Background:Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that afflicts millions of the pediatric and adolescent populations worldwide,especially in impoverished communities.This disease is caused by infection with th...Background:Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that afflicts millions of the pediatric and adolescent populations worldwide,especially in impoverished communities.This disease is caused by infection with the larvae of Toxocara canis and T.cati,the most ubiquitous intestinal nematode parasite in dogs and cats,respectively.In this article,recent advances in the epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnosis and pharmacotherapies that have been used in the treatment of toxocariasis are reviewed.Main text:Over the past two decades,we have come far in our understanding of the biology and epidemiology of toxocariasis.However,lack of laboratory infrastructure in some countries,lack of uniform case definitions and limited surveillance infrastructure are some of the challenges that hindered the estimation of global disease burden.Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms:visceral,ocular,covert and neural.Incorrect or misdiagnosis of any of these disabling conditions can result in severe health consequences and considerable medical care spending.Fortunately,multiple diagnostic modalities are available,which if effectively used together with the administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapies,can minimize any unnecessary patient morbidity.Conclusions:Although progress has been made in the management of toxocariasis patients,there remains much work to be done.Implementation of new technologies and better understanding of the pathogenesis of toxocariasis can identify new diagnostic biomarkers,which may help in increasing diagnostic accuracy.Also,further clinical research breakthroughs are needed to develop better ways to effectively control and prevent this serious disease.展开更多
We evaluated thirteen eyes of twelve patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with Toxocara optic neuropathy. Eleven patients had unilateral involvement and one patient had bilateral optic neuropathy. Eight pat...We evaluated thirteen eyes of twelve patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with Toxocara optic neuropathy. Eleven patients had unilateral involvement and one patient had bilateral optic neuropathy. Eight patients （66.7%） had a possible infection source to Toxocara. Six patients （50%） had painless acute optic neuropathy. Ten eyes had asymmetric, sectorial optic disc edema with peripapillary infiltration and three eyes had diffuse optic disc edema. Eosinophilia was noted in five patients （41.7%） and optic nerve enhancement was observed in eight of eleven eyes （72.7%） with available orbit magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）. Mean visual acuity significantly improved following treatment [mean logarithmic of the minimum angle of resolution （IogMAR） 0.94±0.56 at baseline and 0.47±0.59 at the final （P=0.02）]. Asymmetric optic disc edema with a peripapillary lesion and a history of raw meat ingestion were important clues for diagnosing Toxocara optic neuropathy. Additionally, Toxocara IgG enzymelinked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） test and evaluating eosinophil may be helpful for diagnosis.展开更多
Ocular toxocariasis is prevalent among children.The symptoms and signs may mimic other ocular pathologies such as malignancies and other infectious diseases(such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis). We presented a case of ...Ocular toxocariasis is prevalent among children.The symptoms and signs may mimic other ocular pathologies such as malignancies and other infectious diseases(such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis). We presented a case of progressive blurring of vision in a single eye of a 9-year-old boy.The presence of anti-toxocara antibody in serum samples helps to confirmation the diagnosis in our patient.Despite of treatment,the boy had lost his vision on the affected eye.展开更多
Human infection of Toxocara canis in eye is usually an outcome of accidental ingestion of the embryonated eggs. The average age at diagnosis of ocular Toxocariasis is 7.5 years, ranging from 2 to 31 years. It constitu...Human infection of Toxocara canis in eye is usually an outcome of accidental ingestion of the embryonated eggs. The average age at diagnosis of ocular Toxocariasis is 7.5 years, ranging from 2 to 31 years. It constitutes 1%-2% of uveitis in children. Diagnosis is based upon the clinical features observed in a young patient and confirmed by the presence of specific Ig G in the serum or aqueous humor by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. We report a case of Presumed Toxocara infection in 45-year-old male which is unique in presentation with multifocal granulomata in retina. Our Pub Med search could not produce case with similar presentation. Probably this is the first reported case of multifocal granulomata in presumed ocular Toxocara in any age展开更多
