Joseph Heller(1923-1999)’s celebrated novel Catch-22(1961)portrays the predicament of an individual,Captain John Yossarian of the 256th US Army Air Squadron,drifting apart in a helpless prodigious world.The absurdity...Joseph Heller(1923-1999)’s celebrated novel Catch-22(1961)portrays the predicament of an individual,Captain John Yossarian of the 256th US Army Air Squadron,drifting apart in a helpless prodigious world.The absurdity and ludicrousness of the reconstructed world is strengthened by the elements of space in the narrative text.Drawing on Gabriel Zoran’s model of structuring of space within the fictional world,this essay analyzes the three levels of the structuring of space,namely the topographical level,the chronotopic level,and the textual level,and their functions in the novel.Topographical structures magnify the despair and deadly threats prevalent during wartime,whereas chronotopic structures underscore individual’s active endeavours and spiritual renewal in the face of institutional coercion.Textual structures,with three aspects of the text,the essential selectivity of language,the linearity of the text,and the point of view,bring forward the picture of the personal agony embedded in the grand establishment.展开更多
Modeling and simulation allow methodical variation of material properties beyond the capacity of experimental methods. Due to the hexagonal structure of graphene, it is considered as frame-like structure. In the frame...Modeling and simulation allow methodical variation of material properties beyond the capacity of experimental methods. Due to the hexagonal structure of graphene, it is considered as frame-like structure. In the frame, covalent C-C bonds are taken as beams joined together with carbon atoms placed at the joints. Uniaxial beam elements, defined by their cross-sectional area, material properties, and moment of inertia represent the covalent bonds. The parameters of the beam elements are determined by establishing equivalence between structural and computational mechanics. However, the bonds connecting the carbon atoms do not have physical existence as they are a compromise between attractive and repulsive forces. Also, defects at nanoscale make graphene different from frame-like structure. In addition, the topography of graphene makes it non-linear structure and even the axial loading changes to eccentric loading. Here we show that, by using basic statics principles, disparities between graphene and frame-likes structures can be highlighted.展开更多
海南省属于热带季风气候,雷雨众多,地闪密度远高于平均值,在研究输电线路防雷时需要特别注意地闪密度对雷击故障的影响。文中依据海南省67条35、110、220 k V输电线路资料参数及海南省输电线路近8年的运行报告、事故报告和雷电定位系统...海南省属于热带季风气候,雷雨众多,地闪密度远高于平均值,在研究输电线路防雷时需要特别注意地闪密度对雷击故障的影响。文中依据海南省67条35、110、220 k V输电线路资料参数及海南省输电线路近8年的运行报告、事故报告和雷电定位系统的数据绘制了地闪密度图,实际雷击故障分布图,拟合了海南省雷暴日与地闪密度的分布曲线,针对CIGRE经验公式及QGDW 672—2011标准不能准确反映海南省雷电活动的不足,提出了针对海南省地闪密度的分级方法,并基于皮尔逊相关系数分析了CIRGE标准及针对海南省标准下的地闪密度与实际雷击跳闸率的相关性,对海南省的输电线路差异化防雷具有指导意义。展开更多
The spatial distribution of plant populations is an important feature of population structure and it de- termines the population＇s ecological preferences, biological characteristics and relationships with environment...The spatial distribution of plant populations is an important feature of population structure and it de- termines the population＇s ecological preferences, biological characteristics and relationships with environmental factors. The point pattern analysis method was adopted to study the distribution pattern of Picea schrenkiana indi- viduals of different size classes and the correlations between two size classes as well as the impact of topog- raphical attributes on the population distribution. With increasing diameter at breast height, the plant density of the P. schrenkiana population showed a declining trend. Old trees showed a random distribution at a small spatial scale （0-12 m）, whereas saplings, small trees and big trees all had an aggregated distribution at all scales. With the increase of tree age, the scales at which maximal aggregation occurred gradually increased and the aggregation strength decreased. At a small scale （0-16 m）, all size classes showed a negative correlation and the larger the difference between tree size, the more significant the negative correlation. The number of medium, big and old trees had a significantly positive correlation with elevations, whereas the number of saplings and small trees was not significantly correlated with elevations. The numbers of saplings, small and medium trees showed a significant positive correlation with slope gradient, whereas the number of big trees was not significantly correlated, and the number of old trees was negatively correlated with gradient. With the exception of old trees, saplings, small, me- dium and big trees showed negative correlations with convexity index. The study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Tianshan Mountains.展开更多
文摘Joseph Heller(1923-1999)’s celebrated novel Catch-22(1961)portrays the predicament of an individual,Captain John Yossarian of the 256th US Army Air Squadron,drifting apart in a helpless prodigious world.The absurdity and ludicrousness of the reconstructed world is strengthened by the elements of space in the narrative text.Drawing on Gabriel Zoran’s model of structuring of space within the fictional world,this essay analyzes the three levels of the structuring of space,namely the topographical level,the chronotopic level,and the textual level,and their functions in the novel.Topographical structures magnify the despair and deadly threats prevalent during wartime,whereas chronotopic structures underscore individual’s active endeavours and spiritual renewal in the face of institutional coercion.Textual structures,with three aspects of the text,the essential selectivity of language,the linearity of the text,and the point of view,bring forward the picture of the personal agony embedded in the grand establishment.
