In a conventional flat plate solar cell under direct sunlight,light is received from the solar disk,but is re-emitted isotropically.This isotropic emission corresponds to a significant entropy increase in the solar ce...In a conventional flat plate solar cell under direct sunlight,light is received from the solar disk,but is re-emitted isotropically.This isotropic emission corresponds to a significant entropy increase in the solar cell,with a corresponding drop in efficiency.Here,using a detailed balance model,we show that limiting the emission angle of a high-quality GaAs solar cell is a feasible route to achieving power conversion efficiencies above 38%with a single junction.The highest efficiencies are predicted for a thin,light trapping cell with an ideal back reflector,though the scheme is robust to a non-ideal back reflector.Comparison with a conventional planar cell geometry illustrates that limiting emission angle in a light trapping geometry not only allows for much thinner cells,but also for significantly higher overall efficiencies with an excellent rear reflector.Finally,we present ray-tracing and detailed balance analysis of two angular coupler designs,show that significant efficiency improvements are possible with these couplers,and demonstrate initial fabrication of one coupler design.展开更多
The structural, electronic, and optical properties of Cu2Zn1−xBaxSn1−ySiyS4 compounds have been calculated using GGA-PBE function within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). In the present work, lattice p...The structural, electronic, and optical properties of Cu2Zn1−xBaxSn1−ySiyS4 compounds have been calculated using GGA-PBE function within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). In the present work, lattice parameters remained the same, that is tetragonal crystal structure for 0% and 100% doping concentration. The electronic band gap of Cu2Zn1−xBaxSn1−ySiyS4 compounds has been gradually increased for continuous increment of doping concentration where the highest electronic band gap is 1.117 eV for Cu2BaSiS4 structure. Moreover, the band gap changes from direct to indirect band gap with the increase of doping concentration in the parent compound. The absorption coefficient has been found to be high (> 104 cm−1) in UV-region for all the doping concentration which makes the studied compound as a potential candidate of absorber layer in the UV detector. The theoretical study of the effect of double doping in the CZTS compound is very interesting for improving the quality of it and it would be a reference for the theoretical and experimental researchers.展开更多
Among expert scientists and politicians, there is increasing agreement that it is absolutely necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) to lessen the severity of climate change. Although little, renewabl...Among expert scientists and politicians, there is increasing agreement that it is absolutely necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) to lessen the severity of climate change. Although little, renewable energy sources currently reduce GHG that are being emitted from the energy industries. According to the majority of long-term energy estimates, renewable energy will be a substantial addition to the supply of energy worldwide by the end of this century, as capacity of renewable energy is gradually increasing in the early decades. However, developing nations like Bangladesh are largely reliant on pricey imported energy supplies (coal, gas, and oil) that lay a heavy weight on the country’s economy. Also, air pollution growing in importance as a national and international environmental issue. Regarding the development of clean and sustainable energy, renewable energy sources seem to be among the most practical and efficient alternatives, in both Bangladesh and globally. The geographic advantages of Bangladesh allow for widespread usage of the majority of such renewable energy sources. The comparative potential and use of fossil fuels against renewable energy sources globally and in Bangladesh is explored in this review.展开更多
The efficiency of rigid perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells has reached 33.9%.However,there has been no report on flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells due to the challenge of overcoming the poor light abso...The efficiency of rigid perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells has reached 33.9%.However,there has been no report on flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells due to the challenge of overcoming the poor light absorption of ultrathin silicon bottom cells while maintaining their mechanical flexibility.Herein,we report the first demonstration of the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell based on flexible ultrathin silicon.We show that reducing the wafer thicknesses and feature sizes of the light-trapping textures can significantly improve the flexibility of silicon without sacrificing light utilization.In addition,the capping of the perovskite top cells can further improve the device's mechanical durability by shifting the neutral plane toward the silicon surface that is prone to fracture.Finally,the resulting ultrathin(~30μm)flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell achieves a certified stabilized efficiency of 22.8%with an extremely high power-to-weight ratio of 3.12 W g^(-1).Moreover,the flexible tandems exhibit remarkable bending durability,maintaining 98.2%of their initial performance after 3000 bending cycles at a radius of only 1 cm.展开更多