<span style="line-height:1.5;">Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: spec...<span style="line-height:1.5;">Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: species conservation of captive animals. The biggest zoo in Brazil, S?o Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, has among its 2000 animals and many species of wild cats. The presence of domestic cats living freely in zoos </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">is</span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> common and can be a source of spreading disease. The aim of this study was to verify the variety and prevalence of parasites found in the feces of felids (feral and wild) living in the S<span style="white-space:nowrap;">?</span>o Paulo Zoo. The results of this parasitological analysis have been obtained from the laboratory of clinical analysis and correspond to the 4-year period beginning January/2009 and ending December/2012. Eight species of parasites were identified in the feces of captive wild cats and three in the feces of feral cats. For those captive</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">s</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">, <i>Toxocara cati</i> (7.95%) had the highest prevalence, followed by <i>Toxascaris leonina</i> (7.58%), <i>Isospora</i> sp. (2.03%), <i>Hymenolepis nana</i> (0.92%), <i>Eimeria</i> sp., <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. (0.37% each) and <i>Ascaris</i> sp. (0.18%). Among the feral cats, we found <i>Toxocara cati</i> (59.26%), <i>Giardia</i> sp. (22.22%) and <i>Isospora</i> sp. (11.11%). For the captive group, we also distinguished natives from exotic species, finding native species to be more frequently parasitized than the exotic ones. Key to our findings, though, was the fact that a few parasite species were found among all groups of </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">f</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">elids, specifically (<i>Toxocara cati</i>, <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Isospora</i> sp). Further research is needed, however, to confirm that transmission of these parasite展开更多
Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays ...Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays of indigenous communities communities in Tigaon,Camarines Sur,Philippines were examined for soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination using optimized sugar flotation method.Results:Of the soil samples examined,141(44.48%)were contaminated by Ascaris spp.,Toxocara spp.,and Trichuris spp.with cumulative prevalence varying across the study sites(P<0.01).Ascaris spp.was predominant in all study sites,followed by Toxocara spp.and Trichuris spp.with a prevalence of 41.96%,7.57%,and 5.36%,respectively.Interestingly,Toxocara pp.has the highest intensity of contamination,followed by Ascaris spp.and Trichuris spp.in term of geometric mean soil-transmitted helminthiasis eggs recovered per one gram soil sample(34.25,21.45,and 11.85 respectively).Each study site harbors significant amount of soiltransmitted helminthiasis eggs and zoonotic Toxocara eggs,which present high risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection,particularly among children observed to play and cohabitate with animals known to be hosts of these parasites.Conclusions:The alarming rate of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and Toxocara egg contamination reported in this study suggests that additional measures should be undertaken to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis and zoonotic intestinal infections in the country.展开更多
Preference for uninfected mates is presumed beneficial as it minimizes one＇s risk of contracting an infection and infecting one＇s offspring. In avian systems, visual ornaments are often used to indi- cate parasite b...Preference for uninfected mates is presumed beneficial as it minimizes one＇s risk of contracting an infection and infecting one＇s offspring. In avian systems, visual ornaments are often used to indi- cate parasite burdens and facilitate mate choice. However, in mammals, olfactory cues have been proposed to act as a mechanism allowing potential mates to be discriminated by infection status. The effect of infection upon mammalian mate choice is mainly studied in captive rodents where ex- perimental trials support preference for the odors of uninfected mates and some data suggest scent marking is reduced in individuals with high infection burdens. Nevertheless, whether such effects occur in nonmodel and wild systems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the interplay between parasite load （estimated using fecal egg counts） and scent marking behavior in a wild population of banded mongooses Mungos mungo. Focusing on a costly protozoan parasite of the genus Isospora and the nematode worm Toxocara, we first show that banded mongooses that engage in frequent, intensive scent marking have lower Isospora loads, suggesting marking behavior may be an indicator trait regarding infection status. We then use odor presentations to demonstrate that banded mongooses mark less in response to odors of opposite sexed individuals with high Isospora and Toxocara loads. As both of these parasites are known to have detrimental effects upon the health of preweaned young in other species, they would appear key targets to avoid during mate choice. Results provide support for scent as an important ornament and mechanism for advertising parasitic infection within wild mammals.展开更多
The frequency of the infective larvae of Toxocara canis, the common parasite of the dog was assessed in brain portions of male Albino mice ingested two doses： 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg of potassium dichromate-hexavale...The frequency of the infective larvae of Toxocara canis, the common parasite of the dog was assessed in brain portions of male Albino mice ingested two doses： 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg of potassium dichromate-hexavalent （VI） as an indicator. Only 2,000 ova of the parasite were inoculated orally to twenty seven healthy young male mice. Frequency of the parasite was tested 13 weeks post-inoculation. Using bio-statistical analysis （one way analysis of variance） the frequency of detected larvae of both doses in the brain portions of the experimental animals showed an insignificant difference （P〉 0.05） in comparison with control. The results indicate the safety of small and mild intoxication doses of the potassium dichromate on distribution of Toxocara canis in brain portions of mice.展开更多
The effect of Procox? (Bayer, emodepside/toltrazuril suspension for dogs) against natural infections with Isospora spp. was investigated. Two groups were treated either with 0.5 ml suspension/kg of body weight (0.45 m...The effect of Procox? (Bayer, emodepside/toltrazuril suspension for dogs) against natural infections with Isospora spp. was investigated. Two groups were treated either with 0.5 ml suspension/kg of body weight (0.45 mg emodepside and 9 mg toltrazuril/kg of body weight) in the 3rd, 5th and 7th week of life (w.o.l.) (Procox? group;n = 28) or with a control anthelminthic (Dewormed Control group;n = 26). Animals were surveyed weekly from the 3rd w.o.l. by coproscopy and clinical examination. Faecal samples were examined microbiologically from the 4th to the 8th w.o.l. and faecal inflammatory markers canine calprotectin and canine S100A12 were measured in the 8th w.o.l. Specific antibody titres were evaluated in serum samples from five litters before and after vaccination against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus 2. The prevalence of Isospora-positive animals increased to 67% in the Dewormed Control group (n = 15 puppies from four parasite-positive litters), while in the Procox? group (n = 15 puppies) it was less than 34% with significantly lower excretion (p ? was easily applied and effective;adverse effects did not occur. The level of seroconversion or titre increase upon vaccination was higher in parasite-free animals (91%) compared to Procox?-treated puppies (30%) and the Control animals (10%). Animals from parasite-free litters showed significantly different excretion patterns for haemolytic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, while there was no difference between Procox?-treated and Control animals. In some animals kept under poor hygienic conditions diarrhoea was noted in association with C. perfringens, E. coli or Salmonella. Concentrations of inflammatory markers in the faeces did not significantly differ between the Procox? and the Control group. Adequate control of parasitic and bacterial infections in suckling puppies requires both antiparasitic treatment and hygiene. Even when parasites do not cause overt effects treatment is recommended in cases with a history of parasite infections.展开更多
Toxocara canis(T.canis)is one of the most important zoonotic parasites of dogs.The aim of the present study was to perform an in vitro analysis of the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs following exposure to a...Toxocara canis(T.canis)is one of the most important zoonotic parasites of dogs.The aim of the present study was to perform an in vitro analysis of the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs following exposure to a concentration gradient of the drug and to determine the inflammatory reaction produced by the infective T.canis larvae in mice.The present study was undertaken using the model nematode,T.canis,to investigate the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs and larvae.T.canis eggs were exposed to a concentration gradient of Milbemycin oxime in vitro,the higher concentration of Milbemycin oxime was,the lower percentage of infective stage larvae was.Light micrographs showed that Milbemycin oxime induced eggs dissolved and eggshell broken.Histological analyses of mice that stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)showed in lower dosing(10-7 and 10-8 g·mL-1)drug-treated groups,atrophy of alveolar space and interalveolar septum thickening appeared,inflammatory infiltrates accompanied with erythrocytes around blood vessels and bronchioles presented.In higher dosing(10-6,10-5 and 10-4 g·mL-1)drug-treated groups,low-grade or no pathological changes occurred,indicating that Milbemycin oxime could obviously decrease the inflammatory reaction produced by the infection of T.canis larvae in vivo.展开更多
基金This study was financially supported by the Elite Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(grant No.2013DFA31840)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2016-LVRI-03).
