Understanding the interactions between humans and nature in the Anthropocene is central to the quest for both human wellbeing and global sustainability.However,the time-space compression,long range interactions,and re...Understanding the interactions between humans and nature in the Anthropocene is central to the quest for both human wellbeing and global sustainability.However,the time-space compression,long range interactions,and reconstruction of socio-economic structures at the global scale all pose great challenges to the traditional analytical frameworks of human-nature systems.In this paper,we extend the connotation of coupled human and natural systems(CHANS)and their four dimensions—space,time,appearance,and organization,and propose a novel framework:“Coupled Human and Natural Cube”(CHNC)to explain the coupling mechanism between humans and the natural environment.Our proposition is inspired by theories based on the human-earth areal system,telecoupling framework,planetary urbanization,and perspectives from complexity science.We systematically introduce the concept,connotation,evolution rules,and analytical dimensions of the CHNC.Notably there exist various“coupling lines”in the CHNC,connecting different systems and elements at multiple scales and forming a large,nested,interconnected,organic system.The rotation of the CHNC represents spatiotemporal nonlinear fluctuations in CHANS in different regions.As a system continually exchanges energy with the environment,a critical phase transition occurs when fluctuations reach a certain threshold,leading to emergent behavior of the system.The CHNC has four dimensions—pericoupling and telecoupling,syncoupling and lagcoupling,apparent coupling and hidden coupling,and intra-organization coupling and inter-organizational coupling.We mainly focus on the theoretical connotation,research methods,and typical cases of telecoupling,lagcoupling,hidden coupling,and inter-organizational coupling,and put forward a human-nature coupling matrix to integrate multiple dimensions.In summary,the CHNC provides a more comprehensive and systematic research paradigm for understanding the evolution and coupling mechanism of the human-nature system,which expands the analytical dimension of CHA展开更多
The contrast between ecology in cities and ecology of cities has emphasized the increasing scope of urban ecosystem research.Ecology in focuses on terrestrial and aquatic patches within cities,suburbs,and exurbs as an...The contrast between ecology in cities and ecology of cities has emphasized the increasing scope of urban ecosystem research.Ecology in focuses on terrestrial and aquatic patches within cities,suburbs,and exurbs as analogs of non-urban habitats.Urban fabric outside analog patches is considered to be inhospi-table matrix.Ecology of the city differs from ecology in by treating entire urban mosaics as social-ecolog-ical systems.Ecology of urban ecosystems incorporates biological,social,and built components.Originally posed as a metaphor to visualize disciplinary evolution,this paper suggests that the contrast has conceptual,empirical,and methodological contents.That is,the contrast constitutes a disciplinary or“local”paradigm shift.The paradigm change between ecology in and ecology of represents increased complexity,moving from focus on biotic communities to holistic social-ecological systems.A third paradigm,ecology for the city,has emerged due to concern for urban sustainability.While ecology for includes the knowledge generated by both ecology in and ecology of,it considers researchers as a part of the system,and acknowledges that they may help envision and advance the social goals of urban sustainability.Using urban heterogeneity as a key urban feature,the three paradigms are shown to contrast in five important ways:disciplinary focus,the relevant theory of spatial heterogeneity,the technology for representing spatial structure,the resulting classification of urban mosaics,and the nature of application to sustainability.Ecology for the city encourages ecologists to engage with other specialists and urban dwellers to shape a more sustainable urban future.展开更多
Coastal regions are threatened by natural processes, such as erosion driven by storm surges and the effect of jetties, as well as by human behavior. The coastline of the Yellow River Delta(YRD) was monitored using the...Coastal regions are threatened by natural processes, such as erosion driven by storm surges and the effect of jetties, as well as by human behavior. The coastline of the Yellow River Delta(YRD) was monitored using the general high-tide line method, which combines Remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS) technology, using multi-spectral scanner(MSS), thematic mapper(TM), and enhanced thematic mapper plus(ETM+) images of the YRD from 1976 to 2014 as a data source. The results demonstrated that the shape and length of the YRD coastline has changed dramatically since 1976. The course of the Diaokouhe channel has resulted in mainly inland erosion in the north, and is primarily marine erosion; therefore, it was termed an erosion-type estuary. However, the coastline of the Qingshuigou course has moved seaward, demonstrating an accretion stage, and was therefore termed an accretion-type estuary. The coastline advanced forward before 1997 and shrank after 2003 in the southern part of the river mouth, which was due to the shift in the river mouth in 1996. It has continually extended outward in the northern part of the river mouth from 2003 onward. The coastline in the southern part of the river mouth has moved randomly, with the occurrence of both erosion and sedimentation caused by land reclamation and sea wave intrusion. In most cases, the coastline has extended offshore, especially in the northern part of the river mouth. The YRD coastline has changed frequently and rapidly from 1992 to 2014. The river mouth channel, river water and sediments, and precipitation were the major factors affecting the YRD. The YRD coastline was mainly in an accretion stage during flow periods. The erosion rate decreased and tended to be stable during a dry period. The coastline was basically stable when dry periods occurred over a long period. The location of Yellow River ports and sea erosion were the main factors driving coastline changes. The coastline was mainly influenced by the flow path of the Yellow River, with rece展开更多
Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the foll...Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the following questions： How has watershed management evolved？ What new tools are available and how can they be integrated into sustainable watershed management？ To address these questions, we discuss the process of developing integrated watershed management strategies for sustainable manage- ment through the incorporation of adaptive management techniques and traditional ecological knowledge. We address the numerous benefits from integration acrossdisciplines and jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the incorporation of technological advancements, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and multi-level social-eco- logical systems analysis, into watershed management strategies. We use three case studies from China, Europe, and Canada to review the success and failure of integrated watershed management in addressing different ecological, social, and economic dilemmas in geographically diverse locations. Although progress has been made in watershed management strategies, there are still numerous issues impeding successful management outcomes; many of which can be remedied through holistic management approaches, incorporation of cutting-edge science and technology, and cross-jurisdictional coordination. We conclude by high- lighting that future watershed management will need to account for climate change impacts by employing techno- logical advancements and holistic, cross-disciplinary approaches to ensure watersheds continue to serve their ecological, social, and economic functions. We present three case studies in this paper as a valuable resource for scientists, resource managers, government agencies, and other stakeholders aiming to improve integrated watershed management strategies and more efficiently and successfully achieve ecological and socio-economic management objectives.展开更多
