Purpose:The relationship between private tutoring(PT)and mainstream education is among the complex themes characterizing PT discourses in the literature.This study examined the complications of practices and processes...Purpose:The relationship between private tutoring(PT)and mainstream education is among the complex themes characterizing PT discourses in the literature.This study examined the complications of practices and processes in tutoring and schooling to elucidate different roles played by PT and its relationship with mainstream education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study used qualitative data from a diverse set of 37 PT providers from the State of Maharashtra,India,to delineate their roles and explore their relationship with schooling in this context.Findings:The classification of PT providers roles into complementary,accommodating,competing,and substitutive ones demonstrated a diverse range of relationships between PT and mainstream education.Further analysis showed that these relationships are dynamic in nature,and the boundaries between them are blurred.Originality/Value:Research in the field of PT has been consistently pointing toward a perplexing mixture of positive and negative outcomes resulting from its relationship with mainstream education.This study transcended the positive vis-a-vis negative binary approach by contributing to the deeper understanding of PT relationships.Furthermore,it exemplified how future studies can disentangle the complexities of such relationships by deploying flexible,context-specific theoretical approaches.展开更多
Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing varia...Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing variations within Europe and analyzing its growth,underlying forces,and policy implications.Design/Approach/Methods:The article assembles a regional picture from available national sources.It focuses on the 28 members of the European Union.Findings:Within Europe,four subregions may be identified.Most prominent for the longest duration has been Southern Europe,pushed by political forces and cultural factors.In Eastern Europe,shadow education became prominent following the collapse of the Soviet Union and accompanying economic and social structures during which teachers and others had to earn extra incomes.In Western Europe,the advent of marketization alongside government schooling has fueled the growth of shadow education.Only in Northern Europe does shadow education remain modest in scale,but it is growing there too.Originality/Value:The article identifies forces underlying the growth of shadow education in Europe and highlights policy implications.By contributing this regional perspective to the wider literature on shadow education,the article permits juxtaposition with patterns in East Asia and elsewhere.展开更多
Purpose:This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring.It adds to the literature on policy enactment,showing the importa...Purpose:This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring.It adds to the literature on policy enactment,showing the importance of context and noting the diversity of tutoring providers compared with schools.Design/Approach/Methods:The article draws on semi-structured and informal interviews with 11 tutors,15 managers of tutoring enterprises,5 members and managers of professional organizations,5 government officials,5 school managers,5 teachers,and 20 parents.Data from interviewees were triangulated with observations,news reports,blogs written by tutoring analysts,and ad hoc research by industrial observers.Findings:Policy enactment in the tutoring sector is even more complex than that for schooling.Standardized policies do not necessarily achieve the aspired goals.Originality/Value:The article adds to the literature not only in China but also internationally.It highlights the importance of distinguishing between aspirations and realities in this domain.It also proposes conceptual considerations for regulating tutoring,given its diverse and fluid nature.展开更多
Purpose:In Korea,private tutoring is considered a social evil that damages the capacity of public schooling and undermines social justice.Although the government has implemented various policies to reduce private tuto...Purpose:In Korea,private tutoring is considered a social evil that damages the capacity of public schooling and undermines social justice.Although the government has implemented various policies to reduce private tutoring,ranging from improving the quality of education to providing"quasi-private tutoring"programs and regulating the shadow education market,total spending on private tutoring has continued to increase.This study examines a little noticed but important cause of institutionalized private tutoring in Korea.Design/Approach/Methods:The study employed a socio-ecological perspective to analyze both education and socio-structural factors.An extensive review of the government's private tutoring reduction policies and related literature was conducted.Findings:Private tutoring functions as a means by which parents can help their children compete for admission to prestigious universities and pass on wealth and social status to their children.Participation in private tutoring has become a social norm that is taken for granted.The root causes of institutionalized private tutoring lie in both educational and socio-structural factors.Originality/Nalue:The study suggests that government policies,when ignoring the long-established"grammar"of parents about children's education,may either end in failure or produce unintended consequences.展开更多
Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the pheno...Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature.This article maps some key features of shadow education,identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.Design/Approach/Methods:The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),namely Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and the United Arab Emirates.It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multipleunits of comparison.Findings:Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries,but in others developed more recently.Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon,but with little success.Factors in the complex dynamics include social,economic andcultural forces.OriginalityValue:The article assembles literature from around the region,noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members.It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.展开更多
Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of dif...Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring.This paper examines these matters in Myanmar,highlighting complexities and ambiguities in descriptors and in the nature of provision.Design/Approach/Methods:Using a mixed-methods design,this study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State.The data were obtained from interviews with I10 Grade II students,34 high school teachers,30 parents,29 private tutoring providers,and two private school owners.Findings:The article categorizes tutoring forms based on their styles and orientations,particularly lecture-type teaching and homework supervision by guides,class sizes,durations of fee-charging(e.g,annually),the number of subjects taught per tutor,and tutoring locations.The study brings the topic out of the shadows for clearer analysis of the phenomenon and thus for assessment of its implications.OriginalityNalue:The study makes a methodological contribution to the wider picture by demonstrating the need for greater clarity and precision in the national and international comparative literatures.It also underscores shortcomings of predetermined categories in questionnaires and the value of qualitative interviews.展开更多
●This article provides insights into stakeholders'challenges while bringing educational accountability to private tutoring providers through a self-regulation model.There is no participant involved in this narrat...●This article provides insights into stakeholders'challenges while bringing educational accountability to private tutoring providers through a self-regulation model.There is no participant involved in this narrative inquiry study.●Policymakers may be ambivalent about bringing accountability as their families may benefit from private tutoring.●This account is written from the perspective of a teacher-trained tutor who has worked with policymakers to address some of the challenges.●This first-person narrative describes the experience of establishing a national peak body to bring greater accountability to private tutoring providers.This peak body is unique because it positions the educational interests of students as at least equal to providers'commercial interests.●The author believes that greater accountability for tutoring businesses is required in all markets and that issues will not resolve through self-regulation alone.展开更多
Purpose-In recent years,private tutoring has become increasingly prevalent in China and has become both a dominant way for students to learn after school and a major component of family educational expenditure.This pa...Purpose-In recent years,private tutoring has become increasingly prevalent in China and has become both a dominant way for students to learn after school and a major component of family educational expenditure.This paper aims to analyze the factors that affect Chinese students’participation in private tutoring and the effectiveness of private tutoring.Design/Approach/Methods-We use data from the Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA)2015 of China's Mainland area and focus specifically on science-related private tutoring.Multilevel logistic model and hierarchical linear model based on coarsened exact matching(CEM)are used to conduct the investigations.Findings-Empirical results show that individual level factors including student’s interest in science,educational expectations,and school-level factors such as school autonomy,science-related learning resources and school size pose a significant influence on the likelihood of participation in private tutoring.Moreover,science-related private tutoring has not significantly improved the overall scientific literacy scores of students.In addition,private tutoring has widened the performance gap among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds,with students from socioeconomically advantaged family experiencing more significant gains from tutoring.Originality/Value-These findings suggest that providing free high-quality tutoring to students from disadvantaged families might be an effective way of promoting educational equity.展开更多
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Ba...Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Based on the data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)conducted by the Peking University Institute of Social Science Survey in 2010,2012,2014,and 2016,the paper uses the method of multilevel linear model to comprehensively analyze problems involving a multilevel data structure.Findings-The paper finds that the proportion of compulsory education students participating in supplementary tutoring(and the expenditure on such tutoring)increased annually before declining in 2016.Students with higher socioeconomic status,higher school quality,and better academic performance have a higher tutoring participation rate and also spend more on tutoring.Students in China’s three northeastern provinces and eastern coastal areas have higher participation rates in tutoring and higher tutoring expenditures.Originality/Value-Supplementary tutoring in China already has its own developmental patterns and trends;however,few scholars have empirically studied the developmental patterns and trends of supplementary tutoring in compulsory education based on longitudinal survey data.展开更多
This paper explores the application of big data technology in ideological and political education for college counselors.Big data-driven personalized counseling for students,social network analysis,and public opinion ...This paper explores the application of big data technology in ideological and political education for college counselors.Big data-driven personalized counseling for students,social network analysis,and public opinion monitoring can optimize the efficiency of counselor work.However,there are still challenges concerning data privacy protection,technical support,and training.By scientifically evaluating and addressing these challenges,big data technology is expected to enhance the effectiveness of college counselors and improve the quality of ideological and political education.In the future,with technological advancements,big data technology will become an essential tool for higher education management.展开更多
文摘Purpose:The relationship between private tutoring(PT)and mainstream education is among the complex themes characterizing PT discourses in the literature.This study examined the complications of practices and processes in tutoring and schooling to elucidate different roles played by PT and its relationship with mainstream education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study used qualitative data from a diverse set of 37 PT providers from the State of Maharashtra,India,to delineate their roles and explore their relationship with schooling in this context.Findings:The classification of PT providers roles into complementary,accommodating,competing,and substitutive ones demonstrated a diverse range of relationships between PT and mainstream education.Further analysis showed that these relationships are dynamic in nature,and the boundaries between them are blurred.Originality/Value:Research in the field of PT has been consistently pointing toward a perplexing mixture of positive and negative outcomes resulting from its relationship with mainstream education.This study transcended the positive vis-a-vis negative binary approach by contributing to the deeper understanding of PT relationships.Furthermore,it exemplified how future studies can disentangle the complexities of such relationships by deploying flexible,context-specific theoretical approaches.
