The “New Unemployed” consists of young people with low education in the Chinese cities. They differ from the cohorts of their parents because they have no work experiences in any state- or collective-owned enterpris...The “New Unemployed” consists of young people with low education in the Chinese cities. They differ from the cohorts of their parents because they have no work experiences in any state- or collective-owned enterprise, and are subject to completely different policies designated by the government. Investigations of their daily living lead to the conclusion that the “New Unemployed” has gone through a “system withdrawal” process. They are now facing an environment of “system vacuum” that none of other unemployed groups has ever encountered before. The author emphasizes in the paper a strategic employment principle of “For Future Generations” so that focused attention and care can be provided and this toughest challenge in China can be dealt with.展开更多
Rumors are a type of false information, a consequence of an asymmetrical informational structure. This paper focuses on the social mechanisms of rumor fulfilling. Rumors with important contents related to people’s pe...Rumors are a type of false information, a consequence of an asymmetrical informational structure. This paper focuses on the social mechanisms of rumor fulfilling. Rumors with important contents related to people’s personal interests win acceptance through changing people’s expected payoffs, misleading people to the belief that acceptance of the rumor would beneficially outperform rejection of it. Nevertheless, it is risky to believe rumors; therefore, people make their decision whether to believe a rumor or not by referring to other people’s choices. An analysis was performed first within a game model that incorporated the variables of an individual’s expectancy and other people’s impact to predict whether the individual would accept or reject a rumor. Another analysis followed to further examine the functions of some dynamic mechanisms in rumor fulfilling when group pressure and network effects were introduced. Finally, an exploratory discussion on how to prevent rumors and erase their effects via information management strategies was presented.展开更多
Interest in the possibility of storing and transporting natural gas in the form of clathrate hydrates has been increasing in recent years, particularly in some gas-importing and exporting countries.The technologies ne...Interest in the possibility of storing and transporting natural gas in the form of clathrate hydrates has been increasing in recent years, particularly in some gas-importing and exporting countries.The technologies necessary for realizing this possibility may be classified into those relevant to the four serial processes (a) the formation of a hydrate, (b) the processing (dewatering, pelletizing, etc. ) of the formed hydrate, (c) the storage and transportation of the processed hydrate, and (d) the regasification (dissociation) of the hydrate. The technological development of any of these processes is still at an early stage. For hydrate formation, for example, various rival operations have been proposed. However,many of them have never been subjected to actual tests for practical use. More efforts are required for examining the different hydrate-formation technologies and for rating them by comparison. The general design of the processing of the formed hydrate inevitably depends on both the hydrate-formation process and the storage/transportation process, hence it has a wide variability. The major uncertainty in the storage-process design lies in the as-yet unclarified utility of the "self-preservation" effect of the naturalgas hydrates. The process design as well as the relevant cost evaluation should strongly depend on whether the hydrates are well preserved at atmospheric pressure in large-scale storage facilities. The regasification process has been studied less extensively than the former processes. The state of the art of the technological development in each of the serial processes is reviewed, placing emphasis on the hydrate formation process.展开更多
The emergence of the middle class was closely related to the appearance of industrial society and its consequential constant changes in the social structure. Karl Marx and other theorists in the same camp were among t...The emergence of the middle class was closely related to the appearance of industrial society and its consequential constant changes in the social structure. Karl Marx and other theorists in the same camp were among the earliest scholars who discussed that topic. For a quite long period of time, the debate was mainly focused on the characteristics of the “new middle class.” The middle class, however, has undergone a categorical transformation from the old to the new middle-class, and furthermore, this transformation itself has signified the transition in social patterns from industrial to post-industrial society as well as economic globalization, both of which have contributed to the growth and global expansion of the middle class, having thus fundamentally renovated the middle class.展开更多
The Xuecheng site lies at Xuesi village of Xuecheng township, Gaochun county, Nanjing city, Jiangsu province, on the southern shore of the Shijiu Lake. It was excavated in 1997, which resulted in the revelation of 115...The Xuecheng site lies at Xuesi village of Xuecheng township, Gaochun county, Nanjing city, Jiangsu province, on the southern shore of the Shijiu Lake. It was excavated in 1997, which resulted in the revelation of 115 Neolithic tombs and many ash-pits, house-foundations and fireplaces and the discovery of pottery, jade, stone and bone artifacts and quantities of animal remains. The cultural deposits can he divided into the upper, middle and lower layers, which are all simple in cultural content and represent the late, middle and upper phases respectively. The cultural aspect shows strong regional features distinctly different from the contemporary cultures of adjacent areas, which suggests that the remains can he named “Xuecheng cultural type. ” Chronologically, the early phase roughly corresponds to the middle and late Majiahang culture, the middle phase to the second period of Beiyinyangying culture or a little earlier than it, and the late phase to the middle and late Songze culture.展开更多