As a new type of heritage, Agricultural Heritage Systems(AHS), represented by Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) designated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)and Natio...As a new type of heritage, Agricultural Heritage Systems(AHS), represented by Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) designated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)and Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(NIAHS) designated by some countries’ Ministry of Agriculture, are typical Social-Ecological Systems(SES), which usually are rich in biodiversity, traditional knowledge,resource utilization technology and outstanding cultural landscapes. Cultural Keystone Species(CKS) are defined as the culturally salient species that shape the cultural identity of a people in a major way. CKS can be used as a prominent tool for the synergistic conservation of SES biology and culture, and to promote the overall enhancement of system functions. This paper summarizes a review of the definition of the CKS and its application in SES conservation. According to the characteristics and protection needs of AHS, this paper defined the CKS in AHS as:“Composites of biological resources and cultural practices, which have a significant impact on the stability of local society and culture systems, contribute to the achievement of AHS’ conservation goals.” Based on this definition,we analyzed the significance of the identification of CKS in AHS. First of all, CKS help to quickly identify the key elements of AHS. Secondly, CKS can promote community participation in the conservation and development of AHS. In addition, the identification of CKS has a significant role in food and livelihood security, biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge and technology transmission, social organization maintenance, and cultural landscape maintenance in AHS, which helps to achieve the conservation goals of GIAHS and/or NIAHS.展开更多
Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, int...Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV(Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City's SESs vulnerability is "high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall". Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk.(2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.展开更多
Given certain reactions to the ecological crisis as part of the multiple crisis of capitalism （like the so-called energy transition in Germany）, a new mode of development might emerge which can be called green capit...Given certain reactions to the ecological crisis as part of the multiple crisis of capitalism （like the so-called energy transition in Germany）, a new mode of development might emerge which can be called green capitalism. This would shift the terrain of social critique and emancipatory social struggles. The paper introduces the debate on ＂social-ecological transformation＂ which emerged as a radical part of a more comprehensive debate on ＂great＂ or ＂societal transformation＂ and high- lights its core issues： the issue of a necessary attractive mode of production and living for all, the role of pioneers of change and changing political and economic institutions, the acknowledgment of shifting social practices, the requirement for alternative imaginaries or ＂stories＂ of a good life as part of a contested process which is called ＂futuring.＂ As an example for alternative imaginaries, the current debate on ＂degrowth＂ is outlined and evaluated. The second part of the paper focuses more concretely on issues around the formation and existence of a global green-left. After mentioning a crucial problem for any global alternative--i.e., the structural feature of economic and geopolitical competition which historically divided the global Left and pulled it into compromises at national or regional scales--four requirements or characteristics of a global green-left are highlighted： to weaken and change capitalistically driven competition and competitiveness, to push a social-ecological transformation in democratic ways and not at the back ofordinary people （like conservative and liberal proposals for transformation tend to do）, to link more systematically green issues with labor issues and, finally, to transform the overall dispositive of political action from a ＂distributive＂ to a ＂transformative Left.＂ One dimension of such an enhancement, it is concluded, is a broader understanding of the ＂economy＂ itself by acknowledging the demands and achievements of a ＂care revolution＂ w展开更多
The complexity of social-ecological systems(SES) is rooted in the outcomes of node activities connected by network topology. Thus far, in network dynamics research, the connectivity degree(CND), indicating how many no...The complexity of social-ecological systems(SES) is rooted in the outcomes of node activities connected by network topology. Thus far, in network dynamics research, the connectivity degree(CND), indicating how many nodes are connected to a given node, has been the dominant concept. However, connectivity focuses only on network topology, neglecting the crucial relation to node activities, and thereby leaving system outcomes largely unexplained. Inspired by the phenomenon of ‘‘consensus of wills and coordination of activities' ' often observed in disaster risk management, we propose a new concept of network characteristic, the consilience degree(CSD),aiming to measure the way in which network topology and node activities together contribute to system outcomes. The CSD captures the fact that nodes may assume different states that make their activities more or less compatible.Connecting two nodes with in/compatible states will lead to outcomes that are un/desirable from the perspective of the SES in question. We mathematically prove that the CSD is a generalized CND, and the CND is a special case of CSD. As a general, fundamental concept, the CSD can facilitate the development of a new framework of network properties, models, and theories that allows us to understand patterns of network behavior that cannot be explained in terms of connectivity alone. We further demonstrate that a co-evolutionary mechanism can naturally improve the CSD. Given the generality of co-evolution in SES, we argue that the CSD is an inherent attribute rather than an artificial concept, which underpins the fundamental importance of the CSD to the study of SES.展开更多
The establishment and management of protected areas(PAs)often involve modifying traditional land use rights and changing the production and living activities of locals,which can lead to changes in the factors that dri...The establishment and management of protected areas(PAs)often involve modifying traditional land use rights and changing the production and living activities of locals,which can lead to changes in the factors that drive land use transitions.Our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of land use transition and the contributions of social-ecological drivers remains incomplete.In this study,we focused on the Yarlung Zangbu Grand Canyon National Park and examined how social-ecological factors influence land use transitions by developing a theoretical model of land use transitions within PAs.Our findings revealed that cropland,shrubland,grassland,and wetland experienced net losses in area,while forestland,water,ice/snow,barren land,and impervious land exhibited fluctuating growth patterns from 1985 to 2020.The net decrease in grassland was 157425.60 ha,while the net increase in forest was 140709.20 ha.The quality of land habitat increased from 0.5158 to 0.6656.Land use dominant and recessive transitions displayed varying spatial characteristics and scales across different time periods.In particular,the degree of influence of policy factors on land use dominant transition declined from 0.0800 in 1985-1990 to -0.0432 in 2010-2020,while its influence on land use recessive transition declined from 0.00058 in 1985-1990 to 0 in 2010-2020.The results show that social-ecological factors intricately influenced different types of land use transitions,leading to a shift from a balanced state to a new equilibrium.These results enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and complex dynamics of land use transitions within PAs,providing insights and practical implications for effective land management in PAs by considering the land-human relationships.展开更多
