The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）, a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK ...The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）, a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol （HOG） MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STKI. Gene knockout mutants （KOs） were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain （WT）. Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum （HT）-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.展开更多
Background: The sella tumors were found in 15% of intracranial tumors. The sella turcica region locates in the base of skull, so the carcinoma patients in early stage often showed no intracranial hypertension and othe...Background: The sella tumors were found in 15% of intracranial tumors. The sella turcica region locates in the base of skull, so the carcinoma patients in early stage often showed no intracranial hypertension and other positive signs of neural system. However, the patients presented visual field defect and hypopsia, and often went to see the doctor of ophthalmology, which resulted from that the tumor often compressed optic nerve and chiasm. We analysed the symptomatic changes of the visual organs in order to provide a diagnositic basis for sellar tumor in oph-thalmological department.Clinical materials: Of the 407 cases of sellar tumors, 296 were pituitary adenoma, 52 were craniopharyngioma, 43 were meningioma, and the rest 16 were other kinds of sellar tumors. We analysed their ocular changes of the sellar tumors and the characteristics of the tumors.Results: The sellar tumor in its early stage is mainly symptomized as visual field changes. Visual field defect was found in 92. 9% of pituitary adenoma,展开更多
Systemic studies on the effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal transduction pathway on the growth and development of Setosphaeria turcica is helpful not only in understanding the molecular mechani...Systemic studies on the effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal transduction pathway on the growth and development of Setosphaeria turcica is helpful not only in understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogenhost interaction but also in the effective control of the diseases caused by S. turcica. U0126, the specific MEK inhibitor, is used to treat S. turcica before the observation of the conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of the pathogen. There is no significant effect of U0126 on the colony morphology and mycelium growth of the pathogen. After treatment with U0126, the growth of mycelium and conidia are normal, but the conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of S. turcica on susceptible corn leaves are significantly inhibited. Under the definite concentration scope, an increase in U0126 concentration increases the inhibition degree of conidial germination and appressorium production, but the inhibition degree decreases with elongation of treatment time. The conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of S. turcica on susceptible corn leaves are regulated by the MAPK pathway inhibited by U0126.展开更多
Thirteen fractions from the pathogenic plant fungus Setosphaeria turcica race 1 were separated and collected using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Their toxic activities were assayed through leaf punc...Thirteen fractions from the pathogenic plant fungus Setosphaeria turcica race 1 were separated and collected using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Their toxic activities were assayed through leaf puncturing on corn differentials （OH43, OH43Ht1, OH43Ht2, and OH43HtN）, and the results revealed that eight fractions were toxic and fraction 6 was specifically toxic to OH43Ht1, which could be taken as a gene-selective toxin fraction. Fraction 6 was finely purified via HPLC and condensed by freeze desiccation. Its chemical structure was analyzed with EI-MS, IR, HMBC, ^1H-NMR, and two-dimensional NMR. The results suggested that fraction 6 contained an unsaturated double bond, carbonyl and methylene groups with molecular weight of 142.展开更多
Setosphaeria turcica,an essential phytopathogenic fungus,is the primary cause of serious yield losses in corn; however,its pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood.We cloned STK2,a newly discovered mitogen-activated ...Setosphaeria turcica,an essential phytopathogenic fungus,is the primary cause of serious yield losses in corn; however,its pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood.We cloned STK2,a newly discovered mitogen-activated protein kinase gene with a deduced amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to MAK2 from Phaeosphaeria nodorum,56% identical to KSS1 and 57% identical to FUS3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.To deduce Stk2 function in S.turcica and to identify the genetic relationship between STK2 and KSS1/FUS3 from S.cerevisiae,a restructured vector containing the open reading frame of STK2 was transformed into a fus3/kss1 double deletion mutant of S.cerevisiae.The results show that the STK2 complementary strain clearly formed pseudohyphae and ascospores,and the strain grew on the surface of the medium after rinsing with sterile water and the characteristics of the complementary strain was the same as the wild-type strain.Moreover,STK2 complemented the function of KSS1 in filamentation and invasive growth,as well as the mating behavior of FUS3 in S.cerevisiae,however,its exact functions in S.turcica will be studied in the future research.展开更多
Northern corn leaf blight （NCLB）, caused by the heterothallic ascomycete fungus Setosphaeria turcica, is a destructive foliar disease of maize and represents a serious threat to maize production worldwide. A compara...Northern corn leaf blight （NCLB）, caused by the heterothallic ascomycete fungus Setosphaeria turcica, is a destructive foliar disease of maize and represents a serious threat to maize production worldwide. A comparative proteomic study was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense responses of the maize resistant line A619 Ht2 to S. turcica race 13. Leaf proteins were extracted from mock and S. turcica-infected leaves after inoculated for 72 h and analyzed for differentially expressed proteins using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry identification. 137 proteins showed reproducible differences in abundance by more than 2-fold at least, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 87 down-regulated proteins. 48 protein spots were successfully identified by MS analysis, which included 10 unique, 6 up-regulated, 20 down-regulated and 12 disappeared protein spots. These identified proteins were classified into 9 functional groups and involved in multiple functions, particularly in energy metabolism （46%）, protein destination and storage （12%）, and disease defense （18%）. Some defense-related proteins were upregulated such as 13-glucosidase, SOD, polyamines oxidase, HSC 70 and PPIases; while the expressions of photosynthesis- and metabolism-related proteins were down-regulated, by inoculation with S. turcica. The results indicated that a complex regulatory network was functioned in interaction between the resistant line A619 Ht2 and S. turcica. The resistance processes of A619 Ht2 mainly resided on directly releasing defense proteins, modulation of primary metabolism, affecting photosyntesis and carbohydrate metabolism.展开更多