The first excavation at Maituo, Wushan, which revealed 19 tombs, basically clarified the cultural characteristics of the Han tombs in the cemetery and preliminarily established the periodization criteria for these tom...The first excavation at Maituo, Wushan, which revealed 19 tombs, basically clarified the cultural characteristics of the Han tombs in the cemetery and preliminarily established the periodization criteria for these tombs. Among the 13 tombs uncovered in the present second excavation besides four Han tombs, there are newly discovered burial types that belong to the Warring States, Southern Dynasties and Song. They provided new data for further research into the cultural features of this graveyard in different periods. The achievements in the present excavation consist mainly in the following two aspects，The first is the discovery of three tombs belonging to the late Warring States period. They represent the Chu cultural complex in an area dominated by the Qin State. The second is the revelation of an Eastern Han high-rank tomb in a good condition (M47). The tomb contains over 100 funeral objects, including objects in gold, silver, bronze and lacquer that reflect the tomb owner's wealth, as well as rare treasures of art, such as exquisite glazed pottery tombfigurines of dancers, lamps with toad-shaped stands, and large-sized pottery, tomb guardians, animals, human figures and statues of the Western Queen Mother that are represented in various positions. The unearthed pottery models of buildings, such as those of theatres and watchtowers delicate in workmanship and clear in layout, are valuable to studying Han architecture. These finds provide precious data for systematically studying Han period production technology, culture and art, building style, religion, and burial customs.展开更多
The divinity and animal design mirror unearthed from a rock-cut tomb at Hejiashan, Sichuan province, belongs to the system of mirrors with divinity and animal designs in three zones and distinctly differs from those o...The divinity and animal design mirror unearthed from a rock-cut tomb at Hejiashan, Sichuan province, belongs to the system of mirrors with divinity and animal designs in three zones and distinctly differs from those of the Wu system in the middle and lower Yangtze River valley. It should be classified as one of the “Shu mirrors” in the upper Yangtze River. Bearing the southern cultural tradition, mirrors with divinity and animal designs in three zones feature that the representation of the immortal world on them does not centre on the images of Huangdi, Shennong and Cangji but emphasizes the sacred icons of Shun (Dijun), Ehuang and Ntiying, characteristic of the southern cultural tradition and strong regionalism. The figure of Xiwangmu on them also differ from that in other areas, showing a distinctive relationship of evolution and replacement with early Buddhist images in the Sichuan region.展开更多
In the mid-19th century, out of their dissatisfaction with the neglect of the economic theories about other countries’ experiences in the British classic economics, the economists in the German Historical School wo...In the mid-19th century, out of their dissatisfaction with the neglect of the economic theories about other countries’ experiences in the British classic economics, the economists in the German Historical School worked hard to construct an economic theory that was congruent to the developmental stage in their own country’s culture and history. Their deeply-cherished concern about the reality in a transitional era when Germany was approaching modernization drove them to propose that the living condition of the working class be improved by the power of the state. In the late 80’s of the same century, the Methodenstreit of German Historical School versus the Austrian School broke out, after which the mainstream economics was well on its way in terms of theoretical refinement and scrutiny, whereas the influence from the Historical School gradually subsided. Even so, the lessons from the Historical School are still enlightening to research in contemporary social sciences. This paper describes the unique basics in the theory building of the Historical School; explains the background and meaning of its academic origin, research methodology, and the Methodenstreit; and from there, discusses implications for contemporary social sciences.展开更多
The Epanggong Palace site of Qin period lies to the south of the Weihe River and to the west of the old Zaohe River course that extends 13 km west of Xi'an City. It stands opposite to the Qin capital Xianyang acro...The Epanggong Palace site of Qin period lies to the south of the Weihe River and to the west of the old Zaohe River course that extends 13 km west of Xi'an City. It stands opposite to the Qin capital Xianyang across the river. From October 2002 to December 2004, the Epanggong Palace Archaeological Team made a prospection on the anterior hall site,covering :350, 000 sq m, and revealed an area of 3, 000 sq m by trial and extensive excavations. The results include a rough understanding of the limits of the hall and the layout of its auxiliary buildings. It can be confirmed that the rammed earth foundations of the hall represents just the anterior hall of that of the Qin Epanggong Palace. What merits special notice is that there are no fire traces on the site of the anterior hall of the Qin Epanggong Palace, which forms a clear contrast to the archaeologically excavated Nos. 1-3 palaces in the Qin capital Xianyang that were destroyed by a great fire. Thus the excavations prove that the historically handed-down belief taking the Qin Epanggong Palace to have been fired by Xiang Yu is actually incorrect. There are no any building remains on the excavated hall foundations, which demonstrate that the anterior hall was not completed and that the Qin Epanggong Palace was destroyed not by fire。展开更多
