Background:Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes(BECTS)is the most common type of childhood idiopathic focal epilepsy.BECTS is associated with pervasive cognitive deficits and behavior problems.While seizures can...Background:Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes(BECTS)is the most common type of childhood idiopathic focal epilepsy.BECTS is associated with pervasive cognitive deficits and behavior problems.While seizures can be easily controlled,it is crucial to select anti-epileptic drugs that do not impair cognition,do not cause psychosocial effects,and improve the quality of life.Previous studies showed effects of oxcarbazepine(OXC)monotherapy on the cognitive and psychosocial profiles of patients with BECTS.Here,we studied the effects of OXC monotherapy on the neuropsychologic profiles and quality of life in patients with BECTS in China.Methods:Thirty-one patients aged 6 to 12 years newly diagnosed with BECTS were recruited.A psychometric assessment was performed before and during the follow-up of OXC monotherapy with Cognitive Computerized Task Battery,Depression SelfRating Scale for children,Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders,and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31(QOLIE-31).The results of the assessments were compared to explore the effect of OXC monotherapy in patients with BECTS.Results:Thirty children with BECTS completed the study.Five of ten cognitive test scores improved after treatment via OXC monotherapy,including visual tracing(F=14.480,P<0.001),paired associated learning(language)(F=6.292,P<0.001),paired associated learning(number)(F=9.721,P<0.05),word semantic(F=6.003,P<0.05),and simple subtraction(F=6.229,P<0.05).Of the neuropsychology data concerning the quality of life,statistically significant improvements were observed in emotion(F=4.946,P<0.05),QOLIE-social(F=5.912,P<0.05),and QOLIE-total(F=14.161,P<0.001).Conclusions:OXC is safe and does not impair neuropsychologic functions,with no obvious mood burden on children with BECTS.Most importantly,OXC has positive impacts on children’s perception of quality of life,especially in terms of happiness and life satisfaction.展开更多
Background:Recent studies have shown a possible coexistence of absence seizures with other forms of epilepsy.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the possible contemporary or subsequent presence of childhood abs...Background:Recent studies have shown a possible coexistence of absence seizures with other forms of epilepsy.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the possible contemporary or subsequent presence of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS) in pediatric epileptic patients.Data sources:A PubMed systematic search indexed for MEDLINE,PubMed and EMBASE was undertaken to identify studies in children including articles written between 1996 and 2015.Retrospective studies,meta-analysis and case reports were included.The list of references of all the relevant articles was also studied.The date of our last search was December 2015.Results:Review of the literature revealed 19 cases,8 females and 11 males,reporting a consecutive or contemporary coexistence of CAE and BECTS within the same patients.Patient's age ranged between 4 and 12 years.Three out of 19 patients presented concomitant features of both syndromes,whereas 16 patients experienced the two syndromes at different times.Conclusions:BECTS and CAE may be pathophysiologically related,and the two epileptic phenotypes may indicate a neurobiological continuum.Further studies are needed to elucidate a probable genetic or functional link between partial and primarily generalized electro-clinical patterns in idiopathic childhood epilepsies.展开更多
The surfaces of the veins of dragonflies(Pantala flavesens Fabricius and Crocothemis servilia Drury) wings are observed through SEM,and interesting micro and nano structures and morphologies are discovered.On the surf...The surfaces of the veins of dragonflies(Pantala flavesens Fabricius and Crocothemis servilia Drury) wings are observed through SEM,and interesting micro and nano structures and morphologies are discovered.On the surfaces of the veins,not only ripple wave morphologies are distributed,but also spikes are grown.Besides,on the surfaces of the spikes,straight stripe wave morphologies are grown along the generatrix.These marvelous micro and nano structures and morphologies may enable us to better understand the remarkable flying abilities of dragonflies.展开更多