Ternary organic photovoltaics(OPVs)are fabricated with PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6(1:1.2,wt/wt)as the host system and extra PC71BM as the third component.The PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6 based binary OPVs exhibit a power conversion efficiency(P...Ternary organic photovoltaics(OPVs)are fabricated with PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6(1:1.2,wt/wt)as the host system and extra PC71BM as the third component.The PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6 based binary OPVs exhibit a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 15.49%with a short circuit current(JSC)of 24.98 mA cm^-2,an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 0.868 V and a fill factor(FF)of 71.42%.A 16.71%PCE is obtained in the optimized ternary OPVs with PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6:PC71BM(1:1.2:0.2,wt/wt)active layer,resulting from the synchronously improved JSC of 25.44 mA cm^-2,FF of 75.66%and the constant VOCof 0.868 V.The incorporated PC71BM may prefer to mix with Y6 to finely adjust phase separation,domain size and molecular arrangement in ternary active layers,which can be confirmed from the characterization on morphology,2 D grazing incidence small and wide-angle X-ray scattering,as well as Raman mapping.In addition,PC71BM may prefer to mix with Y6 to form efficient electron transport channels,which should be conducive to charge transport and collection in the optimized ternary OPVs.This work provides more insight into the underlying reasons of the third component on performance improvement of ternary OPVs,indicating ternary strategy should be an efficient method to optimize active layers for synchronously improving photon harvesting,exciton dissociation and charge transport,while keeping the simple cell fabrication technology.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells offer great potential as a sustainable power source for distributed electronic devices that operate indoors.However,the impact of advanced lighting technology,especially the widely used pulse wi...Perovskite solar cells offer great potential as a sustainable power source for distributed electronic devices that operate indoors.However,the impact of advanced lighting technology,especially the widely used pulse width modulation(PWM)technology,on perovskite photovoltaics has been ignored.Herein,for the first time in photovoltaics,we find that the light impact emitted by the PWM lighting system caused dynamic strain in perovskite thin films,induced phase separation,and accelerated the generation of metallic lead(Pb^(0))defects,leading to irreversible degradation of the cell performance after 27 h(T_(80)).To address this issue,formamidinium triiodide(FAI_(3))is chosen to treat the surface of the perovskite and release residual stress,resulting in reduced lattice deformation during dynamic strain processes.Meanwhile,it suppresses harmful Pb0 defects and reduces Voc loss at low light intensity.The champion device achieves impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 35.14%and retains 99.5%of the initial PCE after continuous strobe light soaking for 2160 h.展开更多
Perovskite-based solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)are currently being demonstrated in solid-state device designs.Their elevated performances can possibly be attained with different non-standard...Perovskite-based solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)are currently being demonstrated in solid-state device designs.Their elevated performances can possibly be attained with different non-standard geometries,for example,the fiber-shaped perovskite solar cells,in the light of careful design and engineering.Fiber-shaped solar cells are promising in smart textiles energy harvesting towards next-generation electronic applications and devices.They can be made with facile process and at low cost.Recently,fiber-shaped perovskite solar devices have been reported,particularly with the focus on the proof-of-concept in such non-traditional architectures.In this line,there are so many technical aspects which need to be addressed,if these photovoltaic(PV)cells are to be industrialized and produced massively.Herein,a well-organized and comprehensive discussion about the reported devices in this arena is presented.The challenges that need to be addressed,the possible solutions and the probable applications of these PV cells are also discussed.More still,the perovskite fiber-shaped PV cells with other fiber PV devices reported in literature in terms of their scope,characteristic designs,performances,and other technical considerations have been summarised.展开更多
Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7...Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells have aroused a worldwide research upsurge in recent years due to their soaring photovoltaic performance,ease of solution processing,and low cost.The power conversion efficiency record is constan...Perovskite solar cells have aroused a worldwide research upsurge in recent years due to their soaring photovoltaic performance,ease of solution processing,and low cost.The power conversion efficiency record is constantly being broken and has recently reached 26.1%in the lab,which is comparable to the established photovoltaic technologies such as crystalline silicon,copper indium gallium selenide and cadmium telluride(CdTe)solar cells.Currently,perovskite solar cells are standing at the entrance of industrialization,where huge opportunities and risks coexist.However,towards commercialization,challenges of up-scaling,stability and lead toxicity still remain,the proper handling of which could potentially lead to the widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells as a low-cost and efficient source of renewable energy.This review gives a holistic analysis of the path towards commercialization for perovskite solar cells.A comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art level for perovskite solar cells and modules will be introduced first,with respect to the module efficiency,stability and current status of industrialization.We will then discuss the challenges that get in the way of commercialization and the corresponding strategies to address them,involving the upscaling,the stability and the lead toxicity issue.Insights into the future direction of commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics was also provided,including the flexible perovskite cells and modules and perovskite indoor photovoltaics.Finally,the future perspectives towards commercialization are put forward.展开更多
In this paper,a multi-bus distributed Power Conditioning Unit(PCU)is proposed for the Space Solar Power Station with large scale photovoltaic(PV)array and power levels reaching MW level.In this unit,there are multiple...In this paper,a multi-bus distributed Power Conditioning Unit(PCU)is proposed for the Space Solar Power Station with large scale photovoltaic(PV)array and power levels reaching MW level.In this unit,there are multiple independent PV arrays.In each PV array,there are multiple independent PV subarrays.In this paper,a V-P droop control method with adaptive droop coefficient is proposed,which modifies the droop intercept based on the bus voltage deviation and the power per unit value of the PV array.This method ensures the accuracy of bus voltage and achieves proportional distribution of power between PV arrays based on the proposed topology structure in this paper.When the load changes or the output power of the PV array fluctuates,this method can ensure that power is distributed proportionally.The principle and control method of the proposed droop control method is analyzed in this paper.The effectiveness of the method is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiment.Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve power distributed proportionally when load changes and PV output power fluctuates,reduce bus voltage error caused by line impedance and differences in rated power of different PV arrays,and improve the performance of PV power generation system applied to space.展开更多
Energy access is vital to a nation’s economic growth and its populace’s social well-being. Still, there is a lack of adequate energy in Nigeria, negatively affecting the country’s socio-economic development. Due to...Energy access is vital to a nation’s economic growth and its populace’s social well-being. Still, there is a lack of adequate energy in Nigeria, negatively affecting the country’s socio-economic development. Due to the inadequate energy supply, some manufacturing companies shut their operations, and most Nigerians now use backup generators (BUGs) with their attendant health hazards, environmental pollution, and global warming. The need for energy access and a sustainable energy supply through renewable energy (RE) resources necessitates adopting solar photovoltaics (PV) in Nigeria. Studies on Nigeria’s energy accessibility and sustainability are generally on RE development and a few on solar PV applications. This research covers the need for an in-depth analysis of the growth of solar PV in Nigeria, and the research question is: What factors promote or limit the adoption of solar photovoltaics in Nigeria? A method of Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Thematic Analysis (TA) is employed for the analysis. The research findings are divided into drivers, barriers, and policies. Some identified factors promoting the adoption of solar PV are energy poverty and the urgency to improve electricity supply, the ease of its operation and maintenance, and the Nigerian government’s commitment to clean electricity supply with policy initiatives and increased awareness of solar PV applications. Conversely, some noticed factors mitigating the growth of solar PV are poor tariff systems, dual subsidies of electricity and petroleum, and lack of finance and economic incentives.展开更多
基金Thanks to D Callahan,M Sheldon and J van de Groep for insightful discussions and advice on the manuscript.The authors also found advice from O Miller on handling non-radiative recombination,R Briggs on mode structure calculations,J Zipkin on numerical methods and C Eisler on internal fluorescence yield derivations extremely helpful.The authors are grateful for technical assistance from G Vollenbroek.The Caltech researchers are supported by the‘Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion’Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy,Office of Science,Office of Basic Energy Sciences under grant DE-SC0001293(EK and HA).EK also acknowledges the support of the Resnick Sustainability Institute.Researchers of the Center for Nanophotonics at AMOLF are supported by the research program of FOM which is financially supported by NWO and by the European Research Council.
