Genome polyploidy has been revealed to result in evolutionary advantages and novelties,and therefore,polyploid aquatic animals may possess excellent traits of economic interest including rapid growth,extensive adaptab...Genome polyploidy has been revealed to result in evolutionary advantages and novelties,and therefore,polyploid aquatic animals may possess excellent traits of economic interest including rapid growth,extensive adaptability and disease resistance.For this reason,numerous species of natural polyploid fishes,such as common carp,gibel carp,crucian carp,salmon,and sturgeon,were chosen as important target species for aquaculture.Many artificial polyploids have been commercially utilized for aquaculture and most of them were created from natural polyploid fishes of the Cyprinidae and Salmonidae.Thanks to the easy mass production and better economic traits in growth and flesh quality,the synthetized autopolyploids or allopolyploids from natural polyploid species in cyprinid fishes have been extensively applied to aquaculture throughout China.This review outlines polyploidy advantages and innovative opportunities,lists natural polyploid species used in aquaculture,and summarizes artificial polyploids that have been induced or synthetized,and used in aquaculture.Moreover,some main research trends on polyploid utilization and ploidy manipulation of aquaculture animals are also introduced and discussed in the review.展开更多
Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samp...Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.展开更多
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The pathogenesis of IBD involves inappropriate ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system driven by abnormal intestinal microbi...The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The pathogenesis of IBD involves inappropriate ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system driven by abnormal intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals.However,there are still no definitive microbial pathogens linked to the onset of IBD.The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites are indeed disturbed in IBD patients.The special alterations of gut microbiota associated with IBD remain to be evaluated.The microbial interactions and hostmicrobe immune interactions are still not clarified.Limitations of present probiotic products in IBD are mainly due to modest clinical efficacy,few available strains and no standardized administration.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)may restore intestinal microbial ho-meostasis,and preliminary data have shown the clinical efficacy of FMT on refractory IBD or IBD combined with Clostridium difficile infection.Additionally,synthetic microbiota transplantation with the defined composition of fecal microbiota is also a promising therapeutic approach for IBD.However,FMT-related barriers,including the mechanism of restoring gut microbiota,standardized donor screening,fecal material preparation and administration,and long-term safety should be resolved.The role of intestinal microbiota and FMT in IBD should be further investigated by metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses combined with germfree/human flora-associated animals and chemostat gut models.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA08030202 and XDA08030201)the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(NYCYTX-49)the Autonomous Project of the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology(2016FBZ01).
文摘Genome polyploidy has been revealed to result in evolutionary advantages and novelties,and therefore,polyploid aquatic animals may possess excellent traits of economic interest including rapid growth,extensive adaptability and disease resistance.For this reason,numerous species of natural polyploid fishes,such as common carp,gibel carp,crucian carp,salmon,and sturgeon,were chosen as important target species for aquaculture.Many artificial polyploids have been commercially utilized for aquaculture and most of them were created from natural polyploid fishes of the Cyprinidae and Salmonidae.Thanks to the easy mass production and better economic traits in growth and flesh quality,the synthetized autopolyploids or allopolyploids from natural polyploid species in cyprinid fishes have been extensively applied to aquaculture throughout China.This review outlines polyploidy advantages and innovative opportunities,lists natural polyploid species used in aquaculture,and summarizes artificial polyploids that have been induced or synthetized,and used in aquaculture.Moreover,some main research trends on polyploid utilization and ploidy manipulation of aquaculture animals are also introduced and discussed in the review.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40001008) the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2004C32066).
文摘Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.
文摘The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The pathogenesis of IBD involves inappropriate ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system driven by abnormal intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals.However,there are still no definitive microbial pathogens linked to the onset of IBD.The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites are indeed disturbed in IBD patients.The special alterations of gut microbiota associated with IBD remain to be evaluated.The microbial interactions and hostmicrobe immune interactions are still not clarified.Limitations of present probiotic products in IBD are mainly due to modest clinical efficacy,few available strains and no standardized administration.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)may restore intestinal microbial ho-meostasis,and preliminary data have shown the clinical efficacy of FMT on refractory IBD or IBD combined with Clostridium difficile infection.Additionally,synthetic microbiota transplantation with the defined composition of fecal microbiota is also a promising therapeutic approach for IBD.However,FMT-related barriers,including the mechanism of restoring gut microbiota,standardized donor screening,fecal material preparation and administration,and long-term safety should be resolved.The role of intestinal microbiota and FMT in IBD should be further investigated by metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses combined with germfree/human flora-associated animals and chemostat gut models.