A nonlinear amplifying loop mirror constructed from erbium-doped fiber is proposed for simultaneous amplification and compression of ultrashort fundamental solitons. Numerical simulations show that, the proposed devic...A nonlinear amplifying loop mirror constructed from erbium-doped fiber is proposed for simultaneous amplification and compression of ultrashort fundamental solitons. Numerical simulations show that, the proposed device performs efficient high-quality amplification and compression of solitons.展开更多
Two small scale acoustic phased arrays with 4 elements have been designed and assembled in the laboratory. Experiments have been carried out with them. It is found that both directivity and radiation lobe width of the...Two small scale acoustic phased arrays with 4 elements have been designed and assembled in the laboratory. Experiments have been carried out with them. It is found that both directivity and radiation lobe width of the phased array can be regulated by changing the time delay between the input signals on neighboring elements. Results measured are in good agreement with those calculated. By using the phased array as an acoustic transmitter and hydrophone as a receiver, small scale acoustic well-logging simulations have been carried out both on an aluminum modei well and on a concrete one. Experimental results show that, by increasing the time delay of the input signals on neighboring elements, the steered radiation angle of the phased array becomes larger and larger, and generation conditions of the refracted compressional wave and the refracted shear wave are reached successively, and the refracted compressional wave, the refracted shear wave and the Stoneley wave are strengthened, respec-tively. Therefore, by choosing element spacing of a phased array and acoustic wave frequency appropriately, the main radiation lobe of the phased array can be widened to cover the first critical angle of all kinds of formations, which makes it possible to apply phased array acoustic well-logging in any formation continuously without regulating directivity of the phased array.展开更多
The large-sized rammed-earth building foundations on the Panlongcheng site at Huangpi are remains of early Shang period palace complex. The No. 1 Panlongcheng palace consists of four rooms with wooden-framed walls. Th...The large-sized rammed-earth building foundations on the Panlongcheng site at Huangpi are remains of early Shang period palace complex. The No. 1 Panlongcheng palace consists of four rooms with wooden-framed walls. The two rooms in the middle each have two doors on the northern and southern sides respectively；while the two end rooms have only southern doors. So the No. 1 palace must have been in the center of the whole building complex. The roof supported by peripheral columns and wooden-framed walls can be reconstructed to be hipped and single- or double- eaved. The hypothesis that the No. 1 palace may have had projecting-eaves columns has not been confirmed. The No. 2 palace is an open hall without peripheral walls and room division； its roof is supported by peripheral columns only. The idea of reconstructing it as a building with pilasters and multiple rooms seems to lack archaeological evidence. The remaining vestiges show that there were side corridors in the two flanks of the main hall of the No. 2 palace. Referring to the Shang period palace material unearthed from the Shang city-site at Yanshi and other localities, it can be inferred that either of the Nos. 1 and 2 palaces must have had an eastern corridor and a western one, and, in addition, the No. 2 palace must have had a southern corridor with a gate house. The Nos. 1--3 palaces of the Panlongcheng site formed three compounds located one behind another, and belonged to the type of court-and-living building complex. Among them the No. 2 palace was the outer court for holding great ceremonies, the No. 1 palace was the inner court for handling daily administrative affairs, and the No. 3 palace was the king and queen's living place. To the southeast of the No. 2 palace remains a group of rammed-earth house-foundations, which must have been left over from another type of palace building, possibly an ancestral temple. The remaining city-walls at Panlongcheng must have belonged to the peripheral city-walls. The palace area is in the northeast of the encl展开更多
Osteoporotic fractures are a major public health problem worldwide, but incidence varies greatly across racial groups and geographic regions. Recent work suggests that the incidence of osteoporotic fracture is rising ...Osteoporotic fractures are a major public health problem worldwide, but incidence varies greatly across racial groups and geographic regions. Recent work suggests that the incidence of osteoporotic fracture is rising among Asian populations. Studies comparing areal bone mineral density and fracture across races generally indicate lower bone mineral density in Asian individuals including the Chinese, but this does not reflect their relatively low risk of non-vertebral fractures. In contrast, the Chinese have relatively high vertebral fracture rates similar to that of Caucasians. The paradoxically low risk for some types of fractures among the Chinese despite their low areal bone mineral density has been elucidated in part by recent advances in skeletal imaging. New techniques for assessing bone quality non-invasively demonstrate that the Chinese compensate for smaller bone size by differences in hip geometry and microstructural skeletal organization. Studies evaluating factors influencing racial differences in bone remodeling, as well as bone acquisition and loss, may further elucidate racial variation in bone microstructure. Advances in understanding the microstructure of the Chinese skeleton have not only helped to explain the epidemiology of fracture in the Chinese, but may also provide insight into the epidemiology of fracture in other races as well.展开更多
