The asymptotic properties of the numbers of spanning trees and Eulerian trails in circulant digraphs and graphs are studied. Let $C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)$ be a directed circulant graph. Let $\left(...The asymptotic properties of the numbers of spanning trees and Eulerian trails in circulant digraphs and graphs are studied. Let $C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)$ be a directed circulant graph. Let $\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)$ and $\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)$ be the numbers of spanning trees and of Eulerian trails, respectively. Then $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \begin{gathered} \lim \frac{1}{k}\sqrt[p]{{T\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)}} = 1, \hfill \\ \lim \frac{1}{{k!}}\sqrt[p]{{E\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)}} = 1, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} & {p \to \infty .} \\ \end{array} $$ Furthermore, their line digraph and iterations are dealt with and similar results are obtained for undirected circulant graphs.展开更多
Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected...Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages展开更多
Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of ...Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of trail management and an optimal monitoring system usually depends on site-specific characteristics. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how using a multi-methods system to monitor backcountry trail usage in complex spatial settings can be a useful approach for collecting the information that trail managers need. Given the national growth in recreational hiking, we were particularly interested in exploring these issues for highly visited trails close to urban areas and selected a portion of the Larch Trail leading to the top of Multnomah Falls for the study. The multi-methods approach that we used included a combination of automated infrared sensor counts, manual counts, parking lot data from an inductive loop, and travel time estimates collected with low-energy Bluetooth sensors. We found that using multiple methods allowed for a cost-effective and rich data set that considered the site characteristics and the specific need of the trail managers. We expect that many backcountry trail settings have complex landscape and physical design without robust pre-existing baseline data and hope that our insights will aid trail managers as they strive for a sustainable balance between human use and landscape impact.展开更多
Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are wel...Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.展开更多
This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered...This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.展开更多
Flagstaff Urban Trails System(FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS tota...Flagstaff Urban Trails System(FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS totals 79.2 km in Flagstaff, the Flagstaff government approved the fi rst plan in 1988, and FUTS Trail Priority Evaluation 2011 outlined the evaluation criteria, trail rankings and ranking results The new FUTS Master Plan shows about 130-km planned trails, and creates an ultimate trail system about 210 km. FUTS management organization and Transportation Tax Program is the key to keep the successful works of FUTS. Status quo of China National Trails System(CNTS) is reviewed as: scenic areas have relatively sound trail systems, but there is no any standard system; green corridors within the urban and rural system become popular, but there is no connection system. The development of China National Trails System can be promoted in 3 aspects: establishing national trails system, planning and design trails comprehensively, stressing daily operation and management.展开更多
In this paper, we discussed the field failures of the brownish discolored lines like snail trails in PV modules. We were successful simulation snail trails in laboratory and outdoor field. We had found out some types ...In this paper, we discussed the field failures of the brownish discolored lines like snail trails in PV modules. We were successful simulation snail trails in laboratory and outdoor field. We had found out some types EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) encapsulants and back sheets which had the serious snail trails but others were snail trails free. Furthermore, according to IEC 61215 accelerated aging testing, we also found only within 2% power loss after these modules impacted by snail trails. The main power losses over 5% were come from cell micro cracks before snail trail formation. That snail trails occurrence means solar cells should have micro cracks. In here, we contributed the snail trail effects and avoided the failures in future photovoltaic modules performance.展开更多
The fish swimming trail fossils are rare and, therefore, precious. The specimen de-scribed abroad are generally smaller or more poorly preserved. The specimens used in the pre-sent study and derived from the Mesozoic ...The fish swimming trail fossils are rare and, therefore, precious. The specimen de-scribed abroad are generally smaller or more poorly preserved. The specimens used in the pre-sent study and derived from the Mesozoic strata in Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province, China, are rare because of their completeness (with the length of the specimen reaching 4 m), exquisiteness and largeness in trace body. These specimens, classified as four ichnospecies, including two new ones, show the morphological pattern of the fish swimming trails. The trace fish bodies are calculated to be 32—92 cm long.展开更多
Cultural landscape is a social natural process under which people actively participate in thinking,feeling,and acting.On this basis,their connection with a certain part of the environment in turn affects people’s per...Cultural landscape is a social natural process under which people actively participate in thinking,feeling,and acting.On this basis,their connection with a certain part of the environment in turn affects people’s perception of the world and the products of their actions.Trails is a representative and complex practice of integrating nature into society and transforming it into a mixed entity.However,the dynamic and diverse relationships of cultural landscapes represented by this interactive process have not been well interpreted in landscape research.The research first discusses the conceptualization and value theory of cultural landscape,and develops the methodology of cultural landscape interaction process research combining typology and Network theory.Taking the trails spontaneously formed around the Zhengqi Pavilion of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing as an example,this paper discusses the interaction process of trails as a cultural landscape.Based on the analysis results,we obtained the dynamic characteristics of cultural landscapes by treating trails as a network,while obtaining the value expression created by typology.展开更多
The planting of upland rice is one cropping option in area with limited water availability and low soil fertility in North and Northeast Thailand. The varietal selection was determined by grain yield potential, wide a...The planting of upland rice is one cropping option in area with limited water availability and low soil fertility in North and Northeast Thailand. The varietal selection was determined by grain yield potential, wide adaptation, and good stability. This study was aimed at evaluation of indigenous upland rice germplasm for yield and yield stability in multi-locations. Thirty-six upland rice genotypes collected from six provinces of the North and Northeast Thailand and one check variety （Sewmaejan） were assessed under five locations in the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotype grain yield was highly affected by location （59.90%）, followed by genotypes （G）xlocation （L） interaction （12.80%） and genotype （6.79%）. The most suitable location for the genotype eval- uation was L3 （Khon Kaen-KKU 10） which associated with stability of grain yield for all genotypes. Furthermore, biplot and regression analysis indicated that genotype numbers 6 （Jaowmong 1）, 10 （Neawmong 1）, 18 （Neawdum 1）, 19 （Leamna）, 20 （Prayaleamkang）, 32 （Kunwang 2）, and 33 （Kunwang 3） showed great yield stability over five locations. The genotypes will be applicant for upland rice production area and parental base in breeding program.展开更多
Against the backdrop of a healthy city initiative in helping encourage and facilitate walking behavior,this study first elaborates the fitness function of the ladder trails,which largely form the daily living spaces f...Against the backdrop of a healthy city initiative in helping encourage and facilitate walking behavior,this study first elaborates the fitness function of the ladder trails,which largely form the daily living spaces for the people in mountainous cities or areas.It then analyses the existing research on the elements and guidelines of environmental design from the perspective of their pedestrian friendliness while discussing their suitability to the needs of the elderly.With the research framework set up in the first part,empirical research focusing on the walking behavior of the elderly has been carried out based on two comparable cases of Chongqing Mountain trails.Observing,survey,and interviews have been applied to collect the data.This study concludes with a summary of the elements and principles for designing ladder trails,which are walking-friendly for the elderly.展开更多
Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it...Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.展开更多
基金Project partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 69673042)Hong Kong CERG (HKUST652/95E)
文摘The asymptotic properties of the numbers of spanning trees and Eulerian trails in circulant digraphs and graphs are studied. Let $C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)$ be a directed circulant graph. Let $\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)$ and $\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)$ be the numbers of spanning trees and of Eulerian trails, respectively. Then $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \begin{gathered} \lim \frac{1}{k}\sqrt[p]{{T\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)}} = 1, \hfill \\ \lim \frac{1}{{k!}}\sqrt[p]{{E\left( {C\left( {p,s_1 ,s_2 , \cdots ,s_k } \right)} \right)}} = 1, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} & {p \to \infty .} \\ \end{array} $$ Furthermore, their line digraph and iterations are dealt with and similar results are obtained for undirected circulant graphs.
文摘Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages
文摘Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of trail management and an optimal monitoring system usually depends on site-specific characteristics. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how using a multi-methods system to monitor backcountry trail usage in complex spatial settings can be a useful approach for collecting the information that trail managers need. Given the national growth in recreational hiking, we were particularly interested in exploring these issues for highly visited trails close to urban areas and selected a portion of the Larch Trail leading to the top of Multnomah Falls for the study. The multi-methods approach that we used included a combination of automated infrared sensor counts, manual counts, parking lot data from an inductive loop, and travel time estimates collected with low-energy Bluetooth sensors. We found that using multiple methods allowed for a cost-effective and rich data set that considered the site characteristics and the specific need of the trail managers. We expect that many backcountry trail settings have complex landscape and physical design without robust pre-existing baseline data and hope that our insights will aid trail managers as they strive for a sustainable balance between human use and landscape impact.
文摘Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.
基金part of the project Green Infrastructure of Slovakia(Grant No.2/0066/15)from the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences
文摘This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.
基金Supported by the Human and Social Science Foundation of China Education Ministry(11YJC850004)National Philosophy and Social Science Project(13BJY145)Art Science Planning Project of Jiangxi Province(YG2013004)
文摘Flagstaff Urban Trails System(FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS totals 79.2 km in Flagstaff, the Flagstaff government approved the fi rst plan in 1988, and FUTS Trail Priority Evaluation 2011 outlined the evaluation criteria, trail rankings and ranking results The new FUTS Master Plan shows about 130-km planned trails, and creates an ultimate trail system about 210 km. FUTS management organization and Transportation Tax Program is the key to keep the successful works of FUTS. Status quo of China National Trails System(CNTS) is reviewed as: scenic areas have relatively sound trail systems, but there is no any standard system; green corridors within the urban and rural system become popular, but there is no connection system. The development of China National Trails System can be promoted in 3 aspects: establishing national trails system, planning and design trails comprehensively, stressing daily operation and management.
文摘In this paper, we discussed the field failures of the brownish discolored lines like snail trails in PV modules. We were successful simulation snail trails in laboratory and outdoor field. We had found out some types EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) encapsulants and back sheets which had the serious snail trails but others were snail trails free. Furthermore, according to IEC 61215 accelerated aging testing, we also found only within 2% power loss after these modules impacted by snail trails. The main power losses over 5% were come from cell micro cracks before snail trail formation. That snail trails occurrence means solar cells should have micro cracks. In here, we contributed the snail trail effects and avoided the failures in future photovoltaic modules performance.
基金This work was supported by both the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 49972086) the project entitled "Continental Ichnofabric Research and Its Application to High-resolution Sequence Stratigraphy" in CNPC Reservoir Key Laboratory.
文摘The fish swimming trail fossils are rare and, therefore, precious. The specimen de-scribed abroad are generally smaller or more poorly preserved. The specimens used in the pre-sent study and derived from the Mesozoic strata in Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province, China, are rare because of their completeness (with the length of the specimen reaching 4 m), exquisiteness and largeness in trace body. These specimens, classified as four ichnospecies, including two new ones, show the morphological pattern of the fish swimming trails. The trace fish bodies are calculated to be 32—92 cm long.
文摘Cultural landscape is a social natural process under which people actively participate in thinking,feeling,and acting.On this basis,their connection with a certain part of the environment in turn affects people’s perception of the world and the products of their actions.Trails is a representative and complex practice of integrating nature into society and transforming it into a mixed entity.However,the dynamic and diverse relationships of cultural landscapes represented by this interactive process have not been well interpreted in landscape research.The research first discusses the conceptualization and value theory of cultural landscape,and develops the methodology of cultural landscape interaction process research combining typology and Network theory.Taking the trails spontaneously formed around the Zhengqi Pavilion of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing as an example,this paper discusses the interaction process of trails as a cultural landscape.Based on the analysis results,we obtained the dynamic characteristics of cultural landscapes by treating trails as a network,while obtaining the value expression created by typology.
基金supported by the Plant Breeding Research Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology for Sustainable Economy,Khon Kaen University,Thailandthe Faculty of Agriculture at Khon Kaen University for providing financial support for manuscript preparation activities
文摘The planting of upland rice is one cropping option in area with limited water availability and low soil fertility in North and Northeast Thailand. The varietal selection was determined by grain yield potential, wide adaptation, and good stability. This study was aimed at evaluation of indigenous upland rice germplasm for yield and yield stability in multi-locations. Thirty-six upland rice genotypes collected from six provinces of the North and Northeast Thailand and one check variety （Sewmaejan） were assessed under five locations in the rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotype grain yield was highly affected by location （59.90%）, followed by genotypes （G）xlocation （L） interaction （12.80%） and genotype （6.79%）. The most suitable location for the genotype eval- uation was L3 （Khon Kaen-KKU 10） which associated with stability of grain yield for all genotypes. Furthermore, biplot and regression analysis indicated that genotype numbers 6 （Jaowmong 1）, 10 （Neawmong 1）, 18 （Neawdum 1）, 19 （Leamna）, 20 （Prayaleamkang）, 32 （Kunwang 2）, and 33 （Kunwang 3） showed great yield stability over five locations. The genotypes will be applicant for upland rice production area and parental base in breeding program.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program)Nos.51978090 and 51778076..
文摘Against the backdrop of a healthy city initiative in helping encourage and facilitate walking behavior,this study first elaborates the fitness function of the ladder trails,which largely form the daily living spaces for the people in mountainous cities or areas.It then analyses the existing research on the elements and guidelines of environmental design from the perspective of their pedestrian friendliness while discussing their suitability to the needs of the elderly.With the research framework set up in the first part,empirical research focusing on the walking behavior of the elderly has been carried out based on two comparable cases of Chongqing Mountain trails.Observing,survey,and interviews have been applied to collect the data.This study concludes with a summary of the elements and principles for designing ladder trails,which are walking-friendly for the elderly.
基金funded by the University of Wroclaw(Grant no.0420/2667/18).
文摘Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.