文摘In a conventional flat plate solar cell under direct sunlight,light is received from the solar disk,but is re-emitted isotropically.This isotropic emission corresponds to a significant entropy increase in the solar cell,with a corresponding drop in efficiency.Here,using a detailed balance model,we show that limiting the emission angle of a high-quality GaAs solar cell is a feasible route to achieving power conversion efficiencies above 38%with a single junction.The highest efficiencies are predicted for a thin,light trapping cell with an ideal back reflector,though the scheme is robust to a non-ideal back reflector.Comparison with a conventional planar cell geometry illustrates that limiting emission angle in a light trapping geometry not only allows for much thinner cells,but also for significantly higher overall efficiencies with an excellent rear reflector.Finally,we present ray-tracing and detailed balance analysis of two angular coupler designs,show that significant efficiency improvements are possible with these couplers,and demonstrate initial fabrication of one coupler design.
文摘The structural, electronic, and optical properties of Cu2Zn1−xBaxSn1−ySiyS4 compounds have been calculated using GGA-PBE function within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). In the present work, lattice parameters remained the same, that is tetragonal crystal structure for 0% and 100% doping concentration. The electronic band gap of Cu2Zn1−xBaxSn1−ySiyS4 compounds has been gradually increased for continuous increment of doping concentration where the highest electronic band gap is 1.117 eV for Cu2BaSiS4 structure. Moreover, the band gap changes from direct to indirect band gap with the increase of doping concentration in the parent compound. The absorption coefficient has been found to be high (> 104 cm−1) in UV-region for all the doping concentration which makes the studied compound as a potential candidate of absorber layer in the UV detector. The theoretical study of the effect of double doping in the CZTS compound is very interesting for improving the quality of it and it would be a reference for the theoretical and experimental researchers.
文摘Among expert scientists and politicians, there is increasing agreement that it is absolutely necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) to lessen the severity of climate change. Although little, renewable energy sources currently reduce GHG that are being emitted from the energy industries. According to the majority of long-term energy estimates, renewable energy will be a substantial addition to the supply of energy worldwide by the end of this century, as capacity of renewable energy is gradually increasing in the early decades. However, developing nations like Bangladesh are largely reliant on pricey imported energy supplies (coal, gas, and oil) that lay a heavy weight on the country’s economy. Also, air pollution growing in importance as a national and international environmental issue. Regarding the development of clean and sustainable energy, renewable energy sources seem to be among the most practical and efficient alternatives, in both Bangladesh and globally. The geographic advantages of Bangladesh allow for widespread usage of the majority of such renewable energy sources. The comparative potential and use of fossil fuels against renewable energy sources globally and in Bangladesh is explored in this review.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(2023Z151)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2022C01215,2024C01092)+4 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M743620)the Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LBMHD24E020002)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY24F040003)the National Key Research and Development of China(2018YFB1500103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62204245,U23A200098)。
文摘The efficiency of rigid perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells has reached 33.9%.However,there has been no report on flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells due to the challenge of overcoming the poor light absorption of ultrathin silicon bottom cells while maintaining their mechanical flexibility.Herein,we report the first demonstration of the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell based on flexible ultrathin silicon.We show that reducing the wafer thicknesses and feature sizes of the light-trapping textures can significantly improve the flexibility of silicon without sacrificing light utilization.In addition,the capping of the perovskite top cells can further improve the device's mechanical durability by shifting the neutral plane toward the silicon surface that is prone to fracture.Finally,the resulting ultrathin(~30μm)flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell achieves a certified stabilized efficiency of 22.8%with an extremely high power-to-weight ratio of 3.12 W g^(-1).Moreover,the flexible tandems exhibit remarkable bending durability,maintaining 98.2%of their initial performance after 3000 bending cycles at a radius of only 1 cm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61675017)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4192049)