文摘Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing variations within Europe and analyzing its growth,underlying forces,and policy implications.Design/Approach/Methods:The article assembles a regional picture from available national sources.It focuses on the 28 members of the European Union.Findings:Within Europe,four subregions may be identified.Most prominent for the longest duration has been Southern Europe,pushed by political forces and cultural factors.In Eastern Europe,shadow education became prominent following the collapse of the Soviet Union and accompanying economic and social structures during which teachers and others had to earn extra incomes.In Western Europe,the advent of marketization alongside government schooling has fueled the growth of shadow education.Only in Northern Europe does shadow education remain modest in scale,but it is growing there too.Originality/Value:The article identifies forces underlying the growth of shadow education in Europe and highlights policy implications.By contributing this regional perspective to the wider literature on shadow education,the article permits juxtaposition with patterns in East Asia and elsewhere.
基金The author(s)disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article:Research of this work was supported by General Research Fund(GRF)of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(RGC)(project number 17902815).
文摘Purpose:This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring.It adds to the literature on policy enactment,showing the importance of context and noting the diversity of tutoring providers compared with schools.Design/Approach/Methods:The article draws on semi-structured and informal interviews with 11 tutors,15 managers of tutoring enterprises,5 members and managers of professional organizations,5 government officials,5 school managers,5 teachers,and 20 parents.Data from interviewees were triangulated with observations,news reports,blogs written by tutoring analysts,and ad hoc research by industrial observers.Findings:Policy enactment in the tutoring sector is even more complex than that for schooling.Standardized policies do not necessarily achieve the aspired goals.Originality/Value:The article adds to the literature not only in China but also internationally.It highlights the importance of distinguishing between aspirations and realities in this domain.It also proposes conceptual considerations for regulating tutoring,given its diverse and fluid nature.
文摘Purpose:In Korea,private tutoring is considered a social evil that damages the capacity of public schooling and undermines social justice.Although the government has implemented various policies to reduce private tutoring,ranging from improving the quality of education to providing"quasi-private tutoring"programs and regulating the shadow education market,total spending on private tutoring has continued to increase.This study examines a little noticed but important cause of institutionalized private tutoring in Korea.Design/Approach/Methods:The study employed a socio-ecological perspective to analyze both education and socio-structural factors.An extensive review of the government's private tutoring reduction policies and related literature was conducted.Findings:Private tutoring functions as a means by which parents can help their children compete for admission to prestigious universities and pass on wealth and social status to their children.Participation in private tutoring has become a social norm that is taken for granted.The root causes of institutionalized private tutoring lie in both educational and socio-structural factors.Originality/Nalue:The study suggests that government policies,when ignoring the long-established"grammar"of parents about children's education,may either end in failure or produce unintended consequences.
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Education Project for the Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities,entitled"Cross-Boundary Curriculum Partnerships Between Schooling and Shadow Education"(Project number:22JJD880028).
文摘Purpose:Private supplementary tutoringwidely known as shadow education because of the ways in which it mimics regular schooling-is increasingly visible across the globe.The Middle East is no exception,though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature.This article maps some key features of shadow education,identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.Design/Approach/Methods:The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC),namely Bahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,and the United Arab Emirates.It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multipleunits of comparison.Findings:Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries,but in others developed more recently.Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon,but with little success.Factors in the complex dynamics include social,economic andcultural forces.OriginalityValue:The article assembles literature from around the region,noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members.It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.