Karst regions are the typical areas of interaction between human society and natural ecosystems.Understanding the historical mechanisms of the evolution of social-ecological systems(SES)is crucial for the future susta...Karst regions are the typical areas of interaction between human society and natural ecosystems.Understanding the historical mechanisms of the evolution of social-ecological systems(SES)is crucial for the future sustainable management of karst regions.This study selected Guangxi,a typical karst mountainous region in Southwest China,as the study area,and used population,cropland area,and forest coverage as the SES elements.Based on the framework of SES research in the karst region,it adopted segmented linear regression to identify the stages of the interactions among these elements,to reveal the evolutionary stages of social development from the long-term perspective.In addition,the driving factor indicators were constructed from the aspects of natural environment,social development,government policy,and climate change,and then the feedback changes brought about by the evolution were investigated.The results show that the evolution of SES in Guangxi from 1363-2020 can be divided into seven stages.In the first,second,and early period of the third stages,the government of Guangxi mainly focused on agricultural activities,although the only way to meet the growing demand for food was by expanding the area of cropland,and the timber trade’s pursuit of economic development,resulting in an increase in rocky desertification.In the fourth stage,the ecological environment improved under the implementation of measures such as the control of rocky desertification and the compensation of forest ecological benefits.After the fifth stage,the effect of rocky desertification control has been remarkable.Although the implementation of relevant policies has alleviated the environmental problems to some extent,the continual changes in the structure and function of SES can challenge further progress towards sustainability in karst regions.This study aims to provide a reference for the long-term national spatial planning and the development of environmental policies in karst regions.展开更多
Ecological restoration policies and their implementation are influenced by ecological and socioeconomic drivers.Top-down approach-based spatial planning,emphasizing hierarchical control within government structures,an...Ecological restoration policies and their implementation are influenced by ecological and socioeconomic drivers.Top-down approach-based spatial planning,emphasizing hierarchical control within government structures,and without a comprehensive consideration of social–ecological interactions may result in implementation failure and low efficiency.Although many researchers have indicated the necessity to engage social–ecological interactions between stakeholders in effective planning processes,socioeconomic drivers of ecological restoration on a large scale are difficult to quantify because of data scarcity and knowledge limitations.Here,we established a new ecological restoration planning approach linking a social–ecological system framework to large-scale ecological restoration planning.The new spatial planning approach integrates bottom-up approaches targeting stakeholder interests and provides social considerations for stakeholder behavior analysis.Based on this approach,a meta-analysis is introduced to recognize key socioeconomic and social–ecological factors influencing large-scale ecological restoration implementation,and a stochastic model is constructed to analyze the impact of socioeconomic drivers on the behavior of authorities and participants on a large scale.We used the Yangtze River Basin-based Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program(CCFP),one of the largest payments for ecosystem service programs worldwide,to quantify the socioeconomic impacts of large-scale ecological restoration programs.Current CCFP planning without socioeconomic considerations failed to achieve large-scale program goals and showed low investment efficiency,with 19.71% of the implemented area reconverting to cropland after contract expiry.In contrast,spatial matching between planned and actual restoration increased from 61.55% to 81.86% when socioeconomic drivers were included.In addition,compared to that with the current CCFP implementation,the cost effectiveness of spatial planning with social considerations improved by展开更多
The Hexi Inland River Basin in an arid region of northwestern China was chosen as the study area for this research. The authors define the vulnerability of an oasis social-ecological system to glacier change; select 1...The Hexi Inland River Basin in an arid region of northwestern China was chosen as the study area for this research. The authors define the vulnerability of an oasis social-ecological system to glacier change; select 16 indicators from natural and socioeconomic systems according to exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; and construct a vulnerability-assessment indicator system aimed at an inland river basin in the arid region of Northwestern China. Vulnerability of the oasis socialecological system affected by glacier change in the study area is evaluated by Spatial Principal Component Analysis(SPCA) under the circumstance of glacier change. The key factors affecting the vulnerability are analyzed. The vulnerability of the oasis social-ecological system in the Hexi Inland River Basin affected by glacier change is of more than medium grade, accounting for about 48.0% of the total number of counties in the study area. In terms of the spatial pattern of the vulnerability, the oasis economic belt is the most vulnerable. With the rapid development of the area's society and economy, the exposure of the system to glacial changes is significantly increased; and an increase in glacial meltwater is not enough to overcome the impact of increased exposure, which is the main reason for the high vulnerability. Based on the result of the vulnerability analysis and combined with the present industrial structure in the Hexi Inland River Basin, near-,medium-, and long-term adaptation initiatives are put forward in the article.展开更多
To optimize the overall layout of water resource allocation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the adaptabil‐ity of the water resource system to the regional social-ecological systems has to be enhanced.Based on the...To optimize the overall layout of water resource allocation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the adaptabil‐ity of the water resource system to the regional social-ecological systems has to be enhanced.Based on the driver-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework,this study constructs an evaluation index system to analyze the adaptability mechanisms of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’s water resource system according to the three major constituent social-ecological systems(i.e.,economic,social,and ecological systems).Moreover,it adopts the technique of order preference similarity to the ideal solution(TOPSIS)to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’s water resource system based on three constituent social-ecological systems(i.e.,economic,social,and ecological systems)and identifies the spatiotemporal differentiation char‐acteristics of the region.Our results showed that,①from 2000 to 2020,the adaptability of Beijing-Tianjin Hebei’s water resource system,as a whole,significantly improved.In terms of stages,from 2000 to 2007,the adaptability of the water resource social system was significantly higher than that of economic and ecological systems in the region.From 2008 to 2015,by accelerating the transformation and upgrading of industrial structures,improving the efficiency of economic water utilization,and strengthening the governance of the water ecosystem,the adaptability of water resource economic and ecological systems rapidly improved;how‐ever,that of the water resource ecological system was still the lowest.Additionally,the adaptability of the wa‐ter resource economic system exceeded that of the social system.From 2016 to 2020,the gap in adaptability of the water resource system to all three major constituent systems gradually narrowed.By 2020,the three sys‐tems entered a relatively balanced development stage,with the adaptability of the entire water resource system and the three major constituent systems maintaining a high level.②The economic system was signific展开更多