Maize(Zea mays L.), also known as corn, is the third most cultivated crop in the world. Northern corn leaf blight(NCLB) is a globally devastating maize foliar disease caused by Setosphaeria turcica(Luttrell) Leonard a...Maize(Zea mays L.), also known as corn, is the third most cultivated crop in the world. Northern corn leaf blight(NCLB) is a globally devastating maize foliar disease caused by Setosphaeria turcica(Luttrell) Leonard and Suggs. Early intelligent diagnosis and warning is an effective and economical strategy to control this disease. Today, deep learning is beginning to play an essential role in agriculture. Notably, deep convolutional neural networks(DCNN) are amongst the most successful machine learning techniques in plant disease detection and diagnosis. Our study aims to identify NCLB in the maize-producing area in Jilin Province based on several DCNN models. We established a database of 985 leaf images of healthy and infected maize and applied data augmentation techniques including image segmentation, image resizing, image cropping, and image transformation, to expand to 30 655 images. Several proven convolutional neural networks, such as AlexNet, Google Net, VGG16, and VGG19, were then used to identify diseases. Based on the best performance of the DCNN pre-trained model Google Net, some of the recent loss functions developed for deep facial recognition tasks such as Arc Face, Cos Face, and A-Softmax were applied to detect NCLB. We found that a pre-trained Google Net architecture with the Softmax loss function can achieve an excellent accuracy of 99.94% on NCLB diagnosis. The analysis was implemented in Python with two deep learning frameworks, Pytorch and Keras. The techniques, training, validation, and test results are presented in this paper. Overall, our study explores intelligent identification technology for NCLB and effectively diagnoses NCLB from images of maize.展开更多
Setosphaeria turcica(syn.Exserohilum turcicum)is the pathogenic fungus of maize(Zea mays)that causes northern leaf blight,which is a major maize disease worldwide.Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection...Setosphaeria turcica(syn.Exserohilum turcicum)is the pathogenic fungus of maize(Zea mays)that causes northern leaf blight,which is a major maize disease worldwide.Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection structures formed by germinated conidia of S.turcica that infect maize leaves.The appressorium penetrates the plant cuticle by generating turgor,and glycerol is known to be the main source of the turgor.Here,the infection position penetrated by the appressorium on maize leaves was investigated,most of the germinated conidia entered the leaf interior by directly penetrating the epidermal cells,and the appressorium structure was necessary for the infection,whether it occurred through epidermal cells or stomata.Then,to investigate the effects of key factors in the development of the appressorium,we studied the effects of three inhibitors,including a melanin inhibitor(tricyclazole,TCZ),a DNA replication inhibitor(hydroxyurea,HU),and an autophagy inhibitor(3-methyladenine,3-MA),on appressorium turgor and glycerol content.As results,appressorium turgor pressure and glycerol concentration in the appressorium reached their highest levels at the mature stage of the appressorium under the control and inhibitor treatments.The three inhibitors had the greatest effects on appressorium turgor pressure at this stage.Glycogen and liposomes are the main substances producing glycerol.It was also found inhibitors affected the distribution of glycogen and liposomes,which were detected in the conidia,the germ tube,and the appressorium during appressorium development.This study provides profound insight into the relationship between appressorium turgor pressure and glycerol content,which was affected by the synthesis of melanin,DNA replication,and autophagy in the developing appressorium during a S.turcica infection.展开更多
Thermopsis turcica is an endemic species of wild legume in Türkiye. The plant produces flower pistils with unusual morphological properties. The aim of this study was to determine the factors controlling the inte...Thermopsis turcica is an endemic species of wild legume in Türkiye. The plant produces flower pistils with unusual morphological properties. The aim of this study was to determine the factors controlling the interesting feature of this plant. Particularly the controlling features of the flower meristem and the pistils that mutations in two genes and helps occurring the number of flower organs and can cause abnormalities, This study has attempted to explore the controlling feature of Thermopsis turcica, the young bud Arabidopsis CLV2, and CRC gene homologs were isolated and analyzed in different tissues. First, with total RNA isolated from the first thread degenerated primers synthesized cDNA expressions, second with a partial length cDNA cloning process made and the replicated set of analyses. The full-length cDNA of genes related to RACE analysis was carried out with the sequencing process. The real-time PCR method was applied for gene functional analyses with buds, sepals, petals and stamen and relative expression analysis of genes in the tissue of pistils. Full-length cDNA sequence for the gene CLV2 2557 bp, the encoded protein 716 amino acids, CRC 901 for full-length cDNA sequence of the gene—bp, the encoded protein 174 identified as amino acids. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses of CLV2 and CRC genes were found to be similar to other types of legumes in homologous sets. Real-time (RT-qPCR) PCR results relative to study courses with genes.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to explore the relationship between SOD activity and resistance of corn against Setosphaeria turcica. [ Method] Strain YC and 01-23T of S. turcica with different pathogenicity were inoculate...