文摘Background:Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that afflicts millions of the pediatric and adolescent populations worldwide,especially in impoverished communities.This disease is caused by infection with the larvae of Toxocara canis and T.cati,the most ubiquitous intestinal nematode parasite in dogs and cats,respectively.In this article,recent advances in the epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnosis and pharmacotherapies that have been used in the treatment of toxocariasis are reviewed.Main text:Over the past two decades,we have come far in our understanding of the biology and epidemiology of toxocariasis.However,lack of laboratory infrastructure in some countries,lack of uniform case definitions and limited surveillance infrastructure are some of the challenges that hindered the estimation of global disease burden.Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms:visceral,ocular,covert and neural.Incorrect or misdiagnosis of any of these disabling conditions can result in severe health consequences and considerable medical care spending.Fortunately,multiple diagnostic modalities are available,which if effectively used together with the administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapies,can minimize any unnecessary patient morbidity.Conclusions:Although progress has been made in the management of toxocariasis patients,there remains much work to be done.Implementation of new technologies and better understanding of the pathogenesis of toxocariasis can identify new diagnostic biomarkers,which may help in increasing diagnostic accuracy.Also,further clinical research breakthroughs are needed to develop better ways to effectively control and prevent this serious disease.
文摘We evaluated thirteen eyes of twelve patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with Toxocara optic neuropathy. Eleven patients had unilateral involvement and one patient had bilateral optic neuropathy. Eight patients （66.7%） had a possible infection source to Toxocara. Six patients （50%） had painless acute optic neuropathy. Ten eyes had asymmetric, sectorial optic disc edema with peripapillary infiltration and three eyes had diffuse optic disc edema. Eosinophilia was noted in five patients （41.7%） and optic nerve enhancement was observed in eight of eleven eyes （72.7%） with available orbit magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）. Mean visual acuity significantly improved following treatment [mean logarithmic of the minimum angle of resolution （IogMAR） 0.94±0.56 at baseline and 0.47±0.59 at the final （P=0.02）]. Asymmetric optic disc edema with a peripapillary lesion and a history of raw meat ingestion were important clues for diagnosing Toxocara optic neuropathy. Additionally, Toxocara IgG enzymelinked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） test and evaluating eosinophil may be helpful for diagnosis.
文摘Ocular toxocariasis is prevalent among children.The symptoms and signs may mimic other ocular pathologies such as malignancies and other infectious diseases(such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis). We presented a case of progressive blurring of vision in a single eye of a 9-year-old boy.The presence of anti-toxocara antibody in serum samples helps to confirmation the diagnosis in our patient.Despite of treatment,the boy had lost his vision on the affected eye.
