In order to ensure the delivery of the subsidized fertilizer to the farmer in “6 precision-goals”, i.e., quantity precision, type precision, time precision, place precision, quality precision and price precision in ...In order to ensure the delivery of the subsidized fertilizer to the farmer in “6 precision-goals”, i.e., quantity precision, type precision, time precision, place precision, quality precision and price precision in accordance to regulated Highest Retail Sale Price, the government has regulated the distribution system of subsidized fertilizer from the plant to the farmers by form of regulation issued by Indonesian Ministry of Trading. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer which is managed by one of the Public Service Obligation State-Owned Companies (PSO-SOC). The evaluation is carried out by comparing the cost of the existing distribution system with the proposed distribution system. Cost optimization of the proposed system makes use of Mixed Integer Linier Programing (MILP). Optimization is performed by restructuring the cluster and distribution warehouse, allowing through trips from plant directly to distributor’s warehouse, and skipping the producer’s warehouse storing. The proposed cluster restructuring can reduce the existing cost to 94% - 98%, while through trips can reduce the total cost to 61% - 72%. In case where through trips is allowed and producer’s warehouse is in operation and functioned as a buffer, the total cost is reduced to 64% - 78% from the existing cost. Based on the optimization result, it is concluded that the existing subsidized fertilizer distribution system could be improved by allowing through trips, while existing producer’s warehouse is still in operation as the buffer warehouse to ensure that the minimum stock is fulfilled. It is noted, however, that this system requires adequate information technology concurrently.展开更多
How to construct harmonious teacher-student relationship is a persistent question in China. No matter teachers or students, far from being rational to control their emotion and maximize their gains, are causing more d...How to construct harmonious teacher-student relationship is a persistent question in China. No matter teachers or students, far from being rational to control their emotion and maximize their gains, are causing more debate than before. The paper,with the method of moral economy analysis, finds the reason that such phenomenon how to break out and what measures to solve the problem. Finally, the paper concludes that the protection system is needed to be structured completely. And the colleges may create a legal responsibility for the teachers to give more priority to subsidized students as it gives to the normal ones.展开更多
Plant pest and disease outbreaks,which occur with increasing frequency and intensity,cause catastrophic losses and threaten food security in many areas around the world.These impacts are expected to be exacerbated by ...Plant pest and disease outbreaks,which occur with increasing frequency and intensity,cause catastrophic losses and threaten food security in many areas around the world.These impacts are expected to be exacerbated by climate change.Tackling this challenge requires mechanisms that ensure the financial security of farmers while incentivizing private biosecurity efforts to prevent future outbreaks.This study explored crop producers’ preferences for a subsidized insurance scheme as an instrument to manage novel biotic risks.Specific ally,we developed a choice experiment to evaluate Spanish growers’ willingness to pay for a crop insurance product that promotes compliance with best biosecurity management practices.Our results show that while growers are willing to pay more for high coverage products that increase the resilience of crops to potential catastrophic outbreaks,there is neither a strong demand nor widespread availability of such tools.Farmers required reductions in premiums before undertaking risk prevention measures;they are more willing to pay for schemes that link their eligibility to access to ad hoc funds in the eventuality of a catastrophic outbreak than they are to purchase insurance.Our findings also suggest that Spanish growers prefer expanding the eligible risks covered by insurance and envisage a role for insurance in offering biosecurity protection.展开更多
As in many other settings in developing countries, discussions on urban flooding in South Africa tend to focus on informal settlements. There is less attention to poor but formal housing areas, based on the largely un...As in many other settings in developing countries, discussions on urban flooding in South Africa tend to focus on informal settlements. There is less attention to poor but formal housing areas, based on the largely untested assumption that the formalization of housing addresses risk. This is at odds with an extensive literature from the housing and developmental sectors that highlights weaknesses in the location and construction of low-income housing, particularly state-subsidized housing. Drawing on research in 10 poor, flood-prone settlements in Cape Town,South Africa, this article explores whether providing housing addresses risk. The results show that flooding remains a challenge in subsidized housing areas and that risk is linked strongly to the buildings themselves. Poorly designed and constructed dwellings perpetuate risk in lowincome areas. While divorced conceptually and practically,disaster risk and housing issues are critically linked, and housing concerns must be factored into discussions on flooding in Cape Town and comparable settings elsewhere.展开更多