[ Objective] The paper was to explore the relationship between SOD activity and resistance of corn against Setosphaeria turcica. [ Method] Strain YC and 01-23T of S. turcica with different pathogenicity were inoculated into corn leaves by fungal disc inoculation method, and the dynamic changes of SOD activity in infected corn leaves was measured. [Result] After inoculation of higly virulent strain YC and weakly virulent strain 01-23T of S. turcica, SOD activity in corn leaves within 1 -5 d showed obvious stages, which gradually decreased within 1 -3 d, then gradually increased within 3 -4 d, and decreased again within 4 -5 d. The SOD activity of corn leaves in inoculation treatment was higher than that in the treatment without inoculation within 1 - 4 d, which significantly decreased at fifth day. The pathogen with different pathogenicity would lead to different changes in SOD activity of corn leaves. SOD activity of corn leaves infected by weakly virulent strain 01-23T for the first day was extremely higher than that infected by strong virulent strain YC, but had no significant difference with highly virulent strain YC at 2 -3 d. [ Conclusion] SOD activity played an important role in initial resistant ability of corn against pathogen infection, and had no significant effect on resistance against pathogen extension after incidence.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Empty sella turcica corresponds to an arachnocele which may be complete or partial, primary or secondary. The primary form is rarer. Its cause is unknown, but etiological facto...<strong>Background:</strong> Empty sella turcica corresponds to an arachnocele which may be complete or partial, primary or secondary. The primary form is rarer. Its cause is unknown, but etiological factors have been identified. The prevalence of this condition is variable, depending on techniques of diagnosis. It may be detected fortuitously on imaging or in the presence of neurological, ocular or endocrine manifestations. <strong>Aim:</strong> We aim to report a case of empty sella turcica syndrome revealed by adrenal insufficiency in a young African black woman. <strong>Case presentation:</strong> It was an overweight young woman with signs of intracranial hypertension associated with central adrenal insufficiency. The diagnosis of empty sella was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Secondarily, she developed a hypo metabolism syndrome and biology confirmed central hypothyroidism. After correction of the adrenal cortical deficit, the treatment of the thyroid deficit was administered. Evolution was favourable clinically and biologically. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The empty sella turcica is rare and its revelation by a central adrenal insufficiency is even more. The case we report is a perfect illustration.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Thermopsis turcica Kit Tan,Vural&Kckdk against periodoutopathogenie bacteria,its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on various cancer...Objective:To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Thermopsis turcica Kit Tan,Vural&Kckdk against periodoutopathogenie bacteria,its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines.Methods:In vitro antimicrobial activities of elhanol.methanol,ethyl acetate(ElAc,n-hexane and water extracts of Thermopsis turcica herb against periodontopathogenic bacteria,Aggregatibacter actinnmycelemconilans ATCC 29523 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 were tested by agar well diffusion,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC),Antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluatod by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity and p-carotene bleaching methods.Amounts of phenolic contents of the extracts were also analysed by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.Additionally,cytotoxic activity of the extracts on androgcn-insensilivc prostate cancer,androgen—sensitive prostate cancer,chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia bunian cancer cell lines were determined by 3-4,5-dimelhylthiazol-2-yh-2,5-diphenyltclrazolium bromide assay.Human gingival fibroblast cells were used as a control.Results:Our data showed that ELAc extract had the highest antimicrobial effect on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemitans(MIC:1.562 mg/ml_MHC:3.124 mg/ml.)and Porph yromonas gingiralis(MIC:0.781 mg/mL,MBC:1.562 mg/mL).In antioxidant assays.ElAc extract exhibited also the highest radical scavenging activity[IC_(50)=(30.0±0.3)μg/ml.]and the highest inhibition[(74.35±0.30)%]|against lineloic acide oxidation.The amount of phenolic content of it was also the highest[(l62.5±l.2)μg/mg gallic acid].In cytotoxic assay,only etbanol[IC_(50)=(80.00±1.21)μg/ml.]and EtAc extract[IC_(50)=(70.0±0.9)μg/ml]were toxic on acute promyeloeytic leukemia cells at 20—100μg/mL.P<0.05>.However,no toxic effect was observed on human gingival fibroblast cells.Cunclusions:According to our findings,owing to its antioxidant and cytotoxic potential,EtAc 展开更多
Intrasellar cavernous hemangioma is rare. There are no specific symptoms and the mass effect often mimics pituitary macroadenoma. We present one case of intrasellar cavernous hemangioma that was misdiagnosed. Progress...Intrasellar cavernous hemangioma is rare. There are no specific symptoms and the mass effect often mimics pituitary macroadenoma. We present one case of intrasellar cavernous hemangioma that was misdiagnosed. Progressively decreasing vision was the main symptom in this case. The prolactin level was mildly increased but other biochemistry examinations were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged pituitary fossa and an irregular solid tumor(33 mm × 22 mm × 22 mm) in the sella turcica and parasellar region. Subtotal removal in the case was performed through a transsphenoidal approach. Postoperatively, the patient's visual acuity improved. Through a literature review of 8 intrasellar cavernous hemangiomas, we found most lesions are likely to extend into the suprasellar cistern and cavernous sinus, and total resection is difficult. Transsphenoidal approach surgery should be applied for decompression of the optic nerve and biopsy, and stereotactic radiosurgery is preferable.展开更多
Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domains are uniquely found in fungal extracellular membrane proteins which are important for pathogens.This study identified 13 StCFEM proteins in the genome of Setosphaeri...Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domains are uniquely found in fungal extracellular membrane proteins which are important for pathogens.This study identified 13 StCFEM proteins in the genome of Setosphaeria turcica,the hemibiotrophic fungus that causes northern corn leaf blight.Sequence alignment and WebLogo analysis of their CFEM domains indicated that the amino acids were highly conserved and that,with the exception of StCFEM1,2,3,and 6,they contained eight cysteines.Phylogenic analysis suggested that these 13 proteins(StCFEM1–13)could be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain.Six StCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without a trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effector proteins.The CFEM domain in the candidate effector proteins could form a helical-basket structure homologous to Csa2 in Candida albicans.Transcriptome analysis suggested that the 13 genes were expressed during fungal infection and a yeast secretion assay revealed that these candidate effectors were secreted proteins.It was also found that StCFEM3,4,and 5 couldn't affect BAX/INF1-induced programmed cell death(PCD)in Nicotiana benthamiana and while StCFEM12 could suppress INF1-induced PCD,it showed no effect on BAXinduced PCD.This study found that there were 13 members of the S.turcica CFEM protein family and that StCFEM12 was a candidate effector.This study laid the foundation for illustrating the roles of CFEM proteins during the pathogenic processes of phytopathogens.展开更多
Cephalic index(CI)is the percentage of biparietal diameter to the occipitofrontal diameter of the skull and can be used in forensic investigations in cases of disputed identity where only fragments of the head/skull a...Cephalic index(CI)is the percentage of biparietal diameter to the occipitofrontal diameter of the skull and can be used in forensic investigations in cases of disputed identity where only fragments of the head/skull are available.The sella turcica houses the pituitary gland whose hormones regulate the functions of many other glands and systems of the body.Abnormal sizes of sella turcica could indicate sella/pituitary pathology with health implications.This study aimed to assess CI,head shapes and sella turcica dimensions and morphology of the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria.The objectives are:to relate CI and head shapes with sella turcica dimensions and morphology,to use CI and head shape to identify and distinguish the Yoruba tribe from other tribes,to use CI and head shape to distinguish between genders.Skull/head and sella turcica dimensions were measured on 321 retrospectively enlisted normal cranial Computed Tomography(CT)images of Yoruba subjects,mean age 55(SD±17)years,in a Tertiary Hospital in South-West Nigeria between January 2020 and April 2021,and then CI calculated.Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS 27(IBM Corp.Armonk,NY,USA,2019).Predominant head shape of the studied group was dolichocephalic.Mean CI was 70.0±3.7 and showed no statistically significant difference between gender(P=0.097).Mean sella length,depth;and anteroposterior diameter was 1.22±0.24 cm,0.80±0.15 cm,1.34±0.25 cm respectively.Mean sella length and depth showed significant difference between gender(P=0.0001;P=0.032)respectively.Head shape has no association with sella dimensions and morphology.Head shape and CI may stratify populations in forensic practice and surgical planning.展开更多
Laccases, as a kind of multicopper oxidase, play an important role in pigment synthesis and growth in fungi and are involved in their interactions with host plants. In Setosphaeria turcica, 9 laccase-like multicopper ...Laccases, as a kind of multicopper oxidase, play an important role in pigment synthesis and growth in fungi and are involved in their interactions with host plants. In Setosphaeria turcica, 9 laccase-like multicopper oxidases have been identified, and StLAC2 is involved in the synthesis of the melanin that accumulates in the cell wall. The function of another major laccase gene, StLAC6, was studied here. The knockout of StLAC6 had no effect on the growth, morphology or invasion ability of S. turcica, but the morphology and function of peroxisomes of knockout mutants were abnormal. The knockout of the StLAC6 gene resulted in increased contents of phenolic compounds and melanin and the sensitivity to fungicides increased compared with wild type strains. In the mutants of StLAC6, there is a significant change of the expression levels of other laccase genes. This study provides a new insight into laccase functions and the relationship of the laccase gene family in plant pathogenic fungi.展开更多
The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes northern corn leaf blight(NCLB),which leads to considerable crop losses.Setosphaeria turcica elaborates a specialized infection structures called appressorium for maize ...The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes northern corn leaf blight(NCLB),which leads to considerable crop losses.Setosphaeria turcica elaborates a specialized infection structures called appressorium for maize infection.Previously,we demonstrated that the S.turcica triggers an S-phase checkpoint and ATR(Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dependent self-protective response to DNA genotoxic insults during maize infection.However,how the regulatory mechanism works was still largely unknown.Here,we report a genome wide transcriptional profile analysis during appressorium formation in the present of DNA replication stress.We performed RNA-Seq analysis to identify S.tuicica genes responsive to DNA replication stress.In the current work,we found that appressorium-mediated maize infection by S.turcica is significantly blocked by S-phase checkpoint.A large serial of secondary metabolite and melanin biosynthesis genes were blocked in appressorium formation of S.turcica during the replication stress.The secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes including alcohol dehydrogenase GroES-like domain,multicopper oxidase,ABCtransporter families,cytochrome P450 and FAD-containing monooxygenase were related to plant pathogen infection.In addition,we demonstrated that autophagy in S.turcica is up-regulated by ATR as a defense response to stress.We identified StATG3,StATG4,StATG5,StATG7 and StATG16 genes for autophagy were induced by ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint.We therefore propose that in response to genotoxic stress,S.turcica utilizes ATR-dependent pathway to turn off transcription of genes governing appressorium-mediated infection,and meanwhile inducing transcription of autophagy genes likely as a mechanism of self-protection,aside from the more conservative responses in eukaryotes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171805 and 31371897)
文摘The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）, a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol （HOG） MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STKI. Gene knockout mutants （KOs） were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain （WT）. Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum （HT）-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.
