2014年9月16日夜间,第15号台风"海鸥"外围螺旋雨带中产生龙卷,袭击了广东省佛山市三水区白坭镇。通过现场灾情勘察、群众走访、新一代雷达观测等资料的综合分析,确定这次龙卷强度为EF1级。分析其发生发展的环境背景、雷达回...2014年9月16日夜间,第15号台风"海鸥"外围螺旋雨带中产生龙卷,袭击了广东省佛山市三水区白坭镇。通过现场灾情勘察、群众走访、新一代雷达观测等资料的综合分析,确定这次龙卷强度为EF1级。分析其发生发展的环境背景、雷达回波特征,并与相似台风路径下无龙卷产生的1409号超强台风"威马逊"环境条件对比,结果表明:龙卷发生在登陆台风"海鸥"移动方向的右后侧,对应上空200 h Pa为辐散区,500 h Pa为副热带高压和"海鸥"之间的强东南气流汇合处,从925 h Pa到500 h Pa强东南急流轴走向一致、上下叠加在珠江口附近,地面存在触发对流的东路弱冷空气和中尺度辐合线。环境条件呈弱的条件不稳定,对流有效位能(CAPE)小、抬升凝结高度(LCL)低、垂直风切变和风暴相对螺旋度(SRH)大;产生龙卷的对流风暴属于低质心的微型超级单体风暴,速度图上低层存在强中气旋,中气旋中心伴有TVS,中气旋和TVS尺度比较小、垂直伸展高度比较低,强中气旋、TVS分别早于龙卷14 min、8 min出现。龙卷出现在微型超级单体风暴右后侧钩状回波顶端、TVS附近。分析还表明,相似台风路径下,台风"海鸥"(有龙卷出现)和超强台风"威马逊"(无龙卷出现)的环境条件明显差异主要体现在0~1 km的低层垂直风切变和SRH上,后者的0~1 km垂直风切变和SRH均明显偏小,不利于微型超级单体风暴的出现。展开更多
Monitoring forest disturbances is important for understanding changes in ecosystems. The 1986 Typhoon Vera was a serious disturbance that severely impacted the forest ecosystems of Changbai Mountain National Nature Re...Monitoring forest disturbances is important for understanding changes in ecosystems. The 1986 Typhoon Vera was a serious disturbance that severely impacted the forest ecosystems of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve. Although the typhoon disturbance occurred more than two decades ago, the effects of the typhoon still remain within the study area. Few studies have focused on mapping and assessing disturbances across broad spatial and temporal scales. For this study, we first generated a map of forest composition prior to the typhoon disturbance, which served as a baseline data for the extraction of disturbed area. Then, the Disturbance Index(DI) method was tested for mapping the extent and magnitude of disturbance in the study area by applying a Tasseled Cap transformation to the Landsat imagery. The Landsatbased DI method estimated that an area of 13,764.78 ha of forest was disturbed by the typhoon. Based on visual assessments, these results correspond closely with the reference map derived from ground surveys. These results also revealed the influence of local topographic features on the distribution of windthrow areas. Windthrow areas were more pronounced inareas with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 m, slopes of less than 10 degrees, and southwestern to northwestern aspects. In addition, the relatively long(25 years) post-typhoon recovery period assessed by this study provided a more comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest recovery processes over time. Windthrow areas did not recover immediately after the typhoon, likely due to forest management practices enacted at the time. So far, forest recovery has proceeded more rapidly at elevations below 1,400 m, particularly on western slopes within the study area. Finally, a time series of DI values within the study period suggests a secondary disturbance may have occurred between 2000 and 2001.展开更多
In sandy sediments, scour and fill is the key process contributed to mine burial. The scour processes surrounding the cylinder mines freely resting on the sandy seabed under the 12-hr combined action of tidal currents...In sandy sediments, scour and fill is the key process contributed to mine burial. The scour processes surrounding the cylinder mines freely resting on the sandy seabed under the 12-hr combined action of tidal currents and wind-generated waves, especially over typhoon events are numerically simulated using the DRAMBUIE model. The East China Sea is a good case study due to the dominant impact of summer typhoon events on sediment transport and scour. The numerical results show that the scour depth generally increases with time under the combined current and wave stresses exerted on the seabed, while the depth of the scour pit depends on infill once the currents subside. There is a positive relationship between the scour depth and the bottom orbital velocity after experiencing 12-hr wave action including storm waves, while the relation is not linear. The experimental results also display an elevated trend for scour depth with the increase of orbital velocity. The numerical results reveal a surprising phenomenon: the mobility of sand altering with the increasing bed shear stress larger than the certain threshold, which is also manifested as the curves of scour depth with the different grain size might cross each other. For laboratory experiments, the variability of sand mobility does not occur, likely because typhoon storm waves cannot be reproduced in the flume. More numerical tests indicate that the intersection will be triggered by the division of critical Shields parameter. The preliminary analysis suggests that the phenomenon never documented is likely generated from the error of empirical formulae.展开更多
