Using an input--output method, this paper simulates the impacts of the global financial crisis and the decline of exports on China＇s economy and employment. With shrinking external demand, boosting domestic demand be...Using an input--output method, this paper simulates the impacts of the global financial crisis and the decline of exports on China＇s economy and employment. With shrinking external demand, boosting domestic demand becomes crucial for maintaining economic growth and promoting employment. Our simulated results indicate that an investment scenario with employment as a priority can achieve the objective of employment maximization without significantly reducing growth. Public investment should focus on employment, education, health, housing and social security to rebalance China＇s economy so that it can realize sustained and stable economic growth.展开更多
Background：In this prospective randomized study,we compared the predicted blood and effect-site C50 for propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion （TCI） and the bispectral index （BIS） values at loss of ...Background：In this prospective randomized study,we compared the predicted blood and effect-site C50 for propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion （TCI） and the bispectral index （BIS） values at loss of consciousness （LOC） and response to a standard noxious painful stimulus （LOS） in elderly and young patients,respectively.We hypothesized that the elderly patients will require lower target concentration of both propofol and remifentanil at above two clinical end-points.Methods：There were 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status Ⅰ Ⅱ unpremedicated patients enrolled in this study,they were divided into elderly group （age ≥65 years,n =40） and young group （aged 18-54 years,n =40）.Propofol was initially given to a predicted blood concentration of 1.2 μg/ml and thereafter increased by 0.3 μg/ml every 30 s until Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score was 1.The propofol level was kept constant,and remifentanil was given to provide a predict blood concentration of 2.0 ng/ml,and then increased by 0.3 ng/ml every 30 s until loss of response to a tetanic stimulus.BIS （version 3.22,BIS Quattro sensor） was also recorded.Results：In elderly group,the propofol effect-site C50 at LOC of was 1.5 （1.4-1.6） μg/ml,was significantly lower than that of young group,which was 2.2 （2.1-2.3） μg/ml,the remifentanil effect-site C50 at LOS was 3.5 （3.3-3.7） ng/ml in elderly patients,was similar with 3.7 （3.6-3.8） ng/ml in young patients.Fifty percent of patients lost consciousness at a BIS value of 57.3 （56.4-58.1）,was similar with that of young group,which was 55.2 （54.0-56.3）.Conclusion：In elderly patients,the predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of propofol at LOC were lower than that of young patients.At same sedation status,predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of remifentanil required at LOS were similar in elderly and young patients.BIS were not affected by age.Low-propofol/high-opioid may be option展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of inducing myopia in guinea pigs by flickering light (FL) stimulation with different frequencies. METHODS: Seventy 2 -week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned ...AIM: To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of inducing myopia in guinea pigs by flickering light (FL) stimulation with different frequencies. METHODS: Seventy 2 -week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to six groups: five FL groups and a control group (n =12 for each). Animals in the five FL groups were raised under 500lx illumination with a duty diurnal cycle of 50% at a flash rate of 5, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1Hz respectively. Those in the control group were reared under steady 250lx illumination. Refraction, axial length, and radius of curvature were measured before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after treatment. At week 12, the eyeballs were taken out and three ocular dimensions and dry weight of sclera were measured. RESULTS: A myopic shift and axial eye length increase developed in the five FL groups. Stimulation at 0.5Hz caused greater changes in myopic shift, axial elongation, eyeball dimension, and dry weight of sclera than stimulation at other frequencies. Compared with controls, eyes in 0.5Hz group were approximately -5.5 ±1.5D more myopic with increase in horizontal, vertical, axial dimensions by 0.89 ±0.3mm, 0.69 ±0.2mm, 1.12 ±0.2mm respectively and with increase in dry weight of sclera by 0.44mg. CONCLUSION: Chronic exposure to periodic illumination at temporal frequency is attended by development of excessive ocular enlargement and myopic refractive error. Emmetropization could bedisrupted differently by frequency alteration.展开更多
Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeata...Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeatability, and complete control over the stimulus presented, thereby＂reducing＂ and ＂replacing＂ the animals used, and ＂refining＂ the experimental design in line withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technologies raises conceptual and technical questions.In this review, we offer guidelines for common technical and conceptual considerations related tothe use of animated stimuli in animal behavior research. Following the steps required to create ananimated stimulus, we discuss （I） the creation, （11） the presentation, and （111） the validation of CAsand VRs. Although our review is geared toward computer-graphically designed stimuli, consider-ations on presentation and validation also apply to video playbacks. CA and VR allow both new be-havioral questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ultimate and proximate studies of animal behavior.展开更多
文摘Using an input--output method, this paper simulates the impacts of the global financial crisis and the decline of exports on China＇s economy and employment. With shrinking external demand, boosting domestic demand becomes crucial for maintaining economic growth and promoting employment. Our simulated results indicate that an investment scenario with employment as a priority can achieve the objective of employment maximization without significantly reducing growth. Public investment should focus on employment, education, health, housing and social security to rebalance China＇s economy so that it can realize sustained and stable economic growth.