文摘Background: The sella tumors were found in 15% of intracranial tumors. The sella turcica region locates in the base of skull, so the carcinoma patients in early stage often showed no intracranial hypertension and other positive signs of neural system. However, the patients presented visual field defect and hypopsia, and often went to see the doctor of ophthalmology, which resulted from that the tumor often compressed optic nerve and chiasm. We analysed the symptomatic changes of the visual organs in order to provide a diagnositic basis for sellar tumor in oph-thalmological department.Clinical materials: Of the 407 cases of sellar tumors, 296 were pituitary adenoma, 52 were craniopharyngioma, 43 were meningioma, and the rest 16 were other kinds of sellar tumors. We analysed their ocular changes of the sellar tumors and the characteristics of the tumors.Results: The sellar tumor in its early stage is mainly symptomized as visual field changes. Visual field defect was found in 92. 9% of pituitary adenoma,
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30471126)Doctoral Foundation Project of Hebei Province,China(05547007D-2).
文摘Systemic studies on the effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal transduction pathway on the growth and development of Setosphaeria turcica is helpful not only in understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogenhost interaction but also in the effective control of the diseases caused by S. turcica. U0126, the specific MEK inhibitor, is used to treat S. turcica before the observation of the conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of the pathogen. There is no significant effect of U0126 on the colony morphology and mycelium growth of the pathogen. After treatment with U0126, the growth of mycelium and conidia are normal, but the conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of S. turcica on susceptible corn leaves are significantly inhibited. Under the definite concentration scope, an increase in U0126 concentration increases the inhibition degree of conidial germination and appressorium production, but the inhibition degree decreases with elongation of treatment time. The conidial germination, appressorium production, and pathogenicity of S. turcica on susceptible corn leaves are regulated by the MAPK pathway inhibited by U0126.
基金supported by National Excellent Teacher's Plan,Ministry of Education,China and Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(302318).
文摘Thirteen fractions from the pathogenic plant fungus Setosphaeria turcica race 1 were separated and collected using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Their toxic activities were assayed through leaf puncturing on corn differentials （OH43, OH43Ht1, OH43Ht2, and OH43HtN）, and the results revealed that eight fractions were toxic and fraction 6 was specifically toxic to OH43Ht1, which could be taken as a gene-selective toxin fraction. Fraction 6 was finely purified via HPLC and condensed by freeze desiccation. Its chemical structure was analyzed with EI-MS, IR, HMBC, ^1H-NMR, and two-dimensional NMR. The results suggested that fraction 6 contained an unsaturated double bond, carbonyl and methylene groups with molecular weight of 142.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30471126 and 31171805)
文摘Setosphaeria turcica,an essential phytopathogenic fungus,is the primary cause of serious yield losses in corn; however,its pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood.We cloned STK2,a newly discovered mitogen-activated protein kinase gene with a deduced amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to MAK2 from Phaeosphaeria nodorum,56% identical to KSS1 and 57% identical to FUS3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.To deduce Stk2 function in S.turcica and to identify the genetic relationship between STK2 and KSS1/FUS3 from S.cerevisiae,a restructured vector containing the open reading frame of STK2 was transformed into a fus3/kss1 double deletion mutant of S.cerevisiae.The results show that the STK2 complementary strain clearly formed pseudohyphae and ascospores,and the strain grew on the surface of the medium after rinsing with sterile water and the characteristics of the complementary strain was the same as the wild-type strain.Moreover,STK2 complemented the function of KSS1 in filamentation and invasive growth,as well as the mating behavior of FUS3 in S.cerevisiae,however,its exact functions in S.turcica will be studied in the future research.
基金the China Agriculture Research System(Maize)(CARS-02)
文摘Northern corn leaf blight （NCLB）, caused by the heterothallic ascomycete fungus Setosphaeria turcica, is a destructive foliar disease of maize and represents a serious threat to maize production worldwide. A comparative proteomic study was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense responses of the maize resistant line A619 Ht2 to S. turcica race 13. Leaf proteins were extracted from mock and S. turcica-infected leaves after inoculated for 72 h and analyzed for differentially expressed proteins using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry identification. 137 proteins showed reproducible differences in abundance by more than 2-fold at least, including 50 up-regulated proteins and 87 down-regulated proteins. 48 protein spots were successfully identified by MS analysis, which included 10 unique, 6 up-regulated, 20 down-regulated and 12 disappeared protein spots. These identified proteins were classified into 9 functional groups and involved in multiple functions, particularly in energy metabolism （46%）, protein destination and storage （12%）, and disease defense （18%）. Some defense-related proteins were upregulated such as 13-glucosidase, SOD, polyamines oxidase, HSC 70 and PPIases; while the expressions of photosynthesis- and metabolism-related proteins were down-regulated, by inoculation with S. turcica. The results indicated that a complex regulatory network was functioned in interaction between the resistant line A619 Ht2 and S. turcica. The resistance processes of A619 Ht2 mainly resided on directly releasing defense proteins, modulation of primary metabolism, affecting photosyntesis and carbohydrate metabolism.
