The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants,especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants.Since their feeding may increase the risk of...The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants,especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants.Since their feeding may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis,some high-risk infants receive a small volume of feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral feeding.This review summarizes the current research progress in the nutritional management of newborn infants.Searches of MEDLINE (1998-2007),Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library,Issue 3,2007),abstracts and conference proceedings,references from relevant publications in the English language were performed,showing that breast milk is the preferred source of nutrients for enteral feeding of newborn infants.The number of nutrients found in human milk was recommended as a guideline in establishing the minimum and maximum levels in infant formulas.The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance are the major factors limiting the use of the enteral route as the primary means of nourishing premature infants.PN may help to meet many of the nutritional needs of these infants,but has significant detrimental side effects.Trophic feedings (small volume of feeding given at the same rate for at least 5 d) during PN are a strategy to enhance the feeding tolerance and decrease the side effects of PN and the time to achieve full feeding.Human milk is a key component of any strategy for enteral nutrition of all infants.However,the amounts of calcium,phosphorus,zinc and other nutrients are inadequate to meet the needs of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during growth.Therefore,safe and effective means to fortify human milk are essential to the care of VLBW infants.展开更多
The Antarctic krill（Euphausia superba） is a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem and an important link in the food web of the Antarctic ecosystem. The trophic information for this species during the transitio...The Antarctic krill（Euphausia superba） is a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem and an important link in the food web of the Antarctic ecosystem. The trophic information for this species during the transition from the austral fall to the winter is important to understand its poorly known overwintering mechanisms. However, the few studies on the topic differ in their results, in terms of both spatial and temporal variables. We investigated the size dependence and monthly and regional variation in δ^（13） C and δ^（15） N values of adult krill in the Antarctic Peninsula, in the austral fall（April to May） and the early winter（June）. We aimed to examine the trophic variations of krill occurred during this period, and the relationship between krill and their feeding environment in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. The following results were obtained：（1） no significant relationship was observed between size and the δ13 C value of krill, but the δ15 N value of krill presented a remarkable association with size;（2）the δ13 C values of krill increased during the austral fall, but no remarkable variation existed at the onset of winter,and the δ15 N values were not significant different during this period;（3） mean δ15 N values of krill differed significantly between the Bransfield Strait and the South Shetland Islands. Our data imply that adult krill present size-, season-, and region-dependent trophic variation during the transition from austral fall to early winter in the Antarctic Peninsula.展开更多
The stomach contents of 14 main invertebrates in the Huanghai Sea are analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) the examined predator species were all omnivore with wide md range, showing no obvious selection for spec...The stomach contents of 14 main invertebrates in the Huanghai Sea are analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) the examined predator species were all omnivore with wide md range, showing no obvious selection for specific fed items, (2) on the basis of their ecological habitat, the predators could be classified into 5 different types, i.e., benthoelagic and planktopelagic animals, nektopelagic and planktopelagic animals, benthopelagic animals, nektopelagic and benthopelagic animals, and nektopelagic animals and (3) the trophic level of the 11 predator species, including Crangon affinis, Palaemon gravieri, Penaeus orientalis, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Metapenaeopsis dalei, Portunus trituberculatus, Charybdis bimaculata, Oratosquilta oratoria, Sepia andreana, Loligo beka and L. japonica ranged from 2. 30 to 2. 72, belonging to low carnivore (trophic level: 2. 0~ 2. 8), whereas that of the other 3 predator species, including Sepia esculenta, Sepiella maindroni and Todarodes pacificus were in the range of 2. 86~ 2. 97, belonging to mid-carnivore (trophic level: 2. 9 ~3. 4).展开更多
This article reviews biological invasions in which predation （or its absence） plays a major role in the success of the invader. Examples are described in which the invader out-competes native species for the same fo...This article reviews biological invasions in which predation （or its absence） plays a major role in the success of the invader. Examples are described in which the invader out-competes native species for the same food, and cases in which the in-vader consumes valued native species. In many instances, better predator avoidance by the invasive species or the absence of predators in the new habitat contributes to the success of the invaders; in other cases native or introduced predators appear to be able to keep the invasive species in check. A relatively new management approach in the US is the idea of adding another trophic level - to have humans act as the predators and consume the invasive species. This approach is being utilized in Florida and throughout the Caribbean against the lionfish, but could be extended to other fishes, as well as to various invasive crustaceans and mollusks. This idea is controversial, and current regulations prohibiting the possession of individuals of the invasive species （e.g., mitten crabs or snakefish） would preclude the development of a fishery for them [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 613~524, 2011].展开更多
文摘The requirements of growth and organ development create a challenge in nutritional management of newborn infants,especially premature newborn and intestinal-failure infants.Since their feeding may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis,some high-risk infants receive a small volume of feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral feeding.This review summarizes the current research progress in the nutritional management of newborn infants.Searches of MEDLINE (1998-2007),Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library,Issue 3,2007),abstracts and conference proceedings,references from relevant publications in the English language were performed,showing that breast milk is the preferred source of nutrients for enteral feeding of newborn infants.The number of nutrients found in human milk was recommended as a guideline in establishing the minimum and maximum levels in infant formulas.The fear of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance are the major factors limiting the use of the enteral route as the primary means of nourishing premature infants.PN may help to meet many of the nutritional needs of these infants,but has significant detrimental side effects.Trophic feedings (small volume of feeding given at the same rate for at least 5 d) during PN are a strategy to enhance the feeding tolerance and decrease the side effects of PN and the time to achieve full feeding.Human milk is a key component of any strategy for enteral nutrition of all infants.However,the amounts of calcium,phosphorus,zinc and other nutrients are inadequate to meet the needs of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during growth.Therefore,safe and effective means to fortify human milk are essential to the care of VLBW infants.