We statistically validate the 2011-2022 earthquake prediction records of Ada, the sixth finalist of the 2nd China AETA in 2021, who made 147 earthquake predictions (including 60% of magnitude 5.5 earthquakes) with a p...We statistically validate the 2011-2022 earthquake prediction records of Ada, the sixth finalist of the 2nd China AETA in 2021, who made 147 earthquake predictions (including 60% of magnitude 5.5 earthquakes) with a prediction accuracy higher than 70% and a confidence level of 95% over a 12-year period. Since the reliable earthquake precursor signals described by Ada and the characteristics of Alfvén waves match quite well, this paper proposes a hypothesis on how earthquakes are triggered based on the Alfvén (Q G) torsional wave model of Gillette et al. When the plume of the upper mantle column intrudes into the magma and lithosphere of the soft flow layer during the exchange of hot and cold molten material masses deep inside the Earth’s interior during ascent and descent, it is possible to form body and surface plasma sheets under certain conditions to form Alfven nonlinear isolated waves, and Alfven waves often perturb the geomagnetic field, releasing huge heat and kinetic energy thus triggering earthquakes. To explain the complex phenomenon of how Ada senses Alvfen waves and how to locate epicenters, we venture to speculate that special magnetosensory cells in a few human bodies can sense earthquake precursors and attempt to hypothesize an algorithm that analyzes how the human biological nervous system encodes and decodes earthquake precursors and explains how human magnetosensory cells can solve complex problems such as predicting earthquake magnitude and locating epicenters.展开更多
A new hybrid adaptive autoregressive moving average(ARMA)and functional link neural network(FLNN)trained by adaptive cubature Kalman filter(ACKF)is presented in this paper for forecasting day-ahead mixed short-term de...A new hybrid adaptive autoregressive moving average(ARMA)and functional link neural network(FLNN)trained by adaptive cubature Kalman filter(ACKF)is presented in this paper for forecasting day-ahead mixed short-term demand and electricity prices in smart grids.The hybrid forecasting framework is intended to capture the dynamic interaction between the electricity consumers and the forecasted prices resulting in the shift of demand curve in electricity market.The proposed model comprises a linear ARMA-FLNN obtained by using a nonlinear expansion of the weighted inputs.The nonlinear functional block helps introduce nonlinearity by expanding the input space to higher dimensional space through basis functions.To train the ARMA-FLNN,an ACKF is used to obtain faster convergence and higher forecasting accuracy.The proposed method is tested on several electricity markets,and the performance metrics such as the mean average percentage error(MAPE)and error variance are compared with other forecasting methods,indicating the improved accuracy of the approach and its suitability for a real-time forecasting.展开更多
Dendritic spines are small membranous protrusions that receive synaptic inputs from other neurons,enabling the initiation of dendritic N-methyl-D-aspartic(NMDA)spikes and somatic action potentials.During learning and ...Dendritic spines are small membranous protrusions that receive synaptic inputs from other neurons,enabling the initiation of dendritic N-methyl-D-aspartic(NMDA)spikes and somatic action potentials.During learning and memory processes,both the number of spines on a dendrite and the morphology of individual spines are constantly changing.The individual influence of spine number and morphology on dendritic NMDA spikes has already been revealed,but the functional significance of the coregulation of spine number and morphology on NMDA spikes remains elusive.Here,we systematically investigated the initiation of local dendritic NMDA spikes by the dynamic distributions of the spine number and morphology on single dendrites in reconstructed neuron models.Different from the traditional cognition,we found the threshold number of spines required to generate local dendrite NMDA spikes on distal dendrites is fewer than that on proximal ones,because the thinner distal dendrites own higher impedance.As for the spine morphology,the presence of moreα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid(AMPA)receptors on the spine leads to larger NMDA spikes rather than an increase in the spine dimension alone.Furthermore,we first suggested that a single dendrite containing spines with gradually increasing head diameters away from the soma could generate larger NMDA spikes than that irrational distribution of spine morphology containing spines with decreasing head diameters,which can be compensated by the increasing spine number.Complementarily,the distance-dependent distribution of spine number and morphology co-regulate the intension of dendritic NMDA spikes.These findings about the threshold for NMDA spikes provide novel insights into the role of the irrational dynamic distribution of the spine number and morphology in senescence and disease processes such as Alzheimer’s disease,schizophrenia,and Parkinson’s disease,which causes abnormal neuron firing.展开更多