On the lacquered eared-cup unearthed in 1995 from the No. 1 Chu tomb at Guodian, Jingmen, Hubei, there is the inscription “Donggong zhi shi 东宫之币.” Among the characters the “donggong” must refer to the crown pr...On the lacquered eared-cup unearthed in 1995 from the No. 1 Chu tomb at Guodian, Jingmen, Hubei, there is the inscription “Donggong zhi shi 东宫之币.” Among the characters the “donggong” must refer to the crown prince of the Chu state, and the last character, in the light of the characteristics and evolutionary laws of similar phrases in inscriptions on oracle bones and bronzes as well as in those of the Eastern Zhou period, should be deciphered as the word “teacher.” So the whole inscription means the teacher of the Chu crown prince. It can further be inferred that the owner of the tomb might have been the Chu crown prince's teacher, the documents from there were teaching material for the prince, and the tomb and bamboo slips go back to a time earlier than 303 BC.展开更多
The reform of the housing system in Shanghai has unexpectedly given rise to a self-governed property owners’ collective supervisory system, primarily in the form of Property Owners’ Supervisory Council (POSC), which...The reform of the housing system in Shanghai has unexpectedly given rise to a self-governed property owners’ collective supervisory system, primarily in the form of Property Owners’ Supervisory Council (POSC), which has picked up some of the government’s administrative functions. Although this new, institutionalized management model has theoretically made democratic managerial participation at the grassroots level possible, it has brought about endless problems, overt and covert, shortly after its appearance, some of which are even alarming. A comprehensive analysis of the data collected over a long period of time has led to the conclusion that this system is a failure, attributable to the overt factor related to skills in reality and the covert “priori” factor that is masked by the former. The existence of such “priori” factor once again demonstrates the deep-rooted, traditional managerial logic: Positive operations is society need only to depend upon individuals’ unstable self-disciplined morality rather than to build a system. The current paper points out that any change in the socioeconomic structure that has long been subject to the power of politics is to inevitably incur a corresponding global structural accommodation, including politics itself. To respond to the two factors for the failure, system building in the two overlapping areas is a must.展开更多
The rock-cut tomb and cist burial culture prevailed once in ancient southwest China.There have long been many discrepancies of views on its origin, evolution, periodization and ethnic attribution in academic circles. ...The rock-cut tomb and cist burial culture prevailed once in ancient southwest China.There have long been many discrepancies of views on its origin, evolution, periodization and ethnic attribution in academic circles. Based on an analysis of the pottery flat-bottomed amphoras that constitute its major characteristic feature, the present paper points out that these typical vessels were roughly distributed in the upper Minjiang River valley, western Sichuan, eastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, and the areas to the west of the Dianchi Lake and to the east of the Erhai Lake. Most of the amphoras recorded so far are unearthed from rock-cut and cist tombs while a small number from earthen-pit,brick-and-stone and brick-chambered burials. Those found in Yunnan are from earthen-pit and cist tombs. Through a systematic study of their typological classification, periodization and origin, the author comes to the conclusion that the emergence of these vessels resulted from the constant southward migration of nomads belonging to the Di-Qiang ethnic group in northwest China. The starting point of these vessels can be traced to the turn from the Xia to the Shang period. Latter, with the amalgamation of ethnic groups and the formation of a plural national unity in the Han Dynasty, these immigrants gradually changed their way of life from husbandry to settled farming, and in southwest China early-style flat-bottomed amphoras became extinct little by little. Therefore their lower limit was the Eastern Han period. Thus they were out of prevalence in the Eastern Han period. The above-described amphoras fall roughly into five types and further into several subtypes and styles, which represent respective temporal and spatial links of their evolutionary sequence. Their proto-type and similar forms must have originated from the Keshengzhuang Ⅱ, Qijia, Siba, and Kayao cultures in the northwest China. The cultural source and ethnic attribution of early-style flat-bottomed amphoras in the southwest China reflect clear展开更多
Background Tetralogy of Fallot （TOF） is the most common malformation of children with an incidence of approximately 10% of congenital heart disease patients. There can be a wide spectrum to the severity of the anato...Background Tetralogy of Fallot （TOF） is the most common malformation of children with an incidence of approximately 10% of congenital heart disease patients. There can be a wide spectrum to the severity of the anatomic defects, which include ventricular septal defect, aortic override, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and right ventricular hypertrophy. We examined the relationship between right ventricular hypertrophy in patients with TOF and the gene expression of factors in the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal pathway. Methods To gain insight into the characteristic gene（s） involved in molecular mechanisms of right ventricular hypertrophy in TOF, differential mRNA and micro RNA expression profiles were assessed using expression-based micro array technology on right ventricular biopsies from young TOF patients who underwent primary correction and on normal heart tissue. We then analyzed the gene expression of the MAPK signal pathway using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） in normals and TOF patients. Results Using the micro RNA chip V3.0 and human whole genome oligonucleotide microarray VI.0 to detect the gene expression, we found 1068 genes showing altered expression of at least two-fold in TOF patients compared to the normal hearts, and 47 micro RNAs that showed a significant difference of at least two-fold in TOF patients. We then analyzed these mRNAs and micro RNAs by target gene predicting software Microcosm Targets version 5.0, and determined those mRNA highly relevant to the right ventricular hypertrophy by RT-PCR method. There were obvious differences in the gene expression of factors in the MAPK signal pathway when using RT-PCR, which was consistent to the results of the cDNA microarray.Conclusion The upregulation of genes in the MAPK signal pathway may be the key events that contribute to right ventricular hypertrophy and stunted angiogenesis in patients with TOF.展开更多