Providing accurate predictions of extreme water levels through numerical simulation has become essential for disaster prevention and damage mitigation in coastal wetland areas.This study applies the FVCOM model to sim...Providing accurate predictions of extreme water levels through numerical simulation has become essential for disaster prevention and damage mitigation in coastal wetland areas.This study applies the FVCOM model to simulate storm surges caused by several typhoons in the Bohai Sea and the North Huanghai Sea.The vegetation drag force caused by salt marsh plants is inserted into the FVCOM model for model improvement with vegetation effect by integrating RS and GIS technologies.A parametric typhoon model is coupled with background wind fields derived to acquire the spatio-temporal variations of wind and pressure fields in the computational domain.The simulation results reproduce the extreme storm surges induced by typhoon events very well.The modeling results are compared by validating with literature results to examine the effect of vegetation on tidal waves in tidal mud flats.Moreover,the coupled model is also applied to explore storm surge attenuation and land intrusion during Typhoon Winnie in the wetlands of the Liao River Estuary.The simulation results indicate that salt marsh plants can reduce the flow current with little impact on tide flooding/ebbing in vegetated regions.Furthermore,the results show that typhoon presence increases the inundation depth and extendes the flood time in the tidal wetlands of the study region.The FVCOM model incorporating the method with vegetation drag force can provide new insights to understand the comprehensive impact of tidal wetland plants on hydrodynamic characteristics in the Bohai Sea and other waters,hence presents a more accurate quantification of the hydrological process of storm surge in the tidal wetlands.展开更多
文摘2014年9月16日夜间,第15号台风"海鸥"外围螺旋雨带中产生龙卷,袭击了广东省佛山市三水区白坭镇。通过现场灾情勘察、群众走访、新一代雷达观测等资料的综合分析,确定这次龙卷强度为EF1级。分析其发生发展的环境背景、雷达回波特征,并与相似台风路径下无龙卷产生的1409号超强台风"威马逊"环境条件对比,结果表明:龙卷发生在登陆台风"海鸥"移动方向的右后侧,对应上空200 h Pa为辐散区,500 h Pa为副热带高压和"海鸥"之间的强东南气流汇合处,从925 h Pa到500 h Pa强东南急流轴走向一致、上下叠加在珠江口附近,地面存在触发对流的东路弱冷空气和中尺度辐合线。环境条件呈弱的条件不稳定,对流有效位能(CAPE)小、抬升凝结高度(LCL)低、垂直风切变和风暴相对螺旋度(SRH)大;产生龙卷的对流风暴属于低质心的微型超级单体风暴,速度图上低层存在强中气旋,中气旋中心伴有TVS,中气旋和TVS尺度比较小、垂直伸展高度比较低,强中气旋、TVS分别早于龙卷14 min、8 min出现。龙卷出现在微型超级单体风暴右后侧钩状回波顶端、TVS附近。分析还表明,相似台风路径下,台风"海鸥"(有龙卷出现)和超强台风"威马逊"(无龙卷出现)的环境条件明显差异主要体现在0~1 km的低层垂直风切变和SRH上,后者的0~1 km垂直风切变和SRH均明显偏小,不利于微型超级单体风暴的出现。
基金sponsored by the "State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System" and the "Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities" (No. 11SSXT134)
文摘Monitoring forest disturbances is important for understanding changes in ecosystems. The 1986 Typhoon Vera was a serious disturbance that severely impacted the forest ecosystems of Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve. Although the typhoon disturbance occurred more than two decades ago, the effects of the typhoon still remain within the study area. Few studies have focused on mapping and assessing disturbances across broad spatial and temporal scales. For this study, we first generated a map of forest composition prior to the typhoon disturbance, which served as a baseline data for the extraction of disturbed area. Then, the Disturbance Index(DI) method was tested for mapping the extent and magnitude of disturbance in the study area by applying a Tasseled Cap transformation to the Landsat imagery. The Landsatbased DI method estimated that an area of 13,764.78 ha of forest was disturbed by the typhoon. Based on visual assessments, these results correspond closely with the reference map derived from ground surveys. These results also revealed the