文摘Modeling and simulation allow methodical variation of material properties beyond the capacity of experimental methods. Due to the hexagonal structure of graphene, it is considered as frame-like structure. In the frame, covalent C-C bonds are taken as beams joined together with carbon atoms placed at the joints. Uniaxial beam elements, defined by their cross-sectional area, material properties, and moment of inertia represent the covalent bonds. The parameters of the beam elements are determined by establishing equivalence between structural and computational mechanics. However, the bonds connecting the carbon atoms do not have physical existence as they are a compromise between attractive and repulsive forces. Also, defects at nanoscale make graphene different from frame-like structure. In addition, the topography of graphene makes it non-linear structure and even the axial loading changes to eccentric loading. Here we show that, by using basic statics principles, disparities between graphene and frame-likes structures can be highlighted.
文摘海南省属于热带季风气候,雷雨众多,地闪密度远高于平均值,在研究输电线路防雷时需要特别注意地闪密度对雷击故障的影响。文中依据海南省67条35、110、220 k V输电线路资料参数及海南省输电线路近8年的运行报告、事故报告和雷电定位系统的数据绘制了地闪密度图,实际雷击故障分布图,拟合了海南省雷暴日与地闪密度的分布曲线,针对CIGRE经验公式及QGDW 672—2011标准不能准确反映海南省雷电活动的不足,提出了针对海南省地闪密度的分级方法,并基于皮尔逊相关系数分析了CIRGE标准及针对海南省标准下的地闪密度与实际雷击跳闸率的相关性,对海南省的输电线路差异化防雷具有指导意义。
基金funded by the 12th Five-year Science and Technology Support Program(2011BAD38B0505)the Forestry Industry Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects (200804022C)the CFERN & GENE Award Funds on Ecological Papers
文摘The spatial distribution of plant populations is an important feature of population structure and it de- termines the population＇s ecological preferences, biological characteristics and relationships with environmental factors. The point pattern analysis method was adopted to study the distribution pattern of Picea schrenkiana indi- viduals of different size classes and the correlations between two size classes as well as the impact of topog- raphical attributes on the population distribution. With increasing diameter at breast height, the plant density of the P. schrenkiana population showed a declining trend. Old trees showed a random distribution at a small spatial scale （0-12 m）, whereas saplings, small trees and big trees all had an aggregated distribution at all scales. With the increase of tree age, the scales at which maximal aggregation occurred gradually increased and the aggregation strength decreased. At a small scale （0-16 m）, all size classes showed a negative correlation and the larger the difference between tree size, the more significant the negative correlation. The number of medium, big and old trees had a significantly positive correlation with elevations, whereas the number of saplings and small trees was not significantly correlated with elevations. The numbers of saplings, small and medium trees showed a significant positive correlation with slope gradient, whereas the number of big trees was not significantly correlated, and the number of old trees was negatively correlated with gradient. With the exception of old trees, saplings, small, me- dium and big trees showed negative correlations with convexity index. The study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Tianshan Mountains.