基金financially supported by the Key Planning Projects on Science and Technology of Jilin Province,China(20180201012NY)the Inter-Governmental International Cooperation Special Project of National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFE0114200)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0201802)。
文摘Maize(Zea mays L.), also known as corn, is the third most cultivated crop in the world. Northern corn leaf blight(NCLB) is a globally devastating maize foliar disease caused by Setosphaeria turcica(Luttrell) Leonard and Suggs. Early intelligent diagnosis and warning is an effective and economical strategy to control this disease. Today, deep learning is beginning to play an essential role in agriculture. Notably, deep convolutional neural networks(DCNN) are amongst the most successful machine learning techniques in plant disease detection and diagnosis. Our study aims to identify NCLB in the maize-producing area in Jilin Province based on several DCNN models. We established a database of 985 leaf images of healthy and infected maize and applied data augmentation techniques including image segmentation, image resizing, image cropping, and image transformation, to expand to 30 655 images. Several proven convolutional neural networks, such as AlexNet, Google Net, VGG16, and VGG19, were then used to identify diseases. Based on the best performance of the DCNN pre-trained model Google Net, some of the recent loss functions developed for deep facial recognition tasks such as Arc Face, Cos Face, and A-Softmax were applied to detect NCLB. We found that a pre-trained Google Net architecture with the Softmax loss function can achieve an excellent accuracy of 99.94% on NCLB diagnosis. The analysis was implemented in Python with two deep learning frameworks, Pytorch and Keras. The techniques, training, validation, and test results are presented in this paper. Overall, our study explores intelligent identification technology for NCLB and effectively diagnoses NCLB from images of maize.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072370 and 31901827)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-25)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(C2020204039 and C2018204059)the Projects of Overseas Foundation,Hebei Province,China(C20190508)。
文摘Setosphaeria turcica(syn.Exserohilum turcicum)is the pathogenic fungus of maize(Zea mays)that causes northern leaf blight,which is a major maize disease worldwide.Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection structures formed by germinated conidia of S.turcica that infect maize leaves.The appressorium penetrates the plant cuticle by generating turgor,and glycerol is known to be the main source of the turgor.Here,the infection position penetrated by the appressorium on maize leaves was investigated,most of the germinated conidia entered the leaf interior by directly penetrating the epidermal cells,and the appressorium structure was necessary for the infection,whether it occurred through epidermal cells or stomata.Then,to investigate the effects of key factors in the development of the appressorium,we studied the effects of three inhibitors,including a melanin inhibitor(tricyclazole,TCZ),a DNA replication inhibitor(hydroxyurea,HU),and an autophagy inhibitor(3-methyladenine,3-MA),on appressorium turgor and glycerol content.As results,appressorium turgor pressure and glycerol concentration in the appressorium reached their highest levels at the mature stage of the appressorium under the control and inhibitor treatments.The three inhibitors had the greatest effects on appressorium turgor pressure at this stage.Glycogen and liposomes are the main substances producing glycerol.It was also found inhibitors affected the distribution of glycogen and liposomes,which were detected in the conidia,the germ tube,and the appressorium during appressorium development.This study provides profound insight into the relationship between appressorium turgor pressure and glycerol content,which was affected by the synthesis of melanin,DNA replication,and autophagy in the developing appressorium during a S.turcica infection.