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. However, the functions of RBPs in plants remain poorly understood. Maize kernel mutant dek42 has small defective kernels and ...RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. However, the functions of RBPs in plants remain poorly understood. Maize kernel mutant dek42 has small defective kernels and lethal seedlings. Dek42 was cloned by Mutator tag isolation and further confirmed by an independent mutant allele and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 materials. Dek42 encodes an RRM_RBM48 type RNA-binding protein that localizes to the nucleus. Dek42 is constitutively expressed in various maize tissues. The dek42 mutation caused a significant reduction in the accumulation of DEK42 protein in mutant kernels. RNA-seq analysis showed that the dek42 mutation significantly disturbed the expression of thousands of genes during maize kernel development. Sequence analysis also showed that the dek42 mutation significantly changed alternative splicing in expressed genes, which were especially enriched for the U12-type intron-retained type. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified SF3a1 as a DEK42-interacting protein. DEK42 also interacts with the spliceosome component U1-70K. These results suggested that DEK42 participates in the regulation of pre-messenger RNA splicing through its interaction with other spliceosome components. This study showed the function of a newly identified RBP and provided insights into alternative splicing regulation during maize kernel development.展开更多
文摘The “New Unemployed” consists of young people with low education in the Chinese cities. They differ from the cohorts of their parents because they have no work experiences in any state- or collective-owned enterprise, and are subject to completely different policies designated by the government. Investigations of their daily living lead to the conclusion that the “New Unemployed” has gone through a “system withdrawal” process. They are now facing an environment of “system vacuum” that none of other unemployed groups has ever encountered before. The author emphasizes in the paper a strategic employment principle of “For Future Generations” so that focused attention and care can be provided and this toughest challenge in China can be dealt with.
文摘Rumors are a type of false information, a consequence of an asymmetrical informational structure. This paper focuses on the social mechanisms of rumor fulfilling. Rumors with important contents related to people’s personal interests win acceptance through changing people’s expected payoffs, misleading people to the belief that acceptance of the rumor would beneficially outperform rejection of it. Nevertheless, it is risky to believe rumors; therefore, people make their decision whether to believe a rumor or not by referring to other people’s choices. An analysis was performed first within a game model that incorporated the variables of an individual’s expectancy and other people’s impact to predict whether the individual would accept or reject a rumor. Another analysis followed to further examine the functions of some dynamic mechanisms in rumor fulfilling when group pressure and network effects were introduced. Finally, an exploratory discussion on how to prevent rumors and erase their effects via information management strategies was presented.
文摘Interest in the possibility of storing and transporting natural gas in the form of clathrate hydrates has been increasing in recent years, particularly in some gas-importing and exporting countries.The technologies necessary for realizing this possibility may be classified into those relevant to the four serial processes (a) the formation of a hydrate, (b) the processing (dewatering, pelletizing, etc. ) of the formed hydrate, (c) the storage and transportation of the processed hydrate, and (d) the regasification (dissociation) of the hydrate. The technological development of any of these processes is still at an early stage. For hydrate formation, for example, various rival operations have been proposed. However,many of them have never been subjected to actual tests for practical use. More efforts are required for examining the different hydrate-formation technologies and for rating them by comparison. The general design of the processing of the formed hydrate inevitably depends on both the hydrate-formation process and the storage/transportation process, hence it has a wide variability. The major uncertainty in the storage-process design lies in the as-yet unclarified utility of the "self-preservation" effect of the naturalgas hydrates. The process design as well as the relevant cost evaluation should strongly depend on whether the hydrates are well preserved at atmospheric pressure in large-scale storage facilities. The regasification process has been studied less extensively than the former processes. The state of the art of the technological development in each of the serial processes is reviewed, placing emphasis on the hydrate formation process.
文摘The emergence of the middle class was closely related to the appearance of industrial society and its consequential constant changes in the social structure. Karl Marx and other theorists in the same camp were among the earliest scholars who discussed that topic. For a quite long period of time, the debate was mainly focused on the characteristics of the “new middle class.” The middle class, however, has undergone a categorical transformation from the old to the new middle-class, and furthermore, this transformation itself has signified the transition in social patterns from industrial to post-industrial society as well as economic globalization, both of which have contributed to the growth and global expansion of the middle class, having thus fundamentally renovated the middle class.