基于脑-机接口技术获取的脑电信号(EEG)已广泛应用于人机交互领域,并取得了灵活、自然的交互效果。但由于EEG信号微弱,采集过程中容易混入噪声,给解码带来巨大困难。目前,脑-机接口技术一般可记录锋电位信号(Spike)和局部场电位信号(Loc...基于脑-机接口技术获取的脑电信号(EEG)已广泛应用于人机交互领域,并取得了灵活、自然的交互效果。但由于EEG信号微弱,采集过程中容易混入噪声,给解码带来巨大困难。目前,脑-机接口技术一般可记录锋电位信号(Spike)和局部场电位信号(Local Field Potential,LFP),Spike信号有较好的解码效果,但峰电位的记录效果会随着时间的延长而质量下降,最终影响信号质量。局部场电位信号可长久稳定记录,并且噪声信号相对较少,可以弥补单独记录锋电位信号的不足。本文基于脑-机接口技术采集了自由活动下大鼠脑电信号。针对信号中的LFP信号,提出了精细回归树算法的大鼠运动步态解码方法,通过低通滤波器对LFP进行滤波处理,同时基于不同的频段对LFP信号进行划分并提取信号特征,讨论了不同频率下LFP信号的解码效果。发现基于短时傅里叶变换(STFT)和重采样的连续小波变换(CWT)方法对信号进行特征提取更为有效,提取后的脑电信号特征经过精细回归树方法可以更好地与步态信号建立联系。展开更多
Correlated firings among neurons have been extensively investigated;however,previous studies on retinal ganglion cell(RGC)population activities were mainly based on analyzing the correlated activities between the enti...Correlated firings among neurons have been extensively investigated;however,previous studies on retinal ganglion cell(RGC)population activities were mainly based on analyzing the correlated activities between the entire spike trains.In the present study,the correlation properties were explored based on burst-like activities and solitary spikes separately.The results indicate that:(1)burst-like activities were more correlated with other neurons’activities;(2)burst-like spikes correlated with their neighboring neurons represented a smaller receptive field than that of correlated solitary spikes.These results suggest that correlated burst-like spikes should be more efficient in signal transmission,and could encode more detailed spatial information.展开更多
The nonlinear analysis of the combined effect of magnetic field and compressibility on the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability has been investigated for inviscid two fluid interface. We have considered an ...The nonlinear analysis of the combined effect of magnetic field and compressibility on the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability has been investigated for inviscid two fluid interface. We have considered an interface-parallel density dependent magnetic field and used Layzer’s approach to analyze the problem. We have also investigated the relative effect of magnetic pressure and hydrodynamic pressure on RT instability through the variation of the ratio of hydromagnetic pressure to magnetic pressure (β). Dynamics of bubble and spike has been studied analytically and numerically. Finally, we have obtained the stability conditions of our result through linear stability展开更多
When a mass spreads in a turbulent flow, areas with obviously high concentration of the mass compared with surrounding areas are formed by organized structures of turbulence. In this study, we extract the high concent...When a mass spreads in a turbulent flow, areas with obviously high concentration of the mass compared with surrounding areas are formed by organized structures of turbulence. In this study, we extract the high concentration areas and investigate their diffusion process. For this purpose, a combination of Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques was employed to obtain simultaneously the two fields of the concentration of injected dye and of the velocity in a water turbulent channel flow. With focusing on a quasi-homogeneous turbulence in the channel central region, a series of PLIF and PIV images were acquired at several different downstream positions. We applied a conditional sampling technique to the PLIF images to extract the high concentration areas, or spikes, and calculated the conditional-averaged statistics of the extracted areas such as length scale, mean concentration, and turbulent diffusion coefficient. We found that the averaged length scale was constant with downstream distance from the diffusion source and was smaller than integral scale of the turbulent eddies. The spanwise distribution of the mean concentration was basically Gaussian, and the spanwise width of the spikes increased linearly with downstream distance from the diffusion source. Moreover, the turbulent diffusion coefficient was found to increase in proportion to the spanwise distance from the source. These results reveal aspects different from those of regular mass diffusion and let us conclude that the diffusion process of the spikes differs from that of regular mass diffusion.展开更多
Data processing for seismic network is very complex and fussy,because a lot of data is recorded in seismicnetwork every day,which make it impossible to process these data all by manual work.Therefore,seismic datashoul...Data processing for seismic network is very complex and fussy,because a lot of data is recorded in seismicnetwork every day,which make it impossible to process these data all by manual work.Therefore,seismic datashould be processed automatically to produce a initial results about events detection and location.Afterwards,these results are reviewed and modified by analyst.In automatic processing data quality checking is important.There are three main problem data that exist in real seismic records,which include:spike,repeated data and展开更多
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2016YFC0905100 and 2016YFC1000504)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(No.2016-I2M-1-002)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z171100000417020).