文摘Human infection of Toxocara canis in eye is usually an outcome of accidental ingestion of the embryonated eggs. The average age at diagnosis of ocular Toxocariasis is 7.5 years, ranging from 2 to 31 years. It constitutes 1%-2% of uveitis in children. Diagnosis is based upon the clinical features observed in a young patient and confirmed by the presence of specific Ig G in the serum or aqueous humor by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. We report a case of Presumed Toxocara infection in 45-year-old male which is unique in presentation with multifocal granulomata in retina. Our Pub Med search could not produce case with similar presentation. Probably this is the first reported case of multifocal granulomata in presumed ocular Toxocara in any age
文摘<span style="line-height:1.5;">Up until the recent past, zoos served limited function, primarily existing for entertainment value. Today’s zoos, however, are serving many roles, chief among them: species conservation of captive animals. The biggest zoo in Brazil, S?o Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, has among its 2000 animals and many species of wild cats. The presence of domestic cats living freely in zoos </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">is</span><span style="line-height:1.5;"> common and can be a source of spreading disease. The aim of this study was to verify the variety and prevalence of parasites found in the feces of felids (feral and wild) living in the S<span style="white-space:nowrap;">?</span>o Paulo Zoo. The results of this parasitological analysis have been obtained from the laboratory of clinical analysis and correspond to the 4-year period beginning January/2009 and ending December/2012. Eight species of parasites were identified in the feces of captive wild cats and three in the feces of feral cats. For those captive</span><span style="line-height:1.5;">s</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">, <i>Toxocara cati</i> (7.95%) had the highest prevalence, followed by <i>Toxascaris leonina</i> (7.58%), <i>Isospora</i> sp. (2.03%), <i>Hymenolepis nana</i> (0.92%), <i>Eimeria</i> sp., <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Blastocystis</i> sp. (0.37% each) and <i>Ascaris</i> sp. (0.18%). Among the feral cats, we found <i>Toxocara cati</i> (59.26%), <i>Giardia</i> sp. (22.22%) and <i>Isospora</i> sp. (11.11%). For the captive group, we also distinguished natives from exotic species, finding native species to be more frequently parasitized than the exotic ones. Key to our findings, though, was the fact that a few parasite species were found among all groups of </span><span style="line-height:1.5;">f</span><span "="" style="line-height:1.5;">elids, specifically (<i>Toxocara cati</i>, <i>Giardia</i> sp. and <i>Isospora</i> sp). Further research is needed, however, to confirm that transmission of these parasite
基金the Commission on Higher Education K12 Scholarship Program for the funding
文摘Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays of indigenous communities communities in Tigaon,Camarines Sur,Philippines were examined for soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination using optimized sugar flotation method.Results:Of the soil samples examined,141(44.48%)were contaminated by Ascaris spp.,Toxocara spp.,and Trichuris spp.with cumulative prevalence varying across the study sites(P<0.01).Ascaris spp.was predominant in all study sites,followed by Toxocara spp.and Trichuris spp.with a prevalence of 41.96%,7.57%,and 5.36%,respectively.Interestingly,Toxocara pp.has the highest intensity of contamination,followed by Ascaris spp.and Trichuris spp.in term of geometric mean soil-transmitted helminthiasis eggs recovered per one gram soil sample(34.25,21.45,and 11.85 respectively).Each study site harbors significant amount of soiltransmitted helminthiasis eggs and zoonotic Toxocara eggs,which present high risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection,particularly among children observed to play and cohabitate with animals known to be hosts of these parasites.Conclusions:The alarming rate of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and Toxocara egg contamination reported in this study suggests that additional measures should be undertaken to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis and zoonotic intestinal infections in the country.
文摘Preference for uninfected mates is presumed beneficial as it minimizes one＇s risk of contracting an infection and infecting one＇s offspring. In avian systems, visual ornaments are often used to indi- cate parasite burdens and facilitate mate choice. However, in mammals, olfactory cues have been proposed to act as a mechanism allowing potential mates to be discriminated by infection status. The effect of infection upon mammalian mate choice is mainly studied in captive rodents where ex- perimental trials support preference for the odors of uninfected mates and some data suggest scent marking is reduced in individuals with high infection burdens. Nevertheless, whether such effects occur in nonmodel and wild systems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the interplay between parasite load （estimated using fecal egg counts） and scent marking behavior in a wild population of banded mongooses Mungos mungo. Focusing on a costly protozoan parasite of the genus Isospora and the nematode worm Toxocara, we first show that banded mongooses that engage in frequent, intensive scent marking have lower Isospora loads, suggesting marking behavior may be an indicator trait regarding infection status. We then use odor presentations to demonstrate that banded mongooses mark less in response to odors of opposite sexed individuals with high Isospora and Toxocara loads. As both of these parasites are known to have detrimental effects upon the health of preweaned young in other species, they would appear key targets to avoid during mate choice. Results provide support for scent as an important ornament and mechanism for advertising parasitic infection within wild mammals.