文摘Background：In this prospective randomized study,we compared the predicted blood and effect-site C50 for propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion （TCI） and the bispectral index （BIS） values at loss of consciousness （LOC） and response to a standard noxious painful stimulus （LOS） in elderly and young patients,respectively.We hypothesized that the elderly patients will require lower target concentration of both propofol and remifentanil at above two clinical end-points.Methods：There were 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status Ⅰ Ⅱ unpremedicated patients enrolled in this study,they were divided into elderly group （age ≥65 years,n =40） and young group （aged 18-54 years,n =40）.Propofol was initially given to a predicted blood concentration of 1.2 μg/ml and thereafter increased by 0.3 μg/ml every 30 s until Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score was 1.The propofol level was kept constant,and remifentanil was given to provide a predict blood concentration of 2.0 ng/ml,and then increased by 0.3 ng/ml every 30 s until loss of response to a tetanic stimulus.BIS （version 3.22,BIS Quattro sensor） was also recorded.Results：In elderly group,the propofol effect-site C50 at LOC of was 1.5 （1.4-1.6） μg/ml,was significantly lower than that of young group,which was 2.2 （2.1-2.3） μg/ml,the remifentanil effect-site C50 at LOS was 3.5 （3.3-3.7） ng/ml in elderly patients,was similar with 3.7 （3.6-3.8） ng/ml in young patients.Fifty percent of patients lost consciousness at a BIS value of 57.3 （56.4-58.1）,was similar with that of young group,which was 55.2 （54.0-56.3）.Conclusion：In elderly patients,the predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of propofol at LOC were lower than that of young patients.At same sedation status,predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of remifentanil required at LOS were similar in elderly and young patients.BIS were not affected by age.Low-propofol/high-opioid may be option
基金Foundation for Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau (No. 2010147)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81100689)Foundation for Shanghai Jinshan Health Bureau (No. JWKJ-KTYQ-201203)
文摘AIM: To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of inducing myopia in guinea pigs by flickering light (FL) stimulation with different frequencies. METHODS: Seventy 2 -week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to six groups: five FL groups and a control group (n =12 for each). Animals in the five FL groups were raised under 500lx illumination with a duty diurnal cycle of 50% at a flash rate of 5, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1Hz respectively. Those in the control group were reared under steady 250lx illumination. Refraction, axial length, and radius of curvature were measured before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after treatment. At week 12, the eyeballs were taken out and three ocular dimensions and dry weight of sclera were measured. RESULTS: A myopic shift and axial eye length increase developed in the five FL groups. Stimulation at 0.5Hz caused greater changes in myopic shift, axial elongation, eyeball dimension, and dry weight of sclera than stimulation at other frequencies. Compared with controls, eyes in 0.5Hz group were approximately -5.5 ±1.5D more myopic with increase in horizontal, vertical, axial dimensions by 0.89 ±0.3mm, 0.69 ±0.2mm, 1.12 ±0.2mm respectively and with increase in dry weight of sclera by 0.44mg. CONCLUSION: Chronic exposure to periodic illumination at temporal frequency is attended by development of excessive ocular enlargement and myopic refractive error. Emmetropization could bedisrupted differently by frequency alteration.
文摘Rapid technical advances in the field of computeropened new avenues in animal behavior research.animation （CA） and virtual reality （VR） haveAnimated stimuli are powerful tools as theyoffer standardization, repeatability, and complete control over the stimulus presented, thereby＂reducing＂ and ＂replacing＂ the animals used, and ＂refining＂ the experimental design in line withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technologies raises conceptual and technical questions.In this review, we offer guidelines for common technical and conceptual considerations related tothe use of animated stimuli in animal behavior research. Following the steps required to create ananimated stimulus, we discuss （I） the creation, （11） the presentation, and （111） the validation of CAsand VRs. Although our review is geared toward computer-graphically designed stimuli, consider-ations on presentation and validation also apply to video playbacks. CA and VR allow both new be-havioral questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ultimate and proximate studies of animal behavior.