Objectives:(1)To evaluate how ecosystem services may be utilized to either reinforce or fracture the planning and development practices that emerged from segregation and eco-nomic exclusion;(2)To survey the current st...Objectives:(1)To evaluate how ecosystem services may be utilized to either reinforce or fracture the planning and development practices that emerged from segregation and eco-nomic exclusion;(2)To survey the current state of ecosystem service assessments and synthesize a growing number of recommendations from the literature for renovating ecosys-tem service analyses.Methods:Utilizing current maps of ecosystem service distribution in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality,South Africa,we considered how a democratized process of assessing ecosys-tem services will produce a more nuanced representation of diverse values in society and capture heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and function.Results:We propose interventions for assessing ecosystem services that are inclusive of a broad range of stakeholders'values and result in actual quantification of social and ecological processes.We demonstrate how to operationalize a pluralistic framework for ecosystem service assessments.Conclusion:A democratized approach to ecosystem service assessments is a reimagined path to rescuing a poorly implemented concept and designing and managing future social-ecological systems that benefit people and support ecosystem integrity.It is the responsi-bility of scientists who do ecosystem services research to embrace more complex,pluralistic frameworks so that sound and inclusive scientific information is utilized in decision-making.展开更多
Background:Cities are social-ecological systems characterized by remarkably high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which are closely related to myriad urban problems.However,the tools to map and quantify this heterog...Background:Cities are social-ecological systems characterized by remarkably high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which are closely related to myriad urban problems.However,the tools to map and quantify this heterogeneity are lacking.We here developed a new three-level classification scheme,by considering ecosystem types(level 1),urban function zones(level 2),and land cover elements(level 3),to map and quantify the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes.Methods:We applied the scheme using an object-based approach for classification using very high spatial resolution imagery and a vector layer of building location and characteristics.We used a top-down classification procedure by conducting the classification in the order of ecosystem types,function zones,and land cover elements.The classification of the lower level was based on the results of the higher level.We used an objectbased methodology to carry out the three-level classification.Results:We found that the urban ecosystem type accounted for 45.3%of the land within the Shenzhen city administrative boundary.Within the urban ecosystem type,residential and industrial zones were the main zones,accounting for 38.4%and 33.8%,respectively.Tree canopy was the dominant element in Shenzhen city,accounting for 55.6%over all ecosystem types,which includes agricultural and forest.However,in the urban ecosystem type,the proportion of tree canopy was only 22.6%because most trees were distributed in the forest ecosystem type.The proportion of trees was 23.2% in industrial zones,2.2%higher than that in residential zones.That information“hidden”in the usual statistical summaries scaled to the entire administrative unit of Shenzhen has great potential for improving urban management.Conclusions:This paper has taken the theoretical understanding of urban spatial heterogeneity and used it to generate a classification scheme that exploits remotely sensed imagery,infrastructural data available at a municipal level,and object-based spatial analysis.For effectiv展开更多
In the context of social and economic transformation in rural China,ecosystem disservices have emerged frequently.This study reveals the spatiotemporal patterns,hazards and driving factors of wild boar damage from 200...In the context of social and economic transformation in rural China,ecosystem disservices have emerged frequently.This study reveals the spatiotemporal patterns,hazards and driving factors of wild boar damage from 2000 to 2021 by using the meta-analysis and collecting 733 typical human and wild boar conflicts.In this period,the number,spatial scope and hazard degree of wild boar damage incidents showed an increasing trend,and the number of provincial-level regions,prefecture-level cities and districts(counties)involved increased from 18,41 and 67 to 25,147 and 399,respectively.Wild boar damage incidents were concentrated in Chongqing municipality and central and western Hubei province before 2005,and then expanded to the Sichuan Basin,Loess Plateau,middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River and mountainous areas such as Changbai Mountains after 2015.The main manifestations were destroying crops,infringing poultry and causing casualties,especially the destruction of crops and farmland abandonment,accompanied by a rapid increase in casualties,accounting for 23.66% of the damage incidents.Meanwhile,the spreading trend and harmfulness of wild boar damage is a typical phenomenon of ecosystem disservices.The aggravation of this phenomenon is the result of ecological restoration,hunting ban policy,unclear boundary between agricultural land and ecological land,strong viability of wild boar and lack of natural enemies.This has posed an obvious threat to the use of abandoned farmland,the improvement of farmers’livelihood and the maintenance of regional ecological security.It is urgent to formulate a policy of controlling the number of wild boars and establish a compensation mechanism for the loss by wild boars.展开更多
Here I discuss Central and Eastern European(CEE)countries as a region undergoing rapid change,resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and admission of some of the states into the European Union.These events br...Here I discuss Central and Eastern European(CEE)countries as a region undergoing rapid change,resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and admission of some of the states into the European Union.These events brought changes in governance and ecosystem management,triggering impacts on land use and biodiversity.What are some of the policy options toward sustainability in the face of these political,governance,and socioeconomic changes?Some policy considerations for ecosystem management and sustainability include taking a social-ecological systems approach to integrate biophysical subsystems and social subsystems;paying attention to institutions relevant to shared resources(commons)management;and using resilience theory to study change and guidance for governance.Documented experience in CEE seems to indicate shortcomings for both the centralized state management option and the purely market-driven option for ecosystem management.If so,a“smart mix”of state regulations,market incentives,and self-governance using local commons institutions may be the most promising policy option to foster ecosystem stewardship at multiple levels from local to international.展开更多
The purpose of this contribution is to lay down a preparatory groundwork for an ontology of ecosystem services in the setting of agroecosystems viewed as social-ecological systems. This ontology aims at defining a set...The purpose of this contribution is to lay down a preparatory groundwork for an ontology of ecosystem services in the setting of agroecosystems viewed as social-ecological systems. This ontology aims at defining a set of representational primitives with which to model agroecosystems, through the prism of ecosystem service flows to and from agriculture. It helps delineate between biophysical structures, processes, functions, and ecosystem services. On the human side of agroecosystems, the ontology includes a conceptualization of the behaviors that govern the management of ecosystem services at different levels. It strengthens the existing analytic basis of multidisciplinary research on ecosystem services in agroecosystems by prompting modelers to stick to a homogeneous dynamic-system decomposition of the target agroecosystem. Most importantly, it provides the conceptual link between biophysical research on ecosystem services and equally important considerations on cognitive and social aspects involved in agricultural and landscape-level decisions that aim at implementing agroecological principles.展开更多
基金Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41590842,No.41801164China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2018M630196。