文摘Background:Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes(BECTS)is the most common type of childhood idiopathic focal epilepsy.BECTS is associated with pervasive cognitive deficits and behavior problems.While seizures can be easily controlled,it is crucial to select anti-epileptic drugs that do not impair cognition,do not cause psychosocial effects,and improve the quality of life.Previous studies showed effects of oxcarbazepine(OXC)monotherapy on the cognitive and psychosocial profiles of patients with BECTS.Here,we studied the effects of OXC monotherapy on the neuropsychologic profiles and quality of life in patients with BECTS in China.Methods:Thirty-one patients aged 6 to 12 years newly diagnosed with BECTS were recruited.A psychometric assessment was performed before and during the follow-up of OXC monotherapy with Cognitive Computerized Task Battery,Depression SelfRating Scale for children,Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders,and Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31(QOLIE-31).The results of the assessments were compared to explore the effect of OXC monotherapy in patients with BECTS.Results:Thirty children with BECTS completed the study.Five of ten cognitive test scores improved after treatment via OXC monotherapy,including visual tracing(F=14.480,P<0.001),paired associated learning(language)(F=6.292,P<0.001),paired associated learning(number)(F=9.721,P<0.05),word semantic(F=6.003,P<0.05),and simple subtraction(F=6.229,P<0.05).Of the neuropsychology data concerning the quality of life,statistically significant improvements were observed in emotion(F=4.946,P<0.05),QOLIE-social(F=5.912,P<0.05),and QOLIE-total(F=14.161,P<0.001).Conclusions:OXC is safe and does not impair neuropsychologic functions,with no obvious mood burden on children with BECTS.Most importantly,OXC has positive impacts on children’s perception of quality of life,especially in terms of happiness and life satisfaction.
文摘Background:Recent studies have shown a possible coexistence of absence seizures with other forms of epilepsy.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the possible contemporary or subsequent presence of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS) in pediatric epileptic patients.Data sources:A PubMed systematic search indexed for MEDLINE,PubMed and EMBASE was undertaken to identify studies in children including articles written between 1996 and 2015.Retrospective studies,meta-analysis and case reports were included.The list of references of all the relevant articles was also studied.The date of our last search was December 2015.Results:Review of the literature revealed 19 cases,8 females and 11 males,reporting a consecutive or contemporary coexistence of CAE and BECTS within the same patients.Patient's age ranged between 4 and 12 years.Three out of 19 patients presented concomitant features of both syndromes,whereas 16 patients experienced the two syndromes at different times.Conclusions:BECTS and CAE may be pathophysiologically related,and the two epileptic phenotypes may indicate a neurobiological continuum.Further studies are needed to elucidate a probable genetic or functional link between partial and primarily generalized electro-clinical patterns in idiopathic childhood epilepsies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10872150,10872114)
文摘The surfaces of the veins of dragonflies(Pantala flavesens Fabricius and Crocothemis servilia Drury) wings are observed through SEM,and interesting micro and nano structures and morphologies are discovered.On the surfaces of the veins,not only ripple wave morphologies are distributed,but also spikes are grown.Besides,on the surfaces of the spikes,straight stripe wave morphologies are grown along the generatrix.These marvelous micro and nano structures and morphologies may enable us to better understand the remarkable flying abilities of dragonflies.
文摘We statistically validate the 2011-2022 earthquake prediction records of Ada, the sixth finalist of the 2nd China AETA in 2021, who made 147 earthquake predictions (including 60% of magnitude 5.5 earthquakes) with a prediction accuracy higher than 70% and a confidence level of 95% over a 12-year period. Since the reliable earthquake precursor signals described by Ada and the characteristics of Alfvén waves match quite well, this paper proposes a hypothesis on how earthquakes are triggered based on the Alfvén (Q G) torsional wave model of Gillette et al. When the plume of the upper mantle column intrudes into the magma and lithosphere of the soft flow layer during the exchange of hot and cold molten material masses deep inside the Earth’s interior during ascent and descent, it is possible to form body and surface plasma sheets under certain conditions to form Alfven nonlinear isolated waves, and Alfven waves often perturb the geomagnetic field, releasing huge heat and kinetic energy thus triggering earthquakes. To explain the complex phenomenon of how Ada senses Alvfen waves and how to locate epicenters, we venture to speculate that special magnetosensory cells in a few human bodies can sense earthquake precursors and attempt to hypothesize an algorithm that analyzes how the human biological nervous system encodes and decodes earthquake precursors and explains how human magnetosensory cells can solve complex problems such as predicting earthquake magnitude and locating epicenters.
文摘A new hybrid adaptive autoregressive moving average(ARMA)and functional link neural network(FLNN)trained by adaptive cubature Kalman filter(ACKF)is presented in this paper for forecasting day-ahead mixed short-term demand and electricity prices in smart grids.The hybrid forecasting framework is intended to capture the dynamic interaction between the electricity consumers and the forecasted prices resulting in the shift of demand curve in electricity market.The proposed model comprises a linear ARMA-FLNN obtained by using a nonlinear expansion of the weighted inputs.The nonlinear functional block helps introduce nonlinearity by expanding the input space to higher dimensional space through basis functions.To train the ARMA-FLNN,an ACKF is used to obtain faster convergence and higher forecasting accuracy.The proposed method is tested on several electricity markets,and the performance metrics such as the mean average percentage error(MAPE)and error variance are compared with other forecasting methods,indicating the improved accuracy of the approach and its suitability for a real-time forecasting.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2019YFA0705400)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.BK20212008)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12002158)the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures (Grant Nos.MCMS-I-0421K01,MCMS-I-0422K01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.NJ2022002)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Dendritic spines are small membranous protrusions that receive synaptic inputs from other neurons,enabling the initiation of dendritic N-methyl-D-aspartic(NMDA)spikes and somatic action potentials.During learning and memory processes,both the number of spines on a dendrite and the morphology of individual spines are constantly changing.The individual influence of spine number and morphology on dendritic NMDA spikes has already been revealed,but the functional significance of the coregulation of spine number and morphology on NMDA spikes remains elusive.Here,we systematically investigated the initiation of local dendritic NMDA spikes by the dynamic distributions of the spine number and morphology on single dendrites in reconstructed neuron models.Different from the traditional cognition,we found the threshold number of spines required to generate local dendrite NMDA spikes on distal dendrites is fewer than that on proximal ones,because the thinner distal dendrites own higher impedance.As for the spine morphology,the presence of moreα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid(AMPA)receptors on the spine leads to larger NMDA spikes rather than an increase in the spine dimension alone.Furthermore,we first suggested that a single dendrite containing spines with gradually increasing head diameters away from the soma could generate larger NMDA spikes than that irrational distribution of spine morphology containing spines with decreasing head diameters,which can be compensated by the increasing spine number.Complementarily,the distance-dependent distribution of spine number and morphology co-regulate the intension of dendritic NMDA spikes.These findings about the threshold for NMDA spikes provide novel insights into the role of the irrational dynamic distribution of the spine number and morphology in senescence and disease processes such as Alzheimer’s disease,schizophrenia,and Parkinson’s disease,which causes abnormal neuron firing.
