Particle samples were collected in August 2004 both inside and outsideEmperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Mass and chemical composition of total suspendedparticles (TSP, particles with aerodynami...Particle samples were collected in August 2004 both inside and outsideEmperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Mass and chemical composition of total suspendedparticles (TSP, particles with aerodynamic diameter less than ~30 μm), PM_(2.5) (particles withaerodynamic diameter 【 2.5 μm) were determined. The average levels of indoor PM_(2.5) and TSP were108.4 and 172.4 μg·m^(-3), respectively, with PM_(2.5) constituting 62.9% of the TSP mass. Sulfate((32.4 ± 6.2)%), organics ((27.7 ± 8.0)%), and geological material ((12.5 ± 3.4)%) dominatedindoor PM_(2.5), followed by ammonium ((8.9 ± 2.8)%), nitrate ((7.0 ± 2.9)%), and elemental carbon(EC, (3.9 ± 1.5)%). Particle size distribution varied with the number of tourists in the museum.The size of sulfate, organics, EC, nitrate, and ammonium was found to vary in the range of 0.43 to3.3 μm in fraction. Ion balance indicated that the aerosol was acidic, with insufficient ammoniumions to neutralize the sulfuric and nitric acids. High concentrations of acidic aerosols will erodethe Terra-cotta warriors and horses especially in the summer season with high temperature (30℃) andrelative humidity (70%) and undesirable solar radiation inside the museum. More attention should bepaid to protecting these precious antiques made 2000 years ago.展开更多
I. INTRODUCTION In March, 1974, at the foot of Lishan Hill in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, a huge pit with numerous funeral terra-cotta warriors and horses in life-size was discovered to the east
In October 1994, another excavation site of the Qin terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses near Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb at the foot of Lishan, Lintong, Shaanxi Province was formally open to the public. This is the t...In October 1994, another excavation site of the Qin terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses near Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb at the foot of Lishan, Lintong, Shaanxi Province was formally open to the public. This is the third vault that was excavated from March 1994 after the excavation of the No.1 and No.2 vaults 20 years ago.展开更多
The accompanying burial pit K9901 is situated in the southeast of the territory within the outer walls of the Qin Shi Huangdi mausoleum garden and occupies an area of 700 sq m. A trial excavation in a part of it was c...The accompanying burial pit K9901 is situated in the southeast of the territory within the outer walls of the Qin Shi Huangdi mausoleum garden and occupies an area of 700 sq m. A trial excavation in a part of it was carried out by the Qin Shl Huangdi Mausoleum Archaeological Team in May—June 1999. The pit is a typical earthen-and-wooden gallery-shaped underground structure, the wooden part of which was destroyed by fire shortly after the completion of the building. The astonishing finds from the trial excavation are a huge bronze ding and eleven terra-cotta figures of acrobats. The ding is a double-eared tripod with exquisite designs on the ears, belly and leg-bases, weighs 212kg and must have been an important ritual vessel in the ancestral temple of the royal family. The terra-cotta acrobats are yielded from the third passage pit. Dressed in short skirts and being in various postures, they represent different acrobatic performances and provide valuable material for studying entertainment culture in the Qin palace and the history of Chinese acrobatics.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(NSFC 40205018,40121303)supported by Ministry of Science and Technology(2004CB720203).
文摘Particle samples were collected in August 2004 both inside and outsideEmperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Mass and chemical composition of total suspendedparticles (TSP, particles with aerodynamic diameter less than ~30 μm), PM_(2.5) (particles withaerodynamic diameter 【 2.5 μm) were determined. The average levels of indoor PM_(2.5) and TSP were108.4 and 172.4 μg·m^(-3), respectively, with PM_(2.5) constituting 62.9% of the TSP mass. Sulfate((32.4 ± 6.2)%), organics ((27.7 ± 8.0)%), and geological material ((12.5 ± 3.4)%) dominatedindoor PM_(2.5), followed by ammonium ((8.9 ± 2.8)%), nitrate ((7.0 ± 2.9)%), and elemental carbon(EC, (3.9 ± 1.5)%). Particle size distribution varied with the number of tourists in the museum.The size of sulfate, organics, EC, nitrate, and ammonium was found to vary in the range of 0.43 to3.3 μm in fraction. Ion balance indicated that the aerosol was acidic, with insufficient ammoniumions to neutralize the sulfuric and nitric acids. High concentrations of acidic aerosols will erodethe Terra-cotta warriors and horses especially in the summer season with high temperature (30℃) andrelative humidity (70%) and undesirable solar radiation inside the museum. More attention should bepaid to protecting these precious antiques made 2000 years ago.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘I. INTRODUCTION In March, 1974, at the foot of Lishan Hill in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, a huge pit with numerous funeral terra-cotta warriors and horses in life-size was discovered to the east
文摘In October 1994, another excavation site of the Qin terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses near Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb at the foot of Lishan, Lintong, Shaanxi Province was formally open to the public. This is the third vault that was excavated from March 1994 after the excavation of the No.1 and No.2 vaults 20 years ago.
文摘The accompanying burial pit K9901 is situated in the southeast of the territory within the outer walls of the Qin Shi Huangdi mausoleum garden and occupies an area of 700 sq m. A trial excavation in a part of it was carried out by the Qin Shl Huangdi Mausoleum Archaeological Team in May—June 1999. The pit is a typical earthen-and-wooden gallery-shaped underground structure, the wooden part of which was destroyed by fire shortly after the completion of the building. The astonishing finds from the trial excavation are a huge bronze ding and eleven terra-cotta figures of acrobats. The ding is a double-eared tripod with exquisite designs on the ears, belly and leg-bases, weighs 212kg and must have been an important ritual vessel in the ancestral temple of the royal family. The terra-cotta acrobats are yielded from the third passage pit. Dressed in short skirts and being in various postures, they represent different acrobatic performances and provide valuable material for studying entertainment culture in the Qin palace and the history of Chinese acrobatics.