文摘Understanding the interactions between humans and nature in the Anthropocene is central to the quest for both human wellbeing and global sustainability.However,the time-space compression,long range interactions,and reconstruction of socio-economic structures at the global scale all pose great challenges to the traditional analytical frameworks of human-nature systems.In this paper,we extend the connotation of coupled human and natural systems(CHANS)and their four dimensions—space,time,appearance,and organization,and propose a novel framework:“Coupled Human and Natural Cube”(CHNC)to explain the coupling mechanism between humans and the natural environment.Our proposition is inspired by theories based on the human-earth areal system,telecoupling framework,planetary urbanization,and perspectives from complexity science.We systematically introduce the concept,connotation,evolution rules,and analytical dimensions of the CHNC.Notably there exist various“coupling lines”in the CHNC,connecting different systems and elements at multiple scales and forming a large,nested,interconnected,organic system.The rotation of the CHNC represents spatiotemporal nonlinear fluctuations in CHANS in different regions.As a system continually exchanges energy with the environment,a critical phase transition occurs when fluctuations reach a certain threshold,leading to emergent behavior of the system.The CHNC has four dimensions—pericoupling and telecoupling,syncoupling and lagcoupling,apparent coupling and hidden coupling,and intra-organization coupling and inter-organizational coupling.We mainly focus on the theoretical connotation,research methods,and typical cases of telecoupling,lagcoupling,hidden coupling,and inter-organizational coupling,and put forward a human-nature coupling matrix to integrate multiple dimensions.In summary,the CHNC provides a more comprehensive and systematic research paradigm for understanding the evolution and coupling mechanism of the human-nature system,which expands the analytical dimension of CHA
基金Support was provided by the National Science Foundation through the Urban Sustainability Research Coordination Network (Grant No. 1140070), the Central Arizona- Phoenix Long- Term Ecological Research Program (Grant No. 1026865), and the Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long- Term Ecological Research Program (Grant No. 1027188). MJM was supported by the Baker Foundation. STAP thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences for a Visiting Professorship for International Scientists in 2014, and a Visiting Guest Professorship at the Research Center for Eco- Environmental Sciences, during which the key por-tions of this paper were developed. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
文摘The contrast between ecology in cities and ecology of cities has emphasized the increasing scope of urban ecosystem research.Ecology in focuses on terrestrial and aquatic patches within cities,suburbs,and exurbs as analogs of non-urban habitats.Urban fabric outside analog patches is considered to be inhospi-table matrix.Ecology of the city differs from ecology in by treating entire urban mosaics as social-ecolog-ical systems.Ecology of urban ecosystems incorporates biological,social,and built components.Originally posed as a metaphor to visualize disciplinary evolution,this paper suggests that the contrast has conceptual,empirical,and methodological contents.That is,the contrast constitutes a disciplinary or“local”paradigm shift.The paradigm change between ecology in and ecology of represents increased complexity,moving from focus on biotic communities to holistic social-ecological systems.A third paradigm,ecology for the city,has emerged due to concern for urban sustainability.While ecology for includes the knowledge generated by both ecology in and ecology of,it considers researchers as a part of the system,and acknowledges that they may help envision and advance the social goals of urban sustainability.Using urban heterogeneity as a key urban feature,the three paradigms are shown to contrast in five important ways:disciplinary focus,the relevant theory of spatial heterogeneity,the technology for representing spatial structure,the resulting classification of urban mosaics,and the nature of application to sustainability.Ecology for the city encourages ecologists to engage with other specialists and urban dwellers to shape a more sustainable urban future.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41602356)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M622240)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province(No.GG201712050002)Geological Exploration Fund of Shandong Province(No.2013(55),2016(7))Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals Open Fund(No.DMSM2018024)
文摘Coastal regions are threatened by natural processes, such as erosion driven by storm surges and the effect of jetties, as well as by human behavior. The coastline of the Yellow River Delta(YRD) was monitored using the general high-tide line method, which combines Remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS) technology, using multi-spectral scanner(MSS), thematic mapper(TM), and enhanced thematic mapper plus(ETM+) images of the YRD from 1976 to 2014 as a data source. The results demonstrated that the shape and length of the YRD coastline has changed dramatically since 1976. The course of the Diaokouhe channel has resulted in mainly inland erosion in the north, and is primarily marine erosion; therefore, it was termed an erosion-type estuary. However, the coastline of the Qingshuigou course has moved seaward, demonstrating an accretion stage, and was therefore termed an accretion-type estuary. The coastline advanced forward before 1997 and shrank after 2003 in the southern part of the river mouth, which was due to the shift in the river mouth in 1996. It has continually extended outward in the northern part of the river mouth from 2003 onward. The coastline in the southern part of the river mouth has moved randomly, with the occurrence of both erosion and sedimentation caused by land reclamation and sea wave intrusion. In most cases, the coastline has extended offshore, especially in the northern part of the river mouth. The YRD coastline has changed frequently and rapidly from 1992 to 2014. The river mouth channel, river water and sediments, and precipitation were the major factors affecting the YRD. The YRD coastline was mainly in an accretion stage during flow periods. The erosion rate decreased and tended to be stable during a dry period. The coastline was basically stable when dry periods occurred over a long period. The location of Yellow River ports and sea erosion were the main factors driving coastline changes. The coastline was mainly influenced by the flow path of the Yellow River, with rece
基金supported by Canadian SSHRC Standard Research Grant:entitled ‘‘Application of sustainable forest management in a culturally modified landscape’’the Asia–Pacific Forests Network’s project entitled‘‘Adaptation of Asia–Pacific Forests to Climate Change’’(APFNET/2010/FPF/001)
文摘Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the following questions： How has watershed management evolved？ What new tools are available and how can they be integrated into sustainable watershed management？ To address these questions, we discuss the process of developing integrated watershed management strategies for sustainable manage- ment through the incorporation of adaptive management techniques and traditional ecological knowledge. We address the numerous benefits from integration acrossdisciplines and jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the incorporation of technological advancements, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and multi-level social-eco- logical systems analysis, into watershed management strategies. We use three case studies from China, Europe, and Canada to review the success and failure of integrated watershed management in addressing different ecological, social, and economic dilemmas in geographically diverse locations. Although progress has been made in watershed management strategies, there are still numerous issues impeding successful management outcomes; many of which can be remedied through holistic management approaches, incorporation of cutting-edge science and technology, and cross-jurisdictional coordination. We conclude by high- lighting that future watershed management will need to account for climate change impacts by employing techno- logical advancements and holistic, cross-disciplinary approaches to ensure watersheds continue to serve their ecological, social, and economic functions. We present three case studies in this paper as a valuable resource for scientists, resource managers, government agencies, and other stakeholders aiming to improve integrated watershed management strategies and more efficiently and successfully achieve ecological and socio-economic management objectives.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA23100203)。