文摘The frequency of the infective larvae of Toxocara canis, the common parasite of the dog was assessed in brain portions of male Albino mice ingested two doses： 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg of potassium dichromate-hexavalent （VI） as an indicator. Only 2,000 ova of the parasite were inoculated orally to twenty seven healthy young male mice. Frequency of the parasite was tested 13 weeks post-inoculation. Using bio-statistical analysis （one way analysis of variance） the frequency of detected larvae of both doses in the brain portions of the experimental animals showed an insignificant difference （P〉 0.05） in comparison with control. The results indicate the safety of small and mild intoxication doses of the potassium dichromate on distribution of Toxocara canis in brain portions of mice.
基金financially supported by Bayer Animal Health,Germany.
文摘The effect of Procox? (Bayer, emodepside/toltrazuril suspension for dogs) against natural infections with Isospora spp. was investigated. Two groups were treated either with 0.5 ml suspension/kg of body weight (0.45 mg emodepside and 9 mg toltrazuril/kg of body weight) in the 3rd, 5th and 7th week of life (w.o.l.) (Procox? group;n = 28) or with a control anthelminthic (Dewormed Control group;n = 26). Animals were surveyed weekly from the 3rd w.o.l. by coproscopy and clinical examination. Faecal samples were examined microbiologically from the 4th to the 8th w.o.l. and faecal inflammatory markers canine calprotectin and canine S100A12 were measured in the 8th w.o.l. Specific antibody titres were evaluated in serum samples from five litters before and after vaccination against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus 2. The prevalence of Isospora-positive animals increased to 67% in the Dewormed Control group (n = 15 puppies from four parasite-positive litters), while in the Procox? group (n = 15 puppies) it was less than 34% with significantly lower excretion (p ? was easily applied and effective;adverse effects did not occur. The level of seroconversion or titre increase upon vaccination was higher in parasite-free animals (91%) compared to Procox?-treated puppies (30%) and the Control animals (10%). Animals from parasite-free litters showed significantly different excretion patterns for haemolytic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, while there was no difference between Procox?-treated and Control animals. In some animals kept under poor hygienic conditions diarrhoea was noted in association with C. perfringens, E. coli or Salmonella. Concentrations of inflammatory markers in the faeces did not significantly differ between the Procox? and the Control group. Adequate control of parasitic and bacterial infections in suckling puppies requires both antiparasitic treatment and hygiene. Even when parasites do not cause overt effects treatment is recommended in cases with a history of parasite infections.
基金Supported by the Post-doctoral Research Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LBH-Q18019)。
文摘Toxocara canis(T.canis)is one of the most important zoonotic parasites of dogs.The aim of the present study was to perform an in vitro analysis of the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs following exposure to a concentration gradient of the drug and to determine the inflammatory reaction produced by the infective T.canis larvae in mice.The present study was undertaken using the model nematode,T.canis,to investigate the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs and larvae.T.canis eggs were exposed to a concentration gradient of Milbemycin oxime in vitro,the higher concentration of Milbemycin oxime was,the lower percentage of infective stage larvae was.Light micrographs showed that Milbemycin oxime induced eggs dissolved and eggshell broken.Histological analyses of mice that stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)showed in lower dosing(10-7 and 10-8 g·mL-1)drug-treated groups,atrophy of alveolar space and interalveolar septum thickening appeared,inflammatory infiltrates accompanied with erythrocytes around blood vessels and bronchioles presented.In higher dosing(10-6,10-5 and 10-4 g·mL-1)drug-treated groups,low-grade or no pathological changes occurred,indicating that Milbemycin oxime could obviously decrease the inflammatory reaction produced by the infection of T.canis larvae in vivo.