文摘The Xuecheng site lies at Xuesi village of Xuecheng township, Gaochun county, Nanjing city, Jiangsu province, on the southern shore of the Shijiu Lake. It was excavated in 1997, which resulted in the revelation of 115 Neolithic tombs and many ash-pits, house-foundations and fireplaces and the discovery of pottery, jade, stone and bone artifacts and quantities of animal remains. The cultural deposits can he divided into the upper, middle and lower layers, which are all simple in cultural content and represent the late, middle and upper phases respectively. The cultural aspect shows strong regional features distinctly different from the contemporary cultures of adjacent areas, which suggests that the remains can he named “Xuecheng cultural type. ” Chronologically, the early phase roughly corresponds to the middle and late Majiahang culture, the middle phase to the second period of Beiyinyangying culture or a little earlier than it, and the late phase to the middle and late Songze culture.
文摘The first excavation at Maituo, Wushan, which revealed 19 tombs, basically clarified the cultural characteristics of the Han tombs in the cemetery and preliminarily established the periodization criteria for these tombs. Among the 13 tombs uncovered in the present second excavation besides four Han tombs, there are newly discovered burial types that belong to the Warring States, Southern Dynasties and Song. They provided new data for further research into the cultural features of this graveyard in different periods. The achievements in the present excavation consist mainly in the following two aspects，The first is the discovery of three tombs belonging to the late Warring States period. They represent the Chu cultural complex in an area dominated by the Qin State. The second is the revelation of an Eastern Han high-rank tomb in a good condition (M47). The tomb contains over 100 funeral objects, including objects in gold, silver, bronze and lacquer that reflect the tomb owner's wealth, as well as rare treasures of art, such as exquisite glazed pottery tombfigurines of dancers, lamps with toad-shaped stands, and large-sized pottery, tomb guardians, animals, human figures and statues of the Western Queen Mother that are represented in various positions. The unearthed pottery models of buildings, such as those of theatres and watchtowers delicate in workmanship and clear in layout, are valuable to studying Han architecture. These finds provide precious data for systematically studying Han period production technology, culture and art, building style, religion, and burial customs.
文摘The divinity and animal design mirror unearthed from a rock-cut tomb at Hejiashan, Sichuan province, belongs to the system of mirrors with divinity and animal designs in three zones and distinctly differs from those of the Wu system in the middle and lower Yangtze River valley. It should be classified as one of the “Shu mirrors” in the upper Yangtze River. Bearing the southern cultural tradition, mirrors with divinity and animal designs in three zones feature that the representation of the immortal world on them does not centre on the images of Huangdi, Shennong and Cangji but emphasizes the sacred icons of Shun (Dijun), Ehuang and Ntiying, characteristic of the southern cultural tradition and strong regionalism. The figure of Xiwangmu on them also differ from that in other areas, showing a distinctive relationship of evolution and replacement with early Buddhist images in the Sichuan region.
文摘In the mid-19th century, out of their dissatisfaction with the neglect of the economic theories about other countries’ experiences in the British classic economics, the economists in the German Historical School worked hard to construct an economic theory that was congruent to the developmental stage in their own country’s culture and history. Their deeply-cherished concern about the reality in a transitional era when Germany was approaching modernization drove them to propose that the living condition of the working class be improved by the power of the state. In the late 80’s of the same century, the Methodenstreit of German Historical School versus the Austrian School broke out, after which the mainstream economics was well on its way in terms of theoretical refinement and scrutiny, whereas the influence from the Historical School gradually subsided. Even so, the lessons from the Historical School are still enlightening to research in contemporary social sciences. This paper describes the unique basics in the theory building of the Historical School; explains the background and meaning of its academic origin, research methodology, and the Methodenstreit; and from there, discusses implications for contemporary social sciences.
文摘The Epanggong Palace site of Qin period lies to the south of the Weihe River and to the west of the old Zaohe River course that extends 13 km west of Xi'an City. It stands opposite to the Qin capital Xianyang across the river. From October 2002 to December 2004, the Epanggong Palace Archaeological Team made a prospection on the anterior hall site,covering :350, 000 sq m, and revealed an area of 3, 000 sq m by trial and extensive excavations. The results include a rough understanding of the limits of the hall and the layout of its auxiliary buildings. It can be confirmed that the rammed earth foundations of the hall represents just the anterior hall of that of the Qin Epanggong Palace. What merits special notice is that there are no fire traces on the site of the anterior hall of the Qin Epanggong Palace, which forms a clear contrast to the archaeologically excavated Nos. 1-3 palaces in the Qin capital Xianyang that were destroyed by a great fire. Thus the excavations prove that the historically handed-down belief taking the Qin Epanggong Palace to have been fired by Xiang Yu is actually incorrect. There are no any building remains on the excavated hall foundations, which demonstrate that the anterior hall was not completed and that the Qin Epanggong Palace was destroyed not by fire。
基金The authors acknowledge the support of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. PolyU5096/98E).
文摘A nonlinear amplifying loop mirror constructed from erbium-doped fiber is proposed for simultaneous amplification and compression of ultrashort fundamental solitons. Numerical simulations show that, the proposed device performs efficient high-quality amplification and compression of solitons.
