The Cryosphere has been undergoing a worldwide retreat, as seen in the decrease in the areal extent and volume of glaciers and in the areal extent of permafrost. This paper presents a systematic examination of the inh...The Cryosphere has been undergoing a worldwide retreat, as seen in the decrease in the areal extent and volume of glaciers and in the areal extent of permafrost. This paper presents a systematic examination of the inherent stability changes of glaciers and permafrost caused by warming. Various study results suggest that over the past 30 years, the internal temperature of glaciers and permafrost exhibits an overall accelerating warming trend. The warming rate peaked in the mid-2000s and slowed slightly for several years afterward. In recent years, however, the warming rate has seemed to pick up again. The warming of glaciers and permafrost has exerted great impact on their stability, displayed as intensified melting,increased glacier surging, enlargement of supraglacial lakes, and increased permafrost degradation.Even without a future temperature increase, some glaciers will continue to shrink, and the number of surging glaciers will increase. The transition from low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost is a noticeable warning sign of a comprehensive degradation of permafrost. These results indicate that‘‘warming" glaciers and permafrost will exert significant impacts on the hydrology, ecology, and stability of engineering in cold regions.展开更多
随着大量风电场接入电网,风力发电机组的运行和控制技术受到了广泛关注。为改善双馈风力发电机的控制性能,提出了基于状态空间的双馈风力发电机模型预测控制方法。通过建立双馈风力发电机的状态空间表达式,并将其用于预测双馈风力发电...随着大量风电场接入电网,风力发电机组的运行和控制技术受到了广泛关注。为改善双馈风力发电机的控制性能,提出了基于状态空间的双馈风力发电机模型预测控制方法。通过建立双馈风力发电机的状态空间表达式,并将其用于预测双馈风力发电机的状态轨迹,将控制性能和控制代价作为目标函数,推导得到其控制策略解析表达式,降低了模控制型预测控制的计算成本。在New England 39节点系统中对该策略进行验证,仿真和计算结果表明,由于通过模型误差反馈可以降低设计模型误差对控制性能的影响,因此即便在模型失配的情况下,基于状态空间的模型预测控制也能够有效改善双馈风力发电机的控制性能。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41730751, 41671056)
文摘The Cryosphere has been undergoing a worldwide retreat, as seen in the decrease in the areal extent and volume of glaciers and in the areal extent of permafrost. This paper presents a systematic examination of the inherent stability changes of glaciers and permafrost caused by warming. Various study results suggest that over the past 30 years, the internal temperature of glaciers and permafrost exhibits an overall accelerating warming trend. The warming rate peaked in the mid-2000s and slowed slightly for several years afterward. In recent years, however, the warming rate has seemed to pick up again. The warming of glaciers and permafrost has exerted great impact on their stability, displayed as intensified melting,increased glacier surging, enlargement of supraglacial lakes, and increased permafrost degradation.Even without a future temperature increase, some glaciers will continue to shrink, and the number of surging glaciers will increase. The transition from low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost is a noticeable warning sign of a comprehensive degradation of permafrost. These results indicate that‘‘warming" glaciers and permafrost will exert significant impacts on the hydrology, ecology, and stability of engineering in cold regions.
文摘随着大量风电场接入电网,风力发电机组的运行和控制技术受到了广泛关注。为改善双馈风力发电机的控制性能,提出了基于状态空间的双馈风力发电机模型预测控制方法。通过建立双馈风力发电机的状态空间表达式,并将其用于预测双馈风力发电机的状态轨迹,将控制性能和控制代价作为目标函数,推导得到其控制策略解析表达式,降低了模控制型预测控制的计算成本。在New England 39节点系统中对该策略进行验证,仿真和计算结果表明,由于通过模型误差反馈可以降低设计模型误差对控制性能的影响,因此即便在模型失配的情况下,基于状态空间的模型预测控制也能够有效改善双馈风力发电机的控制性能。