文摘As a new type of heritage, Agricultural Heritage Systems(AHS), represented by Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) designated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)and Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(NIAHS) designated by some countries’ Ministry of Agriculture, are typical Social-Ecological Systems(SES), which usually are rich in biodiversity, traditional knowledge,resource utilization technology and outstanding cultural landscapes. Cultural Keystone Species(CKS) are defined as the culturally salient species that shape the cultural identity of a people in a major way. CKS can be used as a prominent tool for the synergistic conservation of SES biology and culture, and to promote the overall enhancement of system functions. This paper summarizes a review of the definition of the CKS and its application in SES conservation. According to the characteristics and protection needs of AHS, this paper defined the CKS in AHS as:“Composites of biological resources and cultural practices, which have a significant impact on the stability of local society and culture systems, contribute to the achievement of AHS’ conservation goals.” Based on this definition,we analyzed the significance of the identification of CKS in AHS. First of all, CKS help to quickly identify the key elements of AHS. Secondly, CKS can promote community participation in the conservation and development of AHS. In addition, the identification of CKS has a significant role in food and livelihood security, biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge and technology transmission, social organization maintenance, and cultural landscape maintenance in AHS, which helps to achieve the conservation goals of GIAHS and/or NIAHS.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571163Northwest University Doctorate Dissertation of Excellence Funds,No.YYB17016
文摘Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV(Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City's SESs vulnerability is "high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall". Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk.(2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.
文摘Given certain reactions to the ecological crisis as part of the multiple crisis of capitalism （like the so-called energy transition in Germany）, a new mode of development might emerge which can be called green capitalism. This would shift the terrain of social critique and emancipatory social struggles. The paper introduces the debate on ＂social-ecological transformation＂ which emerged as a radical part of a more comprehensive debate on ＂great＂ or ＂societal transformation＂ and high- lights its core issues： the issue of a necessary attractive mode of production and living for all, the role of pioneers of change and changing political and economic institutions, the acknowledgment of shifting social practices, the requirement for alternative imaginaries or ＂stories＂ of a good life as part of a contested process which is called ＂futuring.＂ As an example for alternative imaginaries, the current debate on ＂degrowth＂ is outlined and evaluated. The second part of the paper focuses more concretely on issues around the formation and existence of a global green-left. After mentioning a crucial problem for any global alternative--i.e., the structural feature of economic and geopolitical competition which historically divided the global Left and pulled it into compromises at national or regional scales--four requirements or characteristics of a global green-left are highlighted： to weaken and change capitalistically driven competition and competitiveness, to push a social-ecological transformation in democratic ways and not at the back ofordinary people （like conservative and liberal proposals for transformation tend to do）, to link more systematically green issues with labor issues and, finally, to transform the overall dispositive of political action from a ＂distributive＂ to a ＂transformative Left.＂ One dimension of such an enhancement, it is concluded, is a broader understanding of the ＂economy＂ itself by acknowledging the demands and achievements of a ＂care revolution＂ w
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Programme (Grant No. 2016YFA0602404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61472041)
文摘The complexity of social-ecological systems(SES) is rooted in the outcomes of node activities connected by network topology. Thus far, in network dynamics research, the connectivity degree(CND), indicating how many nodes are connected to a given node, has been the dominant concept. However, connectivity focuses only on network topology, neglecting the crucial relation to node activities, and thereby leaving system outcomes largely unexplained. Inspired by the phenomenon of ‘‘consensus of wills and coordination of activities' ' often observed in disaster risk management, we propose a new concept of network characteristic, the consilience degree(CSD),aiming to measure the way in which network topology and node activities together contribute to system outcomes. The CSD captures the fact that nodes may assume different states that make their activities more or less compatible.Connecting two nodes with in/compatible states will lead to outcomes that are un/desirable from the perspective of the SES in question. We mathematically prove that the CSD is a generalized CND, and the CND is a special case of CSD. As a general, fundamental concept, the CSD can facilitate the development of a new framework of network properties, models, and theories that allows us to understand patterns of network behavior that cannot be explained in terms of connectivity alone. We further demonstrate that a co-evolutionary mechanism can naturally improve the CSD. Given the generality of co-evolution in SES, we argue that the CSD is an inherent attribute rather than an artificial concept, which underpins the fundamental importance of the CSD to the study of SES.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20020302)The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expeditionand Research Program(2019QZKK0406).
文摘The establishment and management of protected areas(PAs)often involve modifying traditional land use rights and changing the production and living activities of locals,which can lead to changes in the factors that drive land use transitions.Our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of land use transition and the contributions of social-ecological drivers remains incomplete.In this study,we focused on the Yarlung Zangbu Grand Canyon National Park and examined how social-ecological factors influence land use transitions by developing a theoretical model of land use transitions within PAs.Our findings revealed that cropland,shrubland,grassland,and wetland experienced net losses in area,while forestland,water,ice/snow,barren land,and impervious land exhibited fluctuating growth patterns from 1985 to 2020.The net decrease in grassland was 157425.60 ha,while the net increase in forest was 140709.20 ha.The quality of land habitat increased from 0.5158 to 0.6656.Land use dominant and recessive transitions displayed varying spatial characteristics and scales across different time periods.In particular,the degree of influence of policy factors on land use dominant transition declined from 0.0800 in 1985-1990 to -0.0432 in 2010-2020,while its influence on land use recessive transition declined from 0.00058 in 1985-1990 to 0 in 2010-2020.The results show that social-ecological factors intricately influenced different types of land use transitions,leading to a shift from a balanced state to a new equilibrium.These results enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and complex dynamics of land use transitions within PAs,providing insights and practical implications for effective land management in PAs by considering the land-human relationships.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province,China(ZK[2023]ZHONGDIAN 027)The Science and Technology Innovation BaseConstruction Project of Guizhou Province(QKHZYD[2023]005).