文摘In order to ensure the delivery of the subsidized fertilizer to the farmer in “6 precision-goals”, i.e., quantity precision, type precision, time precision, place precision, quality precision and price precision in accordance to regulated Highest Retail Sale Price, the government has regulated the distribution system of subsidized fertilizer from the plant to the farmers by form of regulation issued by Indonesian Ministry of Trading. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the existing distribution system of subsidized fertilizer which is managed by one of the Public Service Obligation State-Owned Companies (PSO-SOC). The evaluation is carried out by comparing the cost of the existing distribution system with the proposed distribution system. Cost optimization of the proposed system makes use of Mixed Integer Linier Programing (MILP). Optimization is performed by restructuring the cluster and distribution warehouse, allowing through trips from plant directly to distributor’s warehouse, and skipping the producer’s warehouse storing. The proposed cluster restructuring can reduce the existing cost to 94% - 98%, while through trips can reduce the total cost to 61% - 72%. In case where through trips is allowed and producer’s warehouse is in operation and functioned as a buffer, the total cost is reduced to 64% - 78% from the existing cost. Based on the optimization result, it is concluded that the existing subsidized fertilizer distribution system could be improved by allowing through trips, while existing producer’s warehouse is still in operation as the buffer warehouse to ensure that the minimum stock is fulfilled. It is noted, however, that this system requires adequate information technology concurrently.
文摘How to construct harmonious teacher-student relationship is a persistent question in China. No matter teachers or students, far from being rational to control their emotion and maximize their gains, are causing more debate than before. The paper,with the method of moral economy analysis, finds the reason that such phenomenon how to break out and what measures to solve the problem. Finally, the paper concludes that the protection system is needed to be structured completely. And the colleges may create a legal responsibility for the teachers to give more priority to subsidized students as it gives to the normal ones.
文摘Plant pest and disease outbreaks,which occur with increasing frequency and intensity,cause catastrophic losses and threaten food security in many areas around the world.These impacts are expected to be exacerbated by climate change.Tackling this challenge requires mechanisms that ensure the financial security of farmers while incentivizing private biosecurity efforts to prevent future outbreaks.This study explored crop producers’ preferences for a subsidized insurance scheme as an instrument to manage novel biotic risks.Specific ally,we developed a choice experiment to evaluate Spanish growers’ willingness to pay for a crop insurance product that promotes compliance with best biosecurity management practices.Our results show that while growers are willing to pay more for high coverage products that increase the resilience of crops to potential catastrophic outbreaks,there is neither a strong demand nor widespread availability of such tools.Farmers required reductions in premiums before undertaking risk prevention measures;they are more willing to pay for schemes that link their eligibility to access to ad hoc funds in the eventuality of a catastrophic outbreak than they are to purchase insurance.Our findings also suggest that Spanish growers prefer expanding the eligible risks covered by insurance and envisage a role for insurance in offering biosecurity protection.
文摘As in many other settings in developing countries, discussions on urban flooding in South Africa tend to focus on informal settlements. There is less attention to poor but formal housing areas, based on the largely untested assumption that the formalization of housing addresses risk. This is at odds with an extensive literature from the housing and developmental sectors that highlights weaknesses in the location and construction of low-income housing, particularly state-subsidized housing. Drawing on research in 10 poor, flood-prone settlements in Cape Town,South Africa, this article explores whether providing housing addresses risk. The results show that flooding remains a challenge in subsidized housing areas and that risk is linked strongly to the buildings themselves. Poorly designed and constructed dwellings perpetuate risk in lowincome areas. While divorced conceptually and practically,disaster risk and housing issues are critically linked, and housing concerns must be factored into discussions on flooding in Cape Town and comparable settings elsewhere.
