In the 1960 s, America has entered a new historical period with recession in economy and increasingly bad social problem. Besides, Civil Rights Movement and women rights movement have been led by black people and wome...In the 1960 s, America has entered a new historical period with recession in economy and increasingly bad social problem. Besides, Civil Rights Movement and women rights movement have been led by black people and women for equal rights.With the development of these movements, the counter-cultural movement came into being, and the movement which represented a significant period in post-war youth cultural history was caused by the impending readjustment of social structure during the transition from industrial to post-industrial society in the 1960 s. American white middle class youth were disillusioned with the way their parent culture controlled the society and had no desire to become caught up in the machinery of social power themselves.The counter-cultural constituted a direct attack on the part of white middle class youth against the dominant ideological machinery set in place and maintained by its parent culture, and its influence has been maintained to the modern times. Except for the liberation of sex and drug, the most important symbol of the counter-culture is rock music. There is a close relationship between the counter-cultural movement and rock music. During the mid to late 1960 s rock music became a centrally significant medium for the dissemination of a range of social-political issues in counter-cultural movement. The period from the mid-1960 s to the early 1970 s represented the first time that popular music, a mass cultural form, had become a centrally significant medium for the dissemination of a range of sociopolitical issues, from US involvement in the Vietnam war to the Civil Rights Movements, to the rejection of western political and cultural ideology. As Eyerman and Jamison^([1])point out:‘Movement ideas, images,and feelings were disseminated in and through popular music and, at the same time, the movements of the times influenced developments, in both form and content, in popular music'.展开更多
International students choosing to study abroad face a change in self-identity, which in many cases takes them by surprise and which is affected by a multiplicity of factors. Within the framework of Tajfel＇s Social I...International students choosing to study abroad face a change in self-identity, which in many cases takes them by surprise and which is affected by a multiplicity of factors. Within the framework of Tajfel＇s Social Identity Theory, we examine the nature of identity and the many contexts in which it is shaped, mainly in reference to the ESL （English as a Second Language） classroom, but with broader implications for the students＇ experiences in Western classroom as a whole. We discuss the challenges facing not only students, but also faculty who wish to assist students in the formation of their new identities展开更多
长期以来,语言测试工作者研究的核心是如何提高测试的信度与效度,以客观、精确地测量考生的语言能力。语言测试尤其是大规模高风险语言测试带来的社会影响,很难由改良测试本身来解决。批判语言测试(Critical Language Testing)的提出把...长期以来,语言测试工作者研究的核心是如何提高测试的信度与效度,以客观、精确地测量考生的语言能力。语言测试尤其是大规模高风险语言测试带来的社会影响,很难由改良测试本身来解决。批判语言测试(Critical Language Testing)的提出把语言测试置于更广阔的社会政治语境中,对测试后效(consequences)的反思不再局限于反拨效应(washback),而是重新审视测试中渗透的权力与控制,测试所具有的社会价值、政治功能等。展开更多
文摘In the 1960 s, America has entered a new historical period with recession in economy and increasingly bad social problem. Besides, Civil Rights Movement and women rights movement have been led by black people and women for equal rights.With the development of these movements, the counter-cultural movement came into being, and the movement which represented a significant period in post-war youth cultural history was caused by the impending readjustment of social structure during the transition from industrial to post-industrial society in the 1960 s. American white middle class youth were disillusioned with the way their parent culture controlled the society and had no desire to become caught up in the machinery of social power themselves.The counter-cultural constituted a direct attack on the part of white middle class youth against the dominant ideological machinery set in place and maintained by its parent culture, and its influence has been maintained to the modern times. Except for the liberation of sex and drug, the most important symbol of the counter-culture is rock music. There is a close relationship between the counter-cultural movement and rock music. During the mid to late 1960 s rock music became a centrally significant medium for the dissemination of a range of social-political issues in counter-cultural movement. The period from the mid-1960 s to the early 1970 s represented the first time that popular music, a mass cultural form, had become a centrally significant medium for the dissemination of a range of sociopolitical issues, from US involvement in the Vietnam war to the Civil Rights Movements, to the rejection of western political and cultural ideology. As Eyerman and Jamison^([1])point out:‘Movement ideas, images,and feelings were disseminated in and through popular music and, at the same time, the movements of the times influenced developments, in both form and content, in popular music'.
文摘International students choosing to study abroad face a change in self-identity, which in many cases takes them by surprise and which is affected by a multiplicity of factors. Within the framework of Tajfel＇s Social Identity Theory, we examine the nature of identity and the many contexts in which it is shaped, mainly in reference to the ESL （English as a Second Language） classroom, but with broader implications for the students＇ experiences in Western classroom as a whole. We discuss the challenges facing not only students, but also faculty who wish to assist students in the formation of their new identities
文摘长期以来,语言测试工作者研究的核心是如何提高测试的信度与效度,以客观、精确地测量考生的语言能力。语言测试尤其是大规模高风险语言测试带来的社会影响,很难由改良测试本身来解决。批判语言测试(Critical Language Testing)的提出把语言测试置于更广阔的社会政治语境中,对测试后效(consequences)的反思不再局限于反拨效应(washback),而是重新审视测试中渗透的权力与控制,测试所具有的社会价值、政治功能等。
