Apostichopus japonicus was reared under different temperatures,salinities and light cycles so as to analyze the effects of temperature,salinities and light cycle on the growth and behavior of it.A.japonicus were sampl...Apostichopus japonicus was reared under different temperatures,salinities and light cycles so as to analyze the effects of temperature,salinities and light cycle on the growth and behavior of it.A.japonicus were sampled from Dakoujing Shrimp Cultural Cage,Lüshun City,which were 1-year-old,and were accustomed to the experimental conditions for two days before each experiment.The average initial body wet weight of the experimental sea cucumber was 36.89 g(25.24-59.11 g),and the average initial body length was 6.68 cm(5.12-8.74 cm).In the temperature experiment,the sea cucumbers were reared in six plastic barrels(the cubage of each was about 60 L and one brick in each barrel) at six temperatures(9,12,15,18,21 and 24 ℃).The results showed that the body wet weight increased under 9-21 ℃ and 15 ℃ was the optimum temperature to the growth of A.japonicus.When the temperature was beyond 22 ℃,A.japonicus began to aestivate.As soon as the temperature below 20 ℃,aestivation was over.In the salinity experiment,the sea cucumbers were reared in the same plastic barrels under six salinities(23,26,29,32,35 and 38).The salinity for growth of the A.japonicus was 29-33,and the optimum salinity was 32,the reason of which was that the sea cucumbers had been accustomed to the range of salinity in the ocean for a long time.The A.japonicus were reared in four plastic barrels for the light cycle experiment,and the conditions of the barrels were fully light (24-hour-light),fully dark(24-hour-dark),half light dark(12-hour-light and 12-hour-dark) and natural light.The growth of the sea cucumbers was best under the half light dark condition,and worst under the fully dark condition.In addition,the correlation analyses were given in each experiment.展开更多
Recent trends in seasonal cycles in China are analyzed, based on a homogenized dataset of daily temperatures at 541 stations during the period 1960–2008. Several indices are defined for describing the key features of...Recent trends in seasonal cycles in China are analyzed, based on a homogenized dataset of daily temperatures at 541 stations during the period 1960–2008. Several indices are defined for describing the key features of a seasonal cycle, including local winter/summer （LW/LS） periods and local spring/autumn phase （LSP/LAP）. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method is applied to determine the indices for each year. The LW period was found to have shortened by 2–6 d （10 yr）-1, mainly due to an earlier end to winter conditions, with the LW mean temperature having increased by 0.2°C–0.4°C （10 yr）？1, over almost all of China. Records of the most severe climate extremes changed less than more typical winter conditions did. The LS period was found to have lengthened by 2–4 d （10 yr）？1, due to progressively earlier onsets and delayed end dates of the locally defined hot period. The LS mean temperature increased by 0.1°C–0.2°C （10 yr）-1 in most of China, except for a region in southern China centered on the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In contrast to the winter cases, the warming trend in summer was more prominent in the most extreme records than in those of more typical summer conditions. The LSP was found to have advanced significantly by about 2 d （10 yr）-1 in most of China. Changes in the autumn phase were less prominent. Relatively rapid changes happened in the 1980s for most of the regional mean indices dealing with winter and in the 1990s for those dealing with summer.展开更多
文摘Apostichopus japonicus was reared under different temperatures,salinities and light cycles so as to analyze the effects of temperature,salinities and light cycle on the growth and behavior of it.A.japonicus were sampled from Dakoujing Shrimp Cultural Cage,Lüshun City,which were 1-year-old,and were accustomed to the experimental conditions for two days before each experiment.The average initial body wet weight of the experimental sea cucumber was 36.89 g(25.24-59.11 g),and the average initial body length was 6.68 cm(5.12-8.74 cm).In the temperature experiment,the sea cucumbers were reared in six plastic barrels(the cubage of each was about 60 L and one brick in each barrel) at six temperatures(9,12,15,18,21 and 24 ℃).The results showed that the body wet weight increased under 9-21 ℃ and 15 ℃ was the optimum temperature to the growth of A.japonicus.When the temperature was beyond 22 ℃,A.japonicus began to aestivate.As soon as the temperature below 20 ℃,aestivation was over.In the salinity experiment,the sea cucumbers were reared in the same plastic barrels under six salinities(23,26,29,32,35 and 38).The salinity for growth of the A.japonicus was 29-33,and the optimum salinity was 32,the reason of which was that the sea cucumbers had been accustomed to the range of salinity in the ocean for a long time.The A.japonicus were reared in four plastic barrels for the light cycle experiment,and the conditions of the barrels were fully light (24-hour-light),fully dark(24-hour-dark),half light dark(12-hour-light and 12-hour-dark) and natural light.The growth of the sea cucumbers was best under the half light dark condition,and worst under the fully dark condition.In addition,the correlation analyses were given in each experiment.
基金supported bythe National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB421401)Qian was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41005039)The work of Xia and Zhou was partly supported by astrategic research grant from the City University of HongKong (Grant No. SRG-Fd 7002505)
文摘Recent trends in seasonal cycles in China are analyzed, based on a homogenized dataset of daily temperatures at 541 stations during the period 1960–2008. Several indices are defined for describing the key features of a seasonal cycle, including local winter/summer （LW/LS） periods and local spring/autumn phase （LSP/LAP）. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method is applied to determine the indices for each year. The LW period was found to have shortened by 2–6 d （10 yr）-1, mainly due to an earlier end to winter conditions, with the LW mean temperature having increased by 0.2°C–0.4°C （10 yr）？1, over almost all of China. Records of the most severe climate extremes changed less than more typical winter conditions did. The LS period was found to have lengthened by 2–4 d （10 yr）？1, due to progressively earlier onsets and delayed end dates of the locally defined hot period. The LS mean temperature increased by 0.1°C–0.2°C （10 yr）-1 in most of China, except for a region in southern China centered on the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In contrast to the winter cases, the warming trend in summer was more prominent in the most extreme records than in those of more typical summer conditions. The LSP was found to have advanced significantly by about 2 d （10 yr）-1 in most of China. Changes in the autumn phase were less prominent. Relatively rapid changes happened in the 1980s for most of the regional mean indices dealing with winter and in the 1990s for those dealing with summer.