文摘Ternary organic photovoltaics(OPVs)are fabricated with PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6(1:1.2,wt/wt)as the host system and extra PC71BM as the third component.The PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6 based binary OPVs exhibit a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 15.49%with a short circuit current(JSC)of 24.98 mA cm^-2,an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 0.868 V and a fill factor(FF)of 71.42%.A 16.71%PCE is obtained in the optimized ternary OPVs with PBDB-T-2 Cl:Y6:PC71BM(1:1.2:0.2,wt/wt)active layer,resulting from the synchronously improved JSC of 25.44 mA cm^-2,FF of 75.66%and the constant VOCof 0.868 V.The incorporated PC71BM may prefer to mix with Y6 to finely adjust phase separation,domain size and molecular arrangement in ternary active layers,which can be confirmed from the characterization on morphology,2 D grazing incidence small and wide-angle X-ray scattering,as well as Raman mapping.In addition,PC71BM may prefer to mix with Y6 to form efficient electron transport channels,which should be conducive to charge transport and collection in the optimized ternary OPVs.This work provides more insight into the underlying reasons of the third component on performance improvement of ternary OPVs,indicating ternary strategy should be an efficient method to optimize active layers for synchronously improving photon harvesting,exciton dissociation and charge transport,while keeping the simple cell fabrication technology.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52332008,52025028,and 52202273)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210728)the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Perovskite solar cells offer great potential as a sustainable power source for distributed electronic devices that operate indoors.However,the impact of advanced lighting technology,especially the widely used pulse width modulation(PWM)technology,on perovskite photovoltaics has been ignored.Herein,for the first time in photovoltaics,we find that the light impact emitted by the PWM lighting system caused dynamic strain in perovskite thin films,induced phase separation,and accelerated the generation of metallic lead(Pb^(0))defects,leading to irreversible degradation of the cell performance after 27 h(T_(80)).To address this issue,formamidinium triiodide(FAI_(3))is chosen to treat the surface of the perovskite and release residual stress,resulting in reduced lattice deformation during dynamic strain processes.Meanwhile,it suppresses harmful Pb0 defects and reduces Voc loss at low light intensity.The champion device achieves impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 35.14%and retains 99.5%of the initial PCE after continuous strobe light soaking for 2160 h.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0201702/2016YFA0201700)the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(19ZR1400900)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shang-hai Municipality(16JC1400700)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2232018A3-01)the Program for Innovative Research Team at the University of Ministry of Education of China(IRT_16R13)the International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials(18520750400),the(No.111-2-04).
文摘Perovskite-based solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)are currently being demonstrated in solid-state device designs.Their elevated performances can possibly be attained with different non-standard geometries,for example,the fiber-shaped perovskite solar cells,in the light of careful design and engineering.Fiber-shaped solar cells are promising in smart textiles energy harvesting towards next-generation electronic applications and devices.They can be made with facile process and at low cost.Recently,fiber-shaped perovskite solar devices have been reported,particularly with the focus on the proof-of-concept in such non-traditional architectures.In this line,there are so many technical aspects which need to be addressed,if these photovoltaic(PV)cells are to be industrialized and produced massively.Herein,a well-organized and comprehensive discussion about the reported devices in this arena is presented.The challenges that need to be addressed,the possible solutions and the probable applications of these PV cells are also discussed.More still,the perovskite fiber-shaped PV cells with other fiber PV devices reported in literature in terms of their scope,characteristic designs,performances,and other technical considerations have been summarised.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179042 and U21A2078)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Nos.2020J06021 and 2020J01064).