influence of local topographic features on the distribution of windthrow areas. Windthrow areas were more pronounced inareas with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 m, slopes of less than 10 degrees, and southwestern to northwestern aspects. In addition, the relatively long(25 years) post-typhoon recovery period assessed by this study provided a more comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of forest recovery processes over time. Windthrow areas did not recover immediately after the typhoon, likely due to forest management practices enacted at the time. So far, forest recovery has proceeded more rapidly at elevations below 1,400 m, particularly on western slopes within the study area. Finally, a time series of DI values within the study period suggests a secondary disturbance may have occurred between 2000 and 2001.
文摘In sandy sediments, scour and fill is the key process contributed to mine burial. The scour processes surrounding the cylinder mines freely resting on the sandy seabed under the 12-hr combined action of tidal currents and wind-generated waves, especially over typhoon events are numerically simulated using the DRAMBUIE model. The East China Sea is a good case study due to the dominant impact of summer typhoon events on sediment transport and scour. The numerical results show that the scour depth generally increases with time under the combined current and wave stresses exerted on the seabed, while the depth of the scour pit depends on infill once the currents subside. There is a positive relationship between the scour depth and the bottom orbital velocity after experiencing 12-hr wave action including storm waves, while the relation is not linear. The experimental results also display an elevated trend for scour depth with the increase of orbital velocity. The numerical results reveal a surprising phenomenon: the mobility of sand altering with the increasing bed shear stress larger than the certain threshold, which is also manifested as the curves of scour depth with the different grain size might cross each other. For laboratory experiments, the variability of sand mobility does not occur, likely because typhoon storm waves cannot be reproduced in the flume. More numerical tests indicate that the intersection will be triggered by the division of critical Shields parameter. The preliminary analysis suggests that the phenomenon never documented is likely generated from the error of empirical formulae.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U21A20155,51879028).
文摘Providing accurate predictions of extreme water levels through numerical simulation has become essential for disaster prevention and damage mitigation in coastal wetland areas.This study applies the FVCOM model to simulate storm surges caused by several typhoons in the Bohai Sea and the North Huanghai Sea.The vegetation drag force caused by salt marsh plants is inserted into the FVCOM model for model improvement with vegetation effect by integrating RS and GIS technologies.A parametric typhoon model is coupled with background wind fields derived to acquire the spatio-temporal variations of wind and pressure fields in the computational domain.The simulation results reproduce the extreme storm surges induced by typhoon events very well.The modeling results are compared by validating with literature results to examine the effect of vegetation on tidal waves in tidal mud flats.Moreover,the coupled model is also applied to explore storm surge attenuation and land intrusion during Typhoon Winnie in the wetlands of the Liao River Estuary.The simulation results indicate that salt marsh plants can reduce the flow current with little impact on tide flooding/ebbing in vegetated regions.Furthermore,the results show that typhoon presence increases the inundation depth and extendes the flood time in the tidal wetlands of the study region.The FVCOM model incorporating the method with vegetation drag force can provide new insights to understand the comprehensive impact of tidal wetland plants on hydrodynamic characteristics in the Bohai Sea and other waters,hence presents a more accurate quantification of the hydrological process of storm surge in the tidal wetlands.
