Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,BI-RADS)为诊断标准,比较DBT、DM及超声检查对乳腺IDP的检出率及诊断符合率的差异。结果:DBT较DM、超声较DBT、超声较DM对IDP的检出率(60.6%vs44.7%;99.0%vs 60.6%;99.0%vs 44.7%)及诊断符合率(51.3%vs 39.4%;80.2%vs 51.3%;80.2%vs 39.4%)均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对于IDP及致密型乳腺组织中IDP的检出及影像学征象,超声为首选检查,但DBT作为一种新兴的DM技术同样具有一定价值。展开更多
文摘To review the present status of breast cancer(BC) screening/early detection in low- and middle-income countries(LMICs) and identify the way forward, an open focused search for articles was undertaken in Pub Med, Google Scholar and Google, and using a snowball technique, further articles were obtained from the reference list of initial search results. In addition, a query was put up on Research Gate to obtain more references and find out the general opinion of experts on the topic. Experts were also personally contacted for their opinion. Breast cancer(BC) is the most common cancer in women in the world. The rise in incidence is highest in LMICs where the incidence has often been much lower than high-income countries. In spite of more women dying of cancer than pregnancy or childbirth related causes in LMICs, most of the focus and resources are devoted to maternal health. Also, the majority of women in LMICs present at late stages to a hospital to initiate treatment. A number of trials have been conducted in various LMICs regarding the use of clinical breast examination and mammography in various combinations to understand the best ways of implementing a population level screening/early detection of BC; nevertheless, more research in this area is badly needed for different LMIC specific contexts. No-tably, very few LMICs have national level programs for BC prevention via screening/early detection and even stage reduction is not on the public health agenda. This is in addition to other barriers such as lack of awareness among women regarding BC and the presence of stigma, inappropriate attitudes and lack of following proper screening behavior, such as conducting breast self-examinations. The above is mixed with the apathy and lack of awareness of policy makers regarding the fact that BC prevention is much more cost-effective and humane than BC treatment. Implementation of population level programs for screening/early detection of BC, along with use of ways to improve awareness of women regarding BC, can prove criti
文摘目的:对比分析评估数字乳腺断层摄影(digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT)、数字乳腺X线摄影(digital mammography,DM)及超声检查对乳腺导管内乳头状瘤(intraductal papilloma,IDP)的应用价值。方法:回顾并分析567例经术后病理学检查证实的乳腺IDP患者的临床资料,共696个病灶,以美国放射学会(American College of Radiology,ACR)的乳腺影像报告和数据系统(Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,BI-RADS)为诊断标准,比较DBT、DM及超声检查对乳腺IDP的检出率及诊断符合率的差异。结果:DBT较DM、超声较DBT、超声较DM对IDP的检出率(60.6%vs44.7%;99.0%vs 60.6%;99.0%vs 44.7%)及诊断符合率(51.3%vs 39.4%;80.2%vs 51.3%;80.2%vs 39.4%)均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对于IDP及致密型乳腺组织中IDP的检出及影像学征象,超声为首选检查,但DBT作为一种新兴的DM技术同样具有一定价值。