基金The authors received participants'active and passive written consent to use information that the participants provided to the authors for research purposes.Reference Number from HKU's Human Research Ethics Committeewas EA1808004.
文摘Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring.This paper examines these matters in Myanmar,highlighting complexities and ambiguities in descriptors and in the nature of provision.Design/Approach/Methods:Using a mixed-methods design,this study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State.The data were obtained from interviews with I10 Grade II students,34 high school teachers,30 parents,29 private tutoring providers,and two private school owners.Findings:The article categorizes tutoring forms based on their styles and orientations,particularly lecture-type teaching and homework supervision by guides,class sizes,durations of fee-charging(e.g,annually),the number of subjects taught per tutor,and tutoring locations.The study brings the topic out of the shadows for clearer analysis of the phenomenon and thus for assessment of its implications.OriginalityNalue:The study makes a methodological contribution to the wider picture by demonstrating the need for greater clarity and precision in the national and international comparative literatures.It also underscores shortcomings of predetermined categories in questionnaires and the value of qualitative interviews.
文摘●This article provides insights into stakeholders'challenges while bringing educational accountability to private tutoring providers through a self-regulation model.There is no participant involved in this narrative inquiry study.●Policymakers may be ambivalent about bringing accountability as their families may benefit from private tutoring.●This account is written from the perspective of a teacher-trained tutor who has worked with policymakers to address some of the challenges.●This first-person narrative describes the experience of establishing a national peak body to bring greater accountability to private tutoring providers.This peak body is unique because it positions the educational interests of students as at least equal to providers'commercial interests.●The author believes that greater accountability for tutoring businesses is required in all markets and that issues will not resolve through self-regulation alone.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-“Family Capital,Shadow Education and Social Reproduction”Project(Project Approval Number:71774112).
文摘Purpose-In recent years,private tutoring has become increasingly prevalent in China and has become both a dominant way for students to learn after school and a major component of family educational expenditure.This paper aims to analyze the factors that affect Chinese students’participation in private tutoring and the effectiveness of private tutoring.Design/Approach/Methods-We use data from the Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA)2015 of China's Mainland area and focus specifically on science-related private tutoring.Multilevel logistic model and hierarchical linear model based on coarsened exact matching(CEM)are used to conduct the investigations.Findings-Empirical results show that individual level factors including student’s interest in science,educational expectations,and school-level factors such as school autonomy,science-related learning resources and school size pose a significant influence on the likelihood of participation in private tutoring.Moreover,science-related private tutoring has not significantly improved the overall scientific literacy scores of students.In addition,private tutoring has widened the performance gap among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds,with students from socioeconomically advantaged family experiencing more significant gains from tutoring.Originality/Value-These findings suggest that providing free high-quality tutoring to students from disadvantaged families might be an effective way of promoting educational equity.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-“Family Capital,Shadow Education and Social Reproduction”Project(Project Approval Number:71774112)National Natural Science Foundation of China-“Facing the Shadow Education System:Research on Supplementary Tutoring in Compulsory Education in China”Project(Project Approval Number:71373165).
文摘Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Based on the data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)conducted by the Peking University Institute of Social Science Survey in 2010,2012,2014,and 2016,the paper uses the method of multilevel linear model to comprehensively analyze problems involving a multilevel data structure.Findings-The paper finds that the proportion of compulsory education students participating in supplementary tutoring(and the expenditure on such tutoring)increased annually before declining in 2016.Students with higher socioeconomic status,higher school quality,and better academic performance have a higher tutoring participation rate and also spend more on tutoring.Students in China’s three northeastern provinces and eastern coastal areas have higher participation rates in tutoring and higher tutoring expenditures.Originality/Value-Supplementary tutoring in China already has its own developmental patterns and trends;however,few scholars have empirically studied the developmental patterns and trends of supplementary tutoring in compulsory education based on longitudinal survey data.
文摘This paper explores the application of big data technology in ideological and political education for college counselors.Big data-driven personalized counseling for students,social network analysis,and public opinion monitoring can optimize the efficiency of counselor work.However,there are still challenges concerning data privacy protection,technical support,and training.By scientifically evaluating and addressing these challenges,big data technology is expected to enhance the effectiveness of college counselors and improve the quality of ideological and political education.In the future,with technological advancements,big data technology will become an essential tool for higher education management.