文摘Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300 and 2023YFE0116800)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23037).
文摘Perovskite solar cells have aroused a worldwide research upsurge in recent years due to their soaring photovoltaic performance,ease of solution processing,and low cost.The power conversion efficiency record is constantly being broken and has recently reached 26.1%in the lab,which is comparable to the established photovoltaic technologies such as crystalline silicon,copper indium gallium selenide and cadmium telluride(CdTe)solar cells.Currently,perovskite solar cells are standing at the entrance of industrialization,where huge opportunities and risks coexist.However,towards commercialization,challenges of up-scaling,stability and lead toxicity still remain,the proper handling of which could potentially lead to the widespread adoption of perovskite solar cells as a low-cost and efficient source of renewable energy.This review gives a holistic analysis of the path towards commercialization for perovskite solar cells.A comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art level for perovskite solar cells and modules will be introduced first,with respect to the module efficiency,stability and current status of industrialization.We will then discuss the challenges that get in the way of commercialization and the corresponding strategies to address them,involving the upscaling,the stability and the lead toxicity issue.Insights into the future direction of commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics was also provided,including the flexible perovskite cells and modules and perovskite indoor photovoltaics.Finally,the future perspectives towards commercialization are put forward.
基金supported by the Civil Aerospace Technology Research Project,China(No.D010103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52022075 and U1937202)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3900300).
文摘In this paper,a multi-bus distributed Power Conditioning Unit(PCU)is proposed for the Space Solar Power Station with large scale photovoltaic(PV)array and power levels reaching MW level.In this unit,there are multiple independent PV arrays.In each PV array,there are multiple independent PV subarrays.In this paper,a V-P droop control method with adaptive droop coefficient is proposed,which modifies the droop intercept based on the bus voltage deviation and the power per unit value of the PV array.This method ensures the accuracy of bus voltage and achieves proportional distribution of power between PV arrays based on the proposed topology structure in this paper.When the load changes or the output power of the PV array fluctuates,this method can ensure that power is distributed proportionally.The principle and control method of the proposed droop control method is analyzed in this paper.The effectiveness of the method is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiment.Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve power distributed proportionally when load changes and PV output power fluctuates,reduce bus voltage error caused by line impedance and differences in rated power of different PV arrays,and improve the performance of PV power generation system applied to space.
文摘Energy access is vital to a nation’s economic growth and its populace’s social well-being. Still, there is a lack of adequate energy in Nigeria, negatively affecting the country’s socio-economic development. Due to the inadequate energy supply, some manufacturing companies shut their operations, and most Nigerians now use backup generators (BUGs) with their attendant health hazards, environmental pollution, and global warming. The need for energy access and a sustainable energy supply through renewable energy (RE) resources necessitates adopting solar photovoltaics (PV) in Nigeria. Studies on Nigeria’s energy accessibility and sustainability are generally on RE development and a few on solar PV applications. This research covers the need for an in-depth analysis of the growth of solar PV in Nigeria, and the research question is: What factors promote or limit the adoption of solar photovoltaics in Nigeria? A method of Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Thematic Analysis (TA) is employed for the analysis. The research findings are divided into drivers, barriers, and policies. Some identified factors promoting the adoption of solar PV are energy poverty and the urgency to improve electricity supply, the ease of its operation and maintenance, and the Nigerian government’s commitment to clean electricity supply with policy initiatives and increased awareness of solar PV applications. Conversely, some noticed factors mitigating the growth of solar PV are poor tariff systems, dual subsidies of electricity and petroleum, and lack of finance and economic incentives.