文摘Karst regions are the typical areas of interaction between human society and natural ecosystems.Understanding the historical mechanisms of the evolution of social-ecological systems(SES)is crucial for the future sustainable management of karst regions.This study selected Guangxi,a typical karst mountainous region in Southwest China,as the study area,and used population,cropland area,and forest coverage as the SES elements.Based on the framework of SES research in the karst region,it adopted segmented linear regression to identify the stages of the interactions among these elements,to reveal the evolutionary stages of social development from the long-term perspective.In addition,the driving factor indicators were constructed from the aspects of natural environment,social development,government policy,and climate change,and then the feedback changes brought about by the evolution were investigated.The results show that the evolution of SES in Guangxi from 1363-2020 can be divided into seven stages.In the first,second,and early period of the third stages,the government of Guangxi mainly focused on agricultural activities,although the only way to meet the growing demand for food was by expanding the area of cropland,and the timber trade’s pursuit of economic development,resulting in an increase in rocky desertification.In the fourth stage,the ecological environment improved under the implementation of measures such as the control of rocky desertification and the compensation of forest ecological benefits.After the fifth stage,the effect of rocky desertification control has been remarkable.Although the implementation of relevant policies has alleviated the environmental problems to some extent,the continual changes in the structure and function of SES can challenge further progress towards sustainability in karst regions.This study aims to provide a reference for the long-term national spatial planning and the development of environmental policies in karst regions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925005 and 72022014)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0307)。
文摘Ecological restoration policies and their implementation are influenced by ecological and socioeconomic drivers.Top-down approach-based spatial planning,emphasizing hierarchical control within government structures,and without a comprehensive consideration of social–ecological interactions may result in implementation failure and low efficiency.Although many researchers have indicated the necessity to engage social–ecological interactions between stakeholders in effective planning processes,socioeconomic drivers of ecological restoration on a large scale are difficult to quantify because of data scarcity and knowledge limitations.Here,we established a new ecological restoration planning approach linking a social–ecological system framework to large-scale ecological restoration planning.The new spatial planning approach integrates bottom-up approaches targeting stakeholder interests and provides social considerations for stakeholder behavior analysis.Based on this approach,a meta-analysis is introduced to recognize key socioeconomic and social–ecological factors influencing large-scale ecological restoration implementation,and a stochastic model is constructed to analyze the impact of socioeconomic drivers on the behavior of authorities and participants on a large scale.We used the Yangtze River Basin-based Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program(CCFP),one of the largest payments for ecosystem service programs worldwide,to quantify the socioeconomic impacts of large-scale ecological restoration programs.Current CCFP planning without socioeconomic considerations failed to achieve large-scale program goals and showed low investment efficiency,with 19.71% of the implemented area reconverting to cropland after contract expiry.In contrast,spatial matching between planned and actual restoration increased from 61.55% to 81.86% when socioeconomic drivers were included.In addition,compared to that with the current CCFP implementation,the cost effectiveness of spatial planning with social considerations improved by
基金supported by the Global Change Research Program of China (2013CBA01808)the China National Natural Science Foundation (41271088)
文摘The Hexi Inland River Basin in an arid region of northwestern China was chosen as the study area for this research. The authors define the vulnerability of an oasis social-ecological system to glacier change; select 16 indicators from natural and socioeconomic systems according to exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; and construct a vulnerability-assessment indicator system aimed at an inland river basin in the arid region of Northwestern China. Vulnerability of the oasis socialecological system affected by glacier change in the study area is evaluated by Spatial Principal Component Analysis(SPCA) under the circumstance of glacier change. The key factors affecting the vulnerability are analyzed. The vulnerability of the oasis social-ecological system in the Hexi Inland River Basin affected by glacier change is of more than medium grade, accounting for about 48.0% of the total number of counties in the study area. In terms of the spatial pattern of the vulnerability, the oasis economic belt is the most vulnerable. With the rapid development of the area's society and economy, the exposure of the system to glacial changes is significantly increased; and an increase in glacial meltwater is not enough to overcome the impact of increased exposure, which is the main reason for the high vulnerability. Based on the result of the vulnerability analysis and combined with the present industrial structure in the Hexi Inland River Basin, near-,medium-, and long-term adaptation initiatives are put forward in the article.
基金This paper was supported by the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education“Research on the optimal adapt‐ability of basin initial water rights and industrial structures under the rigid constraints of water resource”[Grant number:21YJCZH176]Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China“Research on Bi-directional optimal adaptability of water resource and indus‐trial structures under the coordinated development of the Beijing Tianjin-Hebei region”[Grant number:9202005].
文摘To optimize the overall layout of water resource allocation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the adaptabil‐ity of the water resource system to the regional social-ecological systems has to be enhanced.Based on the driver-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework,this study constructs an evaluation index system to analyze the adaptability mechanisms of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’s water resource system according to the three major constituent social-ecological systems(i.e.,economic,social,and ecological systems).Moreover,it adopts the technique of order preference similarity to the ideal solution(TOPSIS)to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’s water resource system based on three constituent social-ecological systems(i.e.,economic,social,and ecological systems)and identifies the spatiotemporal differentiation char‐acteristics of the region.Our results showed that,①from 2000 to 2020,the adaptability of Beijing-Tianjin Hebei’s water resource system,as a whole,significantly improved.In terms of stages,from 2000 to 2007,the adaptability of the water resource social system was significantly higher than that of economic and ecological systems in the region.From 2008 to 2015,by accelerating the transformation and upgrading of industrial structures,improving the efficiency of economic water utilization,and strengthening the governance of the water ecosystem,the adaptability of water resource economic and ecological systems rapidly improved;how‐ever,that of the water resource ecological system was still the lowest.Additionally,the adaptability of the wa‐ter resource economic system exceeded that of the social system.From 2016 to 2020,the gap in adaptability of the water resource system to all three major constituent systems gradually narrowed.By 2020,the three sys‐tems entered a relatively balanced development stage,with the adaptability of the entire water resource system and the three major constituent systems maintaining a high level.②The economic system was signific
基金STAP and DLC are each grateful for a Fulbright Specialist Grant(6330:20905,20822)for hospitality shown by DNB and the faculty and staff of the University of the Witwatersrand's Rural Facility.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.RCN 1140070.
