基因氨基酸编码区的核苷酸具有不同替代速率.同义替代不引起氨基酸改变,它们基本是中性替代速率;非同义替代引起氨基酸变化,替代速率常常比同义替代速率低.非同义(或同义)替代速率定义为单位时间(如1年)内或者一个世代内1个非同义(或同...基因氨基酸编码区的核苷酸具有不同替代速率.同义替代不引起氨基酸改变,它们基本是中性替代速率;非同义替代引起氨基酸变化,替代速率常常比同义替代速率低.非同义(或同义)替代速率定义为单位时间(如1年)内或者一个世代内1个非同义(或同义)位点上发生替代的数目,用符号dN(或dS)来表示.生物体内发生的非同义突变大多数属于有害突变,只有少数是中性突变或有利突变.对有害的非同义突变来说,dN-dS<1;而对于有利的非同义突变来说,dN-dS>1.仅仅通过比较dN和dS还不能确定是否就一定受到选择作用,还必须用统计学的方法来检验它们的真实性和可靠性.计算dN和dS的方法有多种,常见的是4种:N-G模型、改进的N-G模型、Li-Wu-Luo模型和P-B-Li模型.4种方法从不同的角度计算编码区核苷酸的dN,dS值,它们各有特点,适合不同基因的计算.对dN,dS值进行统计检验的方法也有多种,常见的方法有5种:Z检验、Tajima’s D检验F、u and Li检验、HKA检验和MK检验.这5种检验方法也各有特点,适合不同基因dN,dS值的检验.展开更多
Differences in rates of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions among major groups of organisms are repeatedly found and well documented. A growing body of evidence suggests a link between the rate of neutral molecular...Differences in rates of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions among major groups of organisms are repeatedly found and well documented. A growing body of evidence suggests a link between the rate of neutral molecular change within populations and the evolution of species diversity. More than 98% of terrestrial fungi belong to the phyla Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. The former is considerably richer in number of species than the latter. We obtained DNA sequences of 21 protein-coding genes from the lichenized fungus Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca and used them together with sequences from GenBank for subsequent analyses. Three datasets were used to test rate discrepancies between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and that within Ascomycota: (i) 13 taxa including 105 protein-coding genes, (ii) nine taxa including 21 protein-coding genes, and (iii) nuclear LSU rDNA of 299 fungal species. Based on analyses of the 105 protein-coding genes and nuclear LSU rDNA datasets, we found that the evolutionary rate was higher in Ascomycota than in Basidiomycota. The differences in substitution rates between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were significant. Within Ascomycota, the species-rich Sordariomycetes has the fastest evolutionary rate, while Leotiomycetes has the slowest. Our results indicate that the main contribution to the higher substitution rates in Ascomycota does not come from mutualism, ecological conditions, sterility, metabolic rate or shorter generation time, but is possibly caused by the founder effect. This is another example of the correlation between species number and evolutionary rates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the founder effect is responsible for accelerated substitution rates in diverse clades.展开更多
文摘基因氨基酸编码区的核苷酸具有不同替代速率.同义替代不引起氨基酸改变,它们基本是中性替代速率;非同义替代引起氨基酸变化,替代速率常常比同义替代速率低.非同义(或同义)替代速率定义为单位时间(如1年)内或者一个世代内1个非同义(或同义)位点上发生替代的数目,用符号dN(或dS)来表示.生物体内发生的非同义突变大多数属于有害突变,只有少数是中性突变或有利突变.对有害的非同义突变来说,dN-dS<1;而对于有利的非同义突变来说,dN-dS>1.仅仅通过比较dN和dS还不能确定是否就一定受到选择作用,还必须用统计学的方法来检验它们的真实性和可靠性.计算dN和dS的方法有多种,常见的是4种:N-G模型、改进的N-G模型、Li-Wu-Luo模型和P-B-Li模型.4种方法从不同的角度计算编码区核苷酸的dN,dS值,它们各有特点,适合不同基因的计算.对dN,dS值进行统计检验的方法也有多种,常见的方法有5种:Z检验、Tajima’s D检验F、u and Li检验、HKA检验和MK检验.这5种检验方法也各有特点,适合不同基因dN,dS值的检验.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30570008 and 30770012) the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KSCX2-YW-Z-041)
文摘Differences in rates of nucleotide or amino acid substitutions among major groups of organisms are repeatedly found and well documented. A growing body of evidence suggests a link between the rate of neutral molecular change within populations and the evolution of species diversity. More than 98% of terrestrial fungi belong to the phyla Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. The former is considerably richer in number of species than the latter. We obtained DNA sequences of 21 protein-coding genes from the lichenized fungus Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca and used them together with sequences from GenBank for subsequent analyses. Three datasets were used to test rate discrepancies between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota and that within Ascomycota: (i) 13 taxa including 105 protein-coding genes, (ii) nine taxa including 21 protein-coding genes, and (iii) nuclear LSU rDNA of 299 fungal species. Based on analyses of the 105 protein-coding genes and nuclear LSU rDNA datasets, we found that the evolutionary rate was higher in Ascomycota than in Basidiomycota. The differences in substitution rates between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were significant. Within Ascomycota, the species-rich Sordariomycetes has the fastest evolutionary rate, while Leotiomycetes has the slowest. Our results indicate that the main contribution to the higher substitution rates in Ascomycota does not come from mutualism, ecological conditions, sterility, metabolic rate or shorter generation time, but is possibly caused by the founder effect. This is another example of the correlation between species number and evolutionary rates, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the founder effect is responsible for accelerated substitution rates in diverse clades.