文摘Thermopsis turcica is an endemic species of wild legume in Türkiye. The plant produces flower pistils with unusual morphological properties. The aim of this study was to determine the factors controlling the interesting feature of this plant. Particularly the controlling features of the flower meristem and the pistils that mutations in two genes and helps occurring the number of flower organs and can cause abnormalities, This study has attempted to explore the controlling feature of Thermopsis turcica, the young bud Arabidopsis CLV2, and CRC gene homologs were isolated and analyzed in different tissues. First, with total RNA isolated from the first thread degenerated primers synthesized cDNA expressions, second with a partial length cDNA cloning process made and the replicated set of analyses. The full-length cDNA of genes related to RACE analysis was carried out with the sequencing process. The real-time PCR method was applied for gene functional analyses with buds, sepals, petals and stamen and relative expression analysis of genes in the tissue of pistils. Full-length cDNA sequence for the gene CLV2 2557 bp, the encoded protein 716 amino acids, CRC 901 for full-length cDNA sequence of the gene—bp, the encoded protein 174 identified as amino acids. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses of CLV2 and CRC genes were found to be similar to other types of legumes in homologous sets. Real-time (RT-qPCR) PCR results relative to study courses with genes.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province( C2010001854 )Projects of Tangshan Science and Technology Bureau(10120201A-7)
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to explore the relationship between SOD activity and resistance of corn against Setosphaeria turcica. [ Method] Strain YC and 01-23T of S. turcica with different pathogenicity were inoculated into corn leaves by fungal disc inoculation method, and the dynamic changes of SOD activity in infected corn leaves was measured. [Result] After inoculation of higly virulent strain YC and weakly virulent strain 01-23T of S. turcica, SOD activity in corn leaves within 1 -5 d showed obvious stages, which gradually decreased within 1 -3 d, then gradually increased within 3 -4 d, and decreased again within 4 -5 d. The SOD activity of corn leaves in inoculation treatment was higher than that in the treatment without inoculation within 1 - 4 d, which significantly decreased at fifth day. The pathogen with different pathogenicity would lead to different changes in SOD activity of corn leaves. SOD activity of corn leaves infected by weakly virulent strain 01-23T for the first day was extremely higher than that infected by strong virulent strain YC, but had no significant difference with highly virulent strain YC at 2 -3 d. [ Conclusion] SOD activity played an important role in initial resistant ability of corn against pathogen infection, and had no significant effect on resistance against pathogen extension after incidence.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Empty sella turcica corresponds to an arachnocele which may be complete or partial, primary or secondary. The primary form is rarer. Its cause is unknown, but etiological factors have been identified. The prevalence of this condition is variable, depending on techniques of diagnosis. It may be detected fortuitously on imaging or in the presence of neurological, ocular or endocrine manifestations. <strong>Aim:</strong> We aim to report a case of empty sella turcica syndrome revealed by adrenal insufficiency in a young African black woman. <strong>Case presentation:</strong> It was an overweight young woman with signs of intracranial hypertension associated with central adrenal insufficiency. The diagnosis of empty sella was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Secondarily, she developed a hypo metabolism syndrome and biology confirmed central hypothyroidism. After correction of the adrenal cortical deficit, the treatment of the thyroid deficit was administered. Evolution was favourable clinically and biologically. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The empty sella turcica is rare and its revelation by a central adrenal insufficiency is even more. The case we report is a perfect illustration.
基金Supported by Minsitry of Devetopment of Tuckish Republie for Foundation of Moleculer Biology Research Center(Grant No.1998K121480)
文摘Objective:To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Thermopsis turcica Kit Tan,Vural&Kckdk against periodoutopathogenie bacteria,its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines.Methods:In vitro antimicrobial activities of elhanol.methanol,ethyl acetate(ElAc,n-hexane and water extracts of Thermopsis turcica herb against periodontopathogenic bacteria,Aggregatibacter actinnmycelemconilans ATCC 29523 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 were tested by agar well diffusion,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC),Antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluatod by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity and p-carotene bleaching methods.Amounts of phenolic contents of the extracts were also analysed by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.Additionally,cytotoxic activity of the extracts on androgcn-insensilivc prostate cancer,androgen—sensitive prostate cancer,chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia bunian cancer cell lines were determined by 3-4,5-dimelhylthiazol-2-yh-2,5-diphenyltclrazolium bromide assay.Human gingival fibroblast cells were used as a control.Results:Our data showed that ELAc extract had the highest antimicrobial effect on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemitans(MIC:1.562 mg/ml_MHC:3.124 mg/ml.)and Porph yromonas gingiralis(MIC:0.781 mg/mL,MBC:1.562 mg/mL).In antioxidant assays.ElAc extract exhibited also the highest radical scavenging activity[IC_(50)=(30.0±0.3)μg/ml.]and the highest inhibition[(74.35±0.30)%]|against lineloic acide oxidation.The amount of phenolic content of it was also the highest[(l62.5±l.2)μg/mg gallic acid].In cytotoxic assay,only etbanol[IC_(50)=(80.00±1.21)μg/ml.]and EtAc extract[IC_(50)=(70.0±0.9)μg/ml]were toxic on acute promyeloeytic leukemia cells at 20—100μg/mL.P<0.05>.However,no toxic effect was observed on human gingival fibroblast cells.Cunclusions:According to our findings,owing to its antioxidant and cytotoxic potential,EtAc
基金Supported by the Program for Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Projects(No.20140520030JH)
文摘Intrasellar cavernous hemangioma is rare. There are no specific symptoms and the mass effect often mimics pituitary macroadenoma. We present one case of intrasellar cavernous hemangioma that was misdiagnosed. Progressively decreasing vision was the main symptom in this case. The prolactin level was mildly increased but other biochemistry examinations were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged pituitary fossa and an irregular solid tumor(33 mm × 22 mm × 22 mm) in the sella turcica and parasellar region. Subtotal removal in the case was performed through a transsphenoidal approach. Postoperatively, the patient's visual acuity improved. Through a literature review of 8 intrasellar cavernous hemangiomas, we found most lesions are likely to extend into the suprasellar cistern and cavernous sinus, and total resection is difficult. Transsphenoidal approach surgery should be applied for decompression of the optic nerve and biopsy, and stereotactic radiosurgery is preferable.