文摘Objectives:(1)To evaluate how ecosystem services may be utilized to either reinforce or fracture the planning and development practices that emerged from segregation and eco-nomic exclusion;(2)To survey the current state of ecosystem service assessments and synthesize a growing number of recommendations from the literature for renovating ecosys-tem service analyses.Methods:Utilizing current maps of ecosystem service distribution in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality,South Africa,we considered how a democratized process of assessing ecosys-tem services will produce a more nuanced representation of diverse values in society and capture heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and function.Results:We propose interventions for assessing ecosystem services that are inclusive of a broad range of stakeholders'values and result in actual quantification of social and ecological processes.We demonstrate how to operationalize a pluralistic framework for ecosystem service assessments.Conclusion:A democratized approach to ecosystem service assessments is a reimagined path to rescuing a poorly implemented concept and designing and managing future social-ecological systems that benefit people and support ecosystem integrity.It is the responsi-bility of scientists who do ecosystem services research to embrace more complex,pluralistic frameworks so that sound and inclusive scientific information is utilized in decision-making.
基金This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0505801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41771203 and 41601180)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Ecological Environment Bureau(Grant No.SZCG2018161498)the Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center(Grant No.SZCG2018161442 and SZCG2017158233).
文摘Background:Cities are social-ecological systems characterized by remarkably high spatial and temporal heterogeneity,which are closely related to myriad urban problems.However,the tools to map and quantify this heterogeneity are lacking.We here developed a new three-level classification scheme,by considering ecosystem types(level 1),urban function zones(level 2),and land cover elements(level 3),to map and quantify the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes.Methods:We applied the scheme using an object-based approach for classification using very high spatial resolution imagery and a vector layer of building location and characteristics.We used a top-down classification procedure by conducting the classification in the order of ecosystem types,function zones,and land cover elements.The classification of the lower level was based on the results of the higher level.We used an objectbased methodology to carry out the three-level classification.Results:We found that the urban ecosystem type accounted for 45.3%of the land within the Shenzhen city administrative boundary.Within the urban ecosystem type,residential and industrial zones were the main zones,accounting for 38.4%and 33.8%,respectively.Tree canopy was the dominant element in Shenzhen city,accounting for 55.6%over all ecosystem types,which includes agricultural and forest.However,in the urban ecosystem type,the proportion of tree canopy was only 22.6%because most trees were distributed in the forest ecosystem type.The proportion of trees was 23.2% in industrial zones,2.2%higher than that in residential zones.That information“hidden”in the usual statistical summaries scaled to the entire administrative unit of Shenzhen has great potential for improving urban management.Conclusions:This paper has taken the theoretical understanding of urban spatial heterogeneity and used it to generate a classification scheme that exploits remotely sensed imagery,infrastructural data available at a municipal level,and object-based spatial analysis.For effectiv
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42271263,No.41901232,No.42071234,No.41971239Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China,No.19ZDA096+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.SWU-KT22008Innovation Research 2035 Pilot Plan of Southwest University,No.SWUPilotPlan031。
文摘In the context of social and economic transformation in rural China,ecosystem disservices have emerged frequently.This study reveals the spatiotemporal patterns,hazards and driving factors of wild boar damage from 2000 to 2021 by using the meta-analysis and collecting 733 typical human and wild boar conflicts.In this period,the number,spatial scope and hazard degree of wild boar damage incidents showed an increasing trend,and the number of provincial-level regions,prefecture-level cities and districts(counties)involved increased from 18,41 and 67 to 25,147 and 399,respectively.Wild boar damage incidents were concentrated in Chongqing municipality and central and western Hubei province before 2005,and then expanded to the Sichuan Basin,Loess Plateau,middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River and mountainous areas such as Changbai Mountains after 2015.The main manifestations were destroying crops,infringing poultry and causing casualties,especially the destruction of crops and farmland abandonment,accompanied by a rapid increase in casualties,accounting for 23.66% of the damage incidents.Meanwhile,the spreading trend and harmfulness of wild boar damage is a typical phenomenon of ecosystem disservices.The aggravation of this phenomenon is the result of ecological restoration,hunting ban policy,unclear boundary between agricultural land and ecological land,strong viability of wild boar and lack of natural enemies.This has posed an obvious threat to the use of abandoned farmland,the improvement of farmers’livelihood and the maintenance of regional ecological security.It is urgent to formulate a policy of controlling the number of wild boars and establish a compensation mechanism for the loss by wild boars.
文摘Here I discuss Central and Eastern European(CEE)countries as a region undergoing rapid change,resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and admission of some of the states into the European Union.These events brought changes in governance and ecosystem management,triggering impacts on land use and biodiversity.What are some of the policy options toward sustainability in the face of these political,governance,and socioeconomic changes?Some policy considerations for ecosystem management and sustainability include taking a social-ecological systems approach to integrate biophysical subsystems and social subsystems;paying attention to institutions relevant to shared resources(commons)management;and using resilience theory to study change and guidance for governance.Documented experience in CEE seems to indicate shortcomings for both the centralized state management option and the purely market-driven option for ecosystem management.If so,a“smart mix”of state regulations,market incentives,and self-governance using local commons institutions may be the most promising policy option to foster ecosystem stewardship at multiple levels from local to international.
文摘The purpose of this contribution is to lay down a preparatory groundwork for an ontology of ecosystem services in the setting of agroecosystems viewed as social-ecological systems. This ontology aims at defining a set of representational primitives with which to model agroecosystems, through the prism of ecosystem service flows to and from agriculture. It helps delineate between biophysical structures, processes, functions, and ecosystem services. On the human side of agroecosystems, the ontology includes a conceptualization of the behaviors that govern the management of ecosystem services at different levels. It strengthens the existing analytic basis of multidisciplinary research on ecosystem services in agroecosystems by prompting modelers to stick to a homogeneous dynamic-system decomposition of the target agroecosystem. Most importantly, it provides the conceptual link between biophysical research on ecosystem services and equally important considerations on cognitive and social aspects involved in agricultural and landscape-level decisions that aim at implementing agroecological principles.