文摘Two small scale acoustic phased arrays with 4 elements have been designed and assembled in the laboratory. Experiments have been carried out with them. It is found that both directivity and radiation lobe width of the phased array can be regulated by changing the time delay between the input signals on neighboring elements. Results measured are in good agreement with those calculated. By using the phased array as an acoustic transmitter and hydrophone as a receiver, small scale acoustic well-logging simulations have been carried out both on an aluminum modei well and on a concrete one. Experimental results show that, by increasing the time delay of the input signals on neighboring elements, the steered radiation angle of the phased array becomes larger and larger, and generation conditions of the refracted compressional wave and the refracted shear wave are reached successively, and the refracted compressional wave, the refracted shear wave and the Stoneley wave are strengthened, respec-tively. Therefore, by choosing element spacing of a phased array and acoustic wave frequency appropriately, the main radiation lobe of the phased array can be widened to cover the first critical angle of all kinds of formations, which makes it possible to apply phased array acoustic well-logging in any formation continuously without regulating directivity of the phased array.
文摘The large-sized rammed-earth building foundations on the Panlongcheng site at Huangpi are remains of early Shang period palace complex. The No. 1 Panlongcheng palace consists of four rooms with wooden-framed walls. The two rooms in the middle each have two doors on the northern and southern sides respectively；while the two end rooms have only southern doors. So the No. 1 palace must have been in the center of the whole building complex. The roof supported by peripheral columns and wooden-framed walls can be reconstructed to be hipped and single- or double- eaved. The hypothesis that the No. 1 palace may have had projecting-eaves columns has not been confirmed. The No. 2 palace is an open hall without peripheral walls and room division； its roof is supported by peripheral columns only. The idea of reconstructing it as a building with pilasters and multiple rooms seems to lack archaeological evidence. The remaining vestiges show that there were side corridors in the two flanks of the main hall of the No. 2 palace. Referring to the Shang period palace material unearthed from the Shang city-site at Yanshi and other localities, it can be inferred that either of the Nos. 1 and 2 palaces must have had an eastern corridor and a western one, and, in addition, the No. 2 palace must have had a southern corridor with a gate house. The Nos. 1--3 palaces of the Panlongcheng site formed three compounds located one behind another, and belonged to the type of court-and-living building complex. Among them the No. 2 palace was the outer court for holding great ceremonies, the No. 1 palace was the inner court for handling daily administrative affairs, and the No. 3 palace was the king and queen's living place. To the southeast of the No. 2 palace remains a group of rammed-earth house-foundations, which must have been left over from another type of palace building, possibly an ancestral temple. The remaining city-walls at Panlongcheng must have belonged to the peripheral city-walls. The palace area is in the northeast of the encl
基金supported by NIH grants K23 AR053507, a National Osteoporosis Foundation grant, and the Mary and David Hoar Fellowship Program of the New York Community Trust and the New York Academy of Medicine
文摘Osteoporotic fractures are a major public health problem worldwide, but incidence varies greatly across racial groups and geographic regions. Recent work suggests that the incidence of osteoporotic fracture is rising among Asian populations. Studies comparing areal bone mineral density and fracture across races generally indicate lower bone mineral density in Asian individuals including the Chinese, but this does not reflect their relatively low risk of non-vertebral fractures. In contrast, the Chinese have relatively high vertebral fracture rates similar to that of Caucasians. The paradoxically low risk for some types of fractures among the Chinese despite their low areal bone mineral density has been elucidated in part by recent advances in skeletal imaging. New techniques for assessing bone quality non-invasively demonstrate that the Chinese compensate for smaller bone size by differences in hip geometry and microstructural skeletal organization. Studies evaluating factors influencing racial differences in bone remodeling, as well as bone acquisition and loss, may further elucidate racial variation in bone microstructure. Advances in understanding the microstructure of the Chinese skeleton have not only helped to explain the epidemiology of fracture in the Chinese, but may also provide insight into the epidemiology of fracture in other races as well.
文摘On the lacquered eared-cup unearthed in 1995 from the No. 1 Chu tomb at Guodian, Jingmen, Hubei, there is the inscription “Donggong zhi shi 东宫之币.” Among the characters the “donggong” must refer to the crown prince of the Chu state, and the last character, in the light of the characteristics and evolutionary laws of similar phrases in inscriptions on oracle bones and bronzes as well as in those of the Eastern Zhou period, should be deciphered as the word “teacher.” So the whole inscription means the teacher of the Chu crown prince. It can further be inferred that the owner of the tomb might have been the Chu crown prince's teacher, the documents from there were teaching material for the prince, and the tomb and bamboo slips go back to a time earlier than 303 BC.