文摘基于脑-机接口技术获取的脑电信号(EEG)已广泛应用于人机交互领域,并取得了灵活、自然的交互效果。但由于EEG信号微弱,采集过程中容易混入噪声,给解码带来巨大困难。目前,脑-机接口技术一般可记录锋电位信号(Spike)和局部场电位信号(Local Field Potential,LFP),Spike信号有较好的解码效果,但峰电位的记录效果会随着时间的延长而质量下降,最终影响信号质量。局部场电位信号可长久稳定记录,并且噪声信号相对较少,可以弥补单独记录锋电位信号的不足。本文基于脑-机接口技术采集了自由活动下大鼠脑电信号。针对信号中的LFP信号,提出了精细回归树算法的大鼠运动步态解码方法,通过低通滤波器对LFP进行滤波处理,同时基于不同的频段对LFP信号进行划分并提取信号特征,讨论了不同频率下LFP信号的解码效果。发现基于短时傅里叶变换(STFT)和重采样的连续小波变换(CWT)方法对信号进行特征提取更为有效,提取后的脑电信号特征经过精细回归树方法可以更好地与步态信号建立联系。
基金supported by the grants from the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan(No.2005CB724301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30670519).
文摘Correlated firings among neurons have been extensively investigated;however,previous studies on retinal ganglion cell(RGC)population activities were mainly based on analyzing the correlated activities between the entire spike trains.In the present study,the correlation properties were explored based on burst-like activities and solitary spikes separately.The results indicate that:(1)burst-like activities were more correlated with other neurons’activities;(2)burst-like spikes correlated with their neighboring neurons represented a smaller receptive field than that of correlated solitary spikes.These results suggest that correlated burst-like spikes should be more efficient in signal transmission,and could encode more detailed spatial information.
文摘The nonlinear analysis of the combined effect of magnetic field and compressibility on the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability has been investigated for inviscid two fluid interface. We have considered an interface-parallel density dependent magnetic field and used Layzer’s approach to analyze the problem. We have also investigated the relative effect of magnetic pressure and hydrodynamic pressure on RT instability through the variation of the ratio of hydromagnetic pressure to magnetic pressure (β). Dynamics of bubble and spike has been studied analytically and numerically. Finally, we have obtained the stability conditions of our result through linear stability
文摘When a mass spreads in a turbulent flow, areas with obviously high concentration of the mass compared with surrounding areas are formed by organized structures of turbulence. In this study, we extract the high concentration areas and investigate their diffusion process. For this purpose, a combination of Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques was employed to obtain simultaneously the two fields of the concentration of injected dye and of the velocity in a water turbulent channel flow. With focusing on a quasi-homogeneous turbulence in the channel central region, a series of PLIF and PIV images were acquired at several different downstream positions. We applied a conditional sampling technique to the PLIF images to extract the high concentration areas, or spikes, and calculated the conditional-averaged statistics of the extracted areas such as length scale, mean concentration, and turbulent diffusion coefficient. We found that the averaged length scale was constant with downstream distance from the diffusion source and was smaller than integral scale of the turbulent eddies. The spanwise distribution of the mean concentration was basically Gaussian, and the spanwise width of the spikes increased linearly with downstream distance from the diffusion source. Moreover, the turbulent diffusion coefficient was found to increase in proportion to the spanwise distance from the source. These results reveal aspects different from those of regular mass diffusion and let us conclude that the diffusion process of the spikes differs from that of regular mass diffusion.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (60172026).
文摘Data processing for seismic network is very complex and fussy,because a lot of data is recorded in seismicnetwork every day,which make it impossible to process these data all by manual work.Therefore,seismic datashould be processed automatically to produce a initial results about events detection and location.Afterwards,these results are reviewed and modified by analyst.In automatic processing data quality checking is important.There are three main problem data that exist in real seismic records,which include:spike,repeated data and