基金supported by the grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(C2020204172 and C2018204120)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-25)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601598 and 31901827)。
文摘Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane(CFEM)domains are uniquely found in fungal extracellular membrane proteins which are important for pathogens.This study identified 13 StCFEM proteins in the genome of Setosphaeria turcica,the hemibiotrophic fungus that causes northern corn leaf blight.Sequence alignment and WebLogo analysis of their CFEM domains indicated that the amino acids were highly conserved and that,with the exception of StCFEM1,2,3,and 6,they contained eight cysteines.Phylogenic analysis suggested that these 13 proteins(StCFEM1–13)could be divided into 2 clades based on the presence of the trans-membrane domain.Six StCFEM proteins with a signal peptide and without a trans-membrane domain were considered as candidate effector proteins.The CFEM domain in the candidate effector proteins could form a helical-basket structure homologous to Csa2 in Candida albicans.Transcriptome analysis suggested that the 13 genes were expressed during fungal infection and a yeast secretion assay revealed that these candidate effectors were secreted proteins.It was also found that StCFEM3,4,and 5 couldn't affect BAX/INF1-induced programmed cell death(PCD)in Nicotiana benthamiana and while StCFEM12 could suppress INF1-induced PCD,it showed no effect on BAXinduced PCD.This study found that there were 13 members of the S.turcica CFEM protein family and that StCFEM12 was a candidate effector.This study laid the foundation for illustrating the roles of CFEM proteins during the pathogenic processes of phytopathogens.
文摘Cephalic index(CI)is the percentage of biparietal diameter to the occipitofrontal diameter of the skull and can be used in forensic investigations in cases of disputed identity where only fragments of the head/skull are available.The sella turcica houses the pituitary gland whose hormones regulate the functions of many other glands and systems of the body.Abnormal sizes of sella turcica could indicate sella/pituitary pathology with health implications.This study aimed to assess CI,head shapes and sella turcica dimensions and morphology of the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria.The objectives are:to relate CI and head shapes with sella turcica dimensions and morphology,to use CI and head shape to identify and distinguish the Yoruba tribe from other tribes,to use CI and head shape to distinguish between genders.Skull/head and sella turcica dimensions were measured on 321 retrospectively enlisted normal cranial Computed Tomography(CT)images of Yoruba subjects,mean age 55(SD±17)years,in a Tertiary Hospital in South-West Nigeria between January 2020 and April 2021,and then CI calculated.Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS 27(IBM Corp.Armonk,NY,USA,2019).Predominant head shape of the studied group was dolichocephalic.Mean CI was 70.0±3.7 and showed no statistically significant difference between gender(P=0.097).Mean sella length,depth;and anteroposterior diameter was 1.22±0.24 cm,0.80±0.15 cm,1.34±0.25 cm respectively.Mean sella length and depth showed significant difference between gender(P=0.0001;P=0.032)respectively.Head shape has no association with sella dimensions and morphology.Head shape and CI may stratify populations in forensic practice and surgical planning.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901827)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(C2020204039)the Key Research and Development Projects of Hebei Province(20326510D)the Hebei Province Projects of Overseas Foundation(C20190508)。
文摘Laccases, as a kind of multicopper oxidase, play an important role in pigment synthesis and growth in fungi and are involved in their interactions with host plants. In Setosphaeria turcica, 9 laccase-like multicopper oxidases have been identified, and StLAC2 is involved in the synthesis of the melanin that accumulates in the cell wall. The function of another major laccase gene, StLAC6, was studied here. The knockout of StLAC6 had no effect on the growth, morphology or invasion ability of S. turcica, but the morphology and function of peroxisomes of knockout mutants were abnormal. The knockout of the StLAC6 gene resulted in increased contents of phenolic compounds and melanin and the sensitivity to fungicides increased compared with wild type strains. In the mutants of StLAC6, there is a significant change of the expression levels of other laccase genes. This study provides a new insight into laccase functions and the relationship of the laccase gene family in plant pathogenic fungi.
基金supported by the grants from the Youth Top Talent Project from Hebei Provincial Department of Education,China(BJ2020003)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-25)+3 种基金the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationOpen Project of Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province(MDRA202101)the Hebei Provincial Department of Bureau of Science and Technology(360-0803-JSN-3YGS)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C202204138)。
文摘The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes northern corn leaf blight(NCLB),which leads to considerable crop losses.Setosphaeria turcica elaborates a specialized infection structures called appressorium for maize infection.Previously,we demonstrated that the S.turcica triggers an S-phase checkpoint and ATR(Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dependent self-protective response to DNA genotoxic insults during maize infection.However,how the regulatory mechanism works was still largely unknown.Here,we report a genome wide transcriptional profile analysis during appressorium formation in the present of DNA replication stress.We performed RNA-Seq analysis to identify S.tuicica genes responsive to DNA replication stress.In the current work,we found that appressorium-mediated maize infection by S.turcica is significantly blocked by S-phase checkpoint.A large serial of secondary metabolite and melanin biosynthesis genes were blocked in appressorium formation of S.turcica during the replication stress.The secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes including alcohol dehydrogenase GroES-like domain,multicopper oxidase,ABCtransporter families,cytochrome P450 and FAD-containing monooxygenase were related to plant pathogen infection.In addition,we demonstrated that autophagy in S.turcica is up-regulated by ATR as a defense response to stress.We identified StATG3,StATG4,StATG5,StATG7 and StATG16 genes for autophagy were induced by ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint.We therefore propose that in response to genotoxic stress,S.turcica utilizes ATR-dependent pathway to turn off transcription of genes governing appressorium-mediated infection,and meanwhile inducing transcription of autophagy genes likely as a mechanism of self-protection,aside from the more conservative responses in eukaryotes.