文摘The reform of the housing system in Shanghai has unexpectedly given rise to a self-governed property owners’ collective supervisory system, primarily in the form of Property Owners’ Supervisory Council (POSC), which has picked up some of the government’s administrative functions. Although this new, institutionalized management model has theoretically made democratic managerial participation at the grassroots level possible, it has brought about endless problems, overt and covert, shortly after its appearance, some of which are even alarming. A comprehensive analysis of the data collected over a long period of time has led to the conclusion that this system is a failure, attributable to the overt factor related to skills in reality and the covert “priori” factor that is masked by the former. The existence of such “priori” factor once again demonstrates the deep-rooted, traditional managerial logic: Positive operations is society need only to depend upon individuals’ unstable self-disciplined morality rather than to build a system. The current paper points out that any change in the socioeconomic structure that has long been subject to the power of politics is to inevitably incur a corresponding global structural accommodation, including politics itself. To respond to the two factors for the failure, system building in the two overlapping areas is a must.
文摘The rock-cut tomb and cist burial culture prevailed once in ancient southwest China.There have long been many discrepancies of views on its origin, evolution, periodization and ethnic attribution in academic circles. Based on an analysis of the pottery flat-bottomed amphoras that constitute its major characteristic feature, the present paper points out that these typical vessels were roughly distributed in the upper Minjiang River valley, western Sichuan, eastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, and the areas to the west of the Dianchi Lake and to the east of the Erhai Lake. Most of the amphoras recorded so far are unearthed from rock-cut and cist tombs while a small number from earthen-pit,brick-and-stone and brick-chambered burials. Those found in Yunnan are from earthen-pit and cist tombs. Through a systematic study of their typological classification, periodization and origin, the author comes to the conclusion that the emergence of these vessels resulted from the constant southward migration of nomads belonging to the Di-Qiang ethnic group in northwest China. The starting point of these vessels can be traced to the turn from the Xia to the Shang period. Latter, with the amalgamation of ethnic groups and the formation of a plural national unity in the Han Dynasty, these immigrants gradually changed their way of life from husbandry to settled farming, and in southwest China early-style flat-bottomed amphoras became extinct little by little. Therefore their lower limit was the Eastern Han period. Thus they were out of prevalence in the Eastern Han period. The above-described amphoras fall roughly into five types and further into several subtypes and styles, which represent respective temporal and spatial links of their evolutionary sequence. Their proto-type and similar forms must have originated from the Keshengzhuang Ⅱ, Qijia, Siba, and Kayao cultures in the northwest China. The cultural source and ethnic attribution of early-style flat-bottomed amphoras in the southwest China reflect clear
文摘Background Tetralogy of Fallot （TOF） is the most common malformation of children with an incidence of approximately 10% of congenital heart disease patients. There can be a wide spectrum to the severity of the anatomic defects, which include ventricular septal defect, aortic override, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and right ventricular hypertrophy. We examined the relationship between right ventricular hypertrophy in patients with TOF and the gene expression of factors in the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal pathway. Methods To gain insight into the characteristic gene（s） involved in molecular mechanisms of right ventricular hypertrophy in TOF, differential mRNA and micro RNA expression profiles were assessed using expression-based micro array technology on right ventricular biopsies from young TOF patients who underwent primary correction and on normal heart tissue. We then analyzed the gene expression of the MAPK signal pathway using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） in normals and TOF patients. Results Using the micro RNA chip V3.0 and human whole genome oligonucleotide microarray VI.0 to detect the gene expression, we found 1068 genes showing altered expression of at least two-fold in TOF patients compared to the normal hearts, and 47 micro RNAs that showed a significant difference of at least two-fold in TOF patients. We then analyzed these mRNAs and micro RNAs by target gene predicting software Microcosm Targets version 5.0, and determined those mRNA highly relevant to the right ventricular hypertrophy by RT-PCR method. There were obvious differences in the gene expression of factors in the MAPK signal pathway when using RT-PCR, which was consistent to the results of the cDNA microarray.Conclusion The upregulation of genes in the MAPK signal pathway may be the key events that contribute to right ventricular hypertrophy and stunted angiogenesis in patients with TOF.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0101003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91635303 and 31425019)
文摘RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. However, the functions of RBPs in plants remain poorly understood. Maize kernel mutant dek42 has small defective kernels and lethal seedlings. Dek42 was cloned by Mutator tag isolation and further confirmed by an independent mutant allele and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 materials. Dek42 encodes an RRM_RBM48 type RNA-binding protein that localizes to the nucleus. Dek42 is constitutively expressed in various maize tissues. The dek42 mutation caused a significant reduction in the accumulation of DEK42 protein in mutant kernels. RNA-seq analysis showed that the dek42 mutation significantly disturbed the expression of thousands of genes during maize kernel development. Sequence analysis also showed that the dek42 mutation significantly changed alternative splicing in expressed genes, which were especially enriched for the U12-type intron-retained type. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified SF3a1 as a DEK42-interacting protein. DEK42 also interacts with the spliceosome component U1-70K. These results suggested that DEK42 participates in the regulation of pre-messenger RNA splicing through its interaction with other spliceosome components. This study showed the function of a newly identified RBP and provided insights into alternative splicing regulation during maize kernel development.
