<strong>Background: </strong>There are many reports in the mass media and scientific literature about child abuse caused by parents. Medical practitioners also are concerned about child abuse and need to g...<strong>Background: </strong>There are many reports in the mass media and scientific literature about child abuse caused by parents. Medical practitioners also are concerned about child abuse and need to grapple with the prevention and early detection of child abuse when working in medical facilities. <strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this descriptive study was to explore the relationship between maternal and child factors contributing to child abuse. <strong>Methods:</strong> A sample of 50 multiparas (mothers with more than 1 child) in a 48-bed postpartum hospital unit in Okinawa prefecture were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire regarding the relationship between mothers and their first child in September, 2007. The questionnaire contained 30 items of physical punishment that are quoted from “The Handbook of Correspondence to Child Abuse” (Ministry of Health, Labor and welfare in Japan), 24 items relating to maternal factors and 22 items to child factors, plus items related to mothers’ satisfaction with the health guidance given in the hospital. Data were analyzed using JMP (ver. 14.2;SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.). The significance level was set at 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Forty-one (82%) questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 41 valid responses, 19 mothers reported abusing their children. Child factors contributing to the abuse included the first child’s regression to infantile behavior, bullying younger brothers or sisters and being rough and violent to their friends. The significant maternal factor leading to abuse was the belief that mothers were irritated by their child. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A first child’s developmental difficulties had a significant relationship with the harsh punishment by their mothers. The mothers need to understand their child’s developmental behavior and provide a favorable environment for nurturing young children.展开更多
Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of birt...Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of births in China over the past two decades.While the annual number of births have been steadily fluctuat-ing around 16-18 million,contrary trends in the number of the first births and the second births have been observed.The two-child policy produced marked effects on the rising number of the second births,which is however to a large extent offset by the declining number of the first births resulting from rapidly postponing age at first marriage.A decomposition analysis demonstrates that all demographic factors are depressing birth numbers,including the size of reproductive-age women and its age structure,proportion married and marital fertility in the very recent years.China’s seventh population census conducted in 2020 suggests a more rapid decline in birth numbers,marking the start of a lowest-low fertility in Chinese history.展开更多
Taking data from the China Fertility Survey 2017 for nine provinces in southwestern and south-central China,we calculated differences in C-section rates among women of different ages,and with different types of hukou ...Taking data from the China Fertility Survey 2017 for nine provinces in southwestern and south-central China,we calculated differences in C-section rates among women of different ages,and with different types of hukou and different levels of educa-tion.We used the Cox proportional hazards model and a binary logistic regression method to examine the impact of C-section at the first birth on the intention of hav-ing a second child and actually giving birth to a second child under the Universal Two-child Policy.This study comes to the following conclusions:(1)the C-section rate is generally high among women,especially among those who are older,have non-agricultural hukou,or have a junior college or above education level;(2)sim-ilar to the research findings of scholars in other countries,women having C-sec-tion at first birth are 16-20%less likely to have a second child than women having no C-section at first birth;and(3)women having C-section at first birth are less inclined to have a second child.展开更多
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>There are many reports in the mass media and scientific literature about child abuse caused by parents. Medical practitioners also are concerned about child abuse and need to grapple with the prevention and early detection of child abuse when working in medical facilities. <strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this descriptive study was to explore the relationship between maternal and child factors contributing to child abuse. <strong>Methods:</strong> A sample of 50 multiparas (mothers with more than 1 child) in a 48-bed postpartum hospital unit in Okinawa prefecture were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire regarding the relationship between mothers and their first child in September, 2007. The questionnaire contained 30 items of physical punishment that are quoted from “The Handbook of Correspondence to Child Abuse” (Ministry of Health, Labor and welfare in Japan), 24 items relating to maternal factors and 22 items to child factors, plus items related to mothers’ satisfaction with the health guidance given in the hospital. Data were analyzed using JMP (ver. 14.2;SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.). The significance level was set at 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Forty-one (82%) questionnaires were analyzed. Of the 41 valid responses, 19 mothers reported abusing their children. Child factors contributing to the abuse included the first child’s regression to infantile behavior, bullying younger brothers or sisters and being rough and violent to their friends. The significant maternal factor leading to abuse was the belief that mothers were irritated by their child. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A first child’s developmental difficulties had a significant relationship with the harsh punishment by their mothers. The mothers need to understand their child’s developmental behavior and provide a favorable environment for nurturing young children.
基金support by the Research Fund of Renmin University of China(Grant No.20XNL025).
文摘Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of births in China over the past two decades.While the annual number of births have been steadily fluctuat-ing around 16-18 million,contrary trends in the number of the first births and the second births have been observed.The two-child policy produced marked effects on the rising number of the second births,which is however to a large extent offset by the declining number of the first births resulting from rapidly postponing age at first marriage.A decomposition analysis demonstrates that all demographic factors are depressing birth numbers,including the size of reproductive-age women and its age structure,proportion married and marital fertility in the very recent years.China’s seventh population census conducted in 2020 suggests a more rapid decline in birth numbers,marking the start of a lowest-low fertility in Chinese history.
文摘Taking data from the China Fertility Survey 2017 for nine provinces in southwestern and south-central China,we calculated differences in C-section rates among women of different ages,and with different types of hukou and different levels of educa-tion.We used the Cox proportional hazards model and a binary logistic regression method to examine the impact of C-section at the first birth on the intention of hav-ing a second child and actually giving birth to a second child under the Universal Two-child Policy.This study comes to the following conclusions:(1)the C-section rate is generally high among women,especially among those who are older,have non-agricultural hukou,or have a junior college or above education level;(2)sim-ilar to the research findings of scholars in other countries,women having C-sec-tion at first birth are 16-20%less likely to have a second child than women having no C-section at first birth;and(3)women having C-section at first birth are less inclined to have a second child.