基金The National Natural Science Fundation of China under contract Nos 41776185 and 41606210the National Key Technology R&D Program of China under contract No.2013BAD13B03the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China under contract No.201203018
文摘The Antarctic krill（Euphausia superba） is a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem and an important link in the food web of the Antarctic ecosystem. The trophic information for this species during the transition from the austral fall to the winter is important to understand its poorly known overwintering mechanisms. However, the few studies on the topic differ in their results, in terms of both spatial and temporal variables. We investigated the size dependence and monthly and regional variation in δ^（13） C and δ^（15） N values of adult krill in the Antarctic Peninsula, in the austral fall（April to May） and the early winter（June）. We aimed to examine the trophic variations of krill occurred during this period, and the relationship between krill and their feeding environment in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. The following results were obtained：（1） no significant relationship was observed between size and the δ13 C value of krill, but the δ15 N value of krill presented a remarkable association with size;（2）the δ13 C values of krill increased during the austral fall, but no remarkable variation existed at the onset of winter,and the δ15 N values were not significant different during this period;（3） mean δ15 N values of krill differed significantly between the Bransfield Strait and the South Shetland Islands. Our data imply that adult krill present size-, season-, and region-dependent trophic variation during the transition from austral fall to early winter in the Antarctic Peninsula.
文摘The stomach contents of 14 main invertebrates in the Huanghai Sea are analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) the examined predator species were all omnivore with wide md range, showing no obvious selection for specific fed items, (2) on the basis of their ecological habitat, the predators could be classified into 5 different types, i.e., benthoelagic and planktopelagic animals, nektopelagic and planktopelagic animals, benthopelagic animals, nektopelagic and benthopelagic animals, and nektopelagic animals and (3) the trophic level of the 11 predator species, including Crangon affinis, Palaemon gravieri, Penaeus orientalis, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Metapenaeopsis dalei, Portunus trituberculatus, Charybdis bimaculata, Oratosquilta oratoria, Sepia andreana, Loligo beka and L. japonica ranged from 2. 30 to 2. 72, belonging to low carnivore (trophic level: 2. 0~ 2. 8), whereas that of the other 3 predator species, including Sepia esculenta, Sepiella maindroni and Todarodes pacificus were in the range of 2. 86~ 2. 97, belonging to mid-carnivore (trophic level: 2. 9 ~3. 4).
文摘This article reviews biological invasions in which predation （or its absence） plays a major role in the success of the invader. Examples are described in which the invader out-competes native species for the same food, and cases in which the in-vader consumes valued native species. In many instances, better predator avoidance by the invasive species or the absence of predators in the new habitat contributes to the success of the invaders; in other cases native or introduced predators appear to be able to keep the invasive species in check. A relatively new management approach in the US is the idea of adding another trophic level - to have humans act as the predators and consume the invasive species. This approach is being utilized in Florida and throughout the Caribbean against the lionfish, but could be extended to other fishes, as well as to various invasive crustaceans and mollusks. This idea is controversial, and current regulations prohibiting the possession of individuals of the invasive species （e.g., mitten crabs or snakefish） would preclude the development of a fishery for them [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 613~524, 2011].
