Skin sensitive difference of human body sections under clothing is the theoretic foundation of thermal insulation clothing design. By a new method of researching on clothing comfort perception, the skin temperature li...Skin sensitive difference of human body sections under clothing is the theoretic foundation of thermal insulation clothing design. By a new method of researching on clothing comfort perception, the skin temperature live changing procedure of human body sections affected by the same cold stimulation is inspected. Furthermore with the Smirnov test the skin temperatures dynamic changing patterns of main human body sections are obtained.展开更多
A new automatic evaluationmethod of subway service quality based onmetro smart card data is proposed suitable for three different levels:station pair,railway line and subway network,which has merits of overcoming the ...A new automatic evaluationmethod of subway service quality based onmetro smart card data is proposed suitable for three different levels:station pair,railway line and subway network,which has merits of overcoming the previous lagging and subjective evaluation in the system of‘questionnaire survey plus evaluationmethod’.First,passengers’travel time distribution for different operating periods in station OD pairs are introduced initially for service evaluation purposes and are classified into different groups in order to infer the station’s operating characteristics at the different periods.Second,the classification is verified by K-means cluster analysis and K-S tests.Third,the service quality weight indicator is proposed to identify the service quality of the entire metro network from the dual perspectives of passengers and companies.Finally,the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method are verified by Shenzhen metro smart card data as an example.The new automated evaluation method of subway service quality is suitable for online and offline application.展开更多
We analyze ten of the longest (127 to 230 year-long) time series of European daily temperatures available from five different Köppen-Geiger climate classes. We split these according to the level of solar cycl...We analyze ten of the longest (127 to 230 year-long) time series of European daily temperatures available from five different Köppen-Geiger climate classes. We split these according to the level of solar cycle activity (H for “higher than median” and L for “lower than median”). This reveals coherent patterns in the temperature differences: when TH-TL?are stacked according to their calendar date, the daily averages from January 1 to December 31st disclose characteristic features in addition to the dominant annual seasonal wave, namely variations up to 2°C lasting for about 1.5 to 3 months. The five observatories at intermediate latitudes in a band from Oxford in the West to Prague in the East (same climate class) have very similar signatures. These similarities are most unlikely to be due to pure chance (confirmed by confidence levels in excess of 99% with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kuiper nonparametric tests). The TH-TL patterns carry a regional signature, modulated by a more local response function. On the other hand, northern European observatories (St Petersburg and Arkhangelsk), those south of the Alps (Milan and Bologna), and the easternmost one in Astrakhan, corresponding to different climate classes, have different signatures. Similarly, preliminary study of long air pressure recordings confirms what emerges from the analysis of temperatures. These new observations lead us to conclude that the climate in different regions presents different responses to variations in solar activity. Moreover, the distributions of the lower, middle, and higher quartiles of the temperature and pressure indices in solar cycles with high versus low activity are significantly different, providing further robust statistical confirmation to this conclusion (confidence level higher to much higher than 99% using the Kuiper test).展开更多
Tourism impacts on society are complex and mixed.However,they are vital to diverse societies,clusters,and individuals dependent upon their morals,attitudes,and resources existing for tourism development.Increasing tou...Tourism impacts on society are complex and mixed.However,they are vital to diverse societies,clusters,and individuals dependent upon their morals,attitudes,and resources existing for tourism development.Increasing tourism also brings many problems.Hence,tourist experience is fundamental for destination image and devel-opment.This research examines tourist perceptions and attitudes toward tourism impacts in Chitkul,Kalpa,and Nako in Kinnaur.Random sampling has been used to measure tourist responses on a range of indicators related to tourism development.Likert scale responses were analyzed using factor analysis,ANOVA,Mann-Whitney U-test,Kolmogorov test,and descriptive statistics.The results confirmed that tourists do not perceive any type of pollu-tion or societal barriers.They observed that natural magnetism and the socio-cultural milieu of the destination is what attracts tourists.However,tourists are not satisfied with‘networking services’,‘organization efforts’,‘sup-plementary conveniences’,and‘carriage concerns’at selected destinations in Kinnaur.Moreover,Chitkul emerged as the top tourist destination in Kinnaur.Since the destination would emerge as a hub of tourist activities shortly considering the congestion and exploitation of nearby tourist destinations at Kulu-Manali-Rohtang in Beas Valley.Hence,the assessment of tourist perceptions can be used as an indicator of tourism destination competitiveness and can assist in developing appropriate tourism policies and infrastructure upgrades.展开更多
Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are anal...Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are analyzed. Annual maximum series （AM） and peak over threshold series （POT） are selected to simulate the probability distribution of extreme pre- cipitation. The results show that positive trend of annual maximum precipitation is detected at most of used stations, only a small number of stations are found to depict a negative trend during the past five decades, and none of the positive or negative trend is significant. The maximum precipitation event almost occurred in the flooding period during the 1960s and 1970s. By the L-moments method, the parameters of three extreme distributions, i.e., Gen- eralized extreme value distribution （GEV）, Generalized Pareto distribution （GP） and Gamma distribution are estimated. From the results of goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov （K-S） test, AM series can be better fitted by GEV model and POT series can be better fitted by GP model. By the comparison of the precipitation amounts under different return levels, it can be found that the values obtained from POT series are a little larger than the values from AM series, and they can better simulate the observed values in the Huaihe River Basin.展开更多
The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid mo...The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations （WS） of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges （RG） of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958-2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995-2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958-2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.展开更多
基金Supported by the national education ministry key research project 02107
文摘Skin sensitive difference of human body sections under clothing is the theoretic foundation of thermal insulation clothing design. By a new method of researching on clothing comfort perception, the skin temperature live changing procedure of human body sections affected by the same cold stimulation is inspected. Furthermore with the Smirnov test the skin temperatures dynamic changing patterns of main human body sections are obtained.
文摘A new automatic evaluationmethod of subway service quality based onmetro smart card data is proposed suitable for three different levels:station pair,railway line and subway network,which has merits of overcoming the previous lagging and subjective evaluation in the system of‘questionnaire survey plus evaluationmethod’.First,passengers’travel time distribution for different operating periods in station OD pairs are introduced initially for service evaluation purposes and are classified into different groups in order to infer the station’s operating characteristics at the different periods.Second,the classification is verified by K-means cluster analysis and K-S tests.Third,the service quality weight indicator is proposed to identify the service quality of the entire metro network from the dual perspectives of passengers and companies.Finally,the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method are verified by Shenzhen metro smart card data as an example.The new automated evaluation method of subway service quality is suitable for online and offline application.
文摘We analyze ten of the longest (127 to 230 year-long) time series of European daily temperatures available from five different Köppen-Geiger climate classes. We split these according to the level of solar cycle activity (H for “higher than median” and L for “lower than median”). This reveals coherent patterns in the temperature differences: when TH-TL?are stacked according to their calendar date, the daily averages from January 1 to December 31st disclose characteristic features in addition to the dominant annual seasonal wave, namely variations up to 2°C lasting for about 1.5 to 3 months. The five observatories at intermediate latitudes in a band from Oxford in the West to Prague in the East (same climate class) have very similar signatures. These similarities are most unlikely to be due to pure chance (confirmed by confidence levels in excess of 99% with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kuiper nonparametric tests). The TH-TL patterns carry a regional signature, modulated by a more local response function. On the other hand, northern European observatories (St Petersburg and Arkhangelsk), those south of the Alps (Milan and Bologna), and the easternmost one in Astrakhan, corresponding to different climate classes, have different signatures. Similarly, preliminary study of long air pressure recordings confirms what emerges from the analysis of temperatures. These new observations lead us to conclude that the climate in different regions presents different responses to variations in solar activity. Moreover, the distributions of the lower, middle, and higher quartiles of the temperature and pressure indices in solar cycles with high versus low activity are significantly different, providing further robust statistical confirmation to this conclusion (confidence level higher to much higher than 99% using the Kuiper test).
文摘Tourism impacts on society are complex and mixed.However,they are vital to diverse societies,clusters,and individuals dependent upon their morals,attitudes,and resources existing for tourism development.Increasing tourism also brings many problems.Hence,tourist experience is fundamental for destination image and devel-opment.This research examines tourist perceptions and attitudes toward tourism impacts in Chitkul,Kalpa,and Nako in Kinnaur.Random sampling has been used to measure tourist responses on a range of indicators related to tourism development.Likert scale responses were analyzed using factor analysis,ANOVA,Mann-Whitney U-test,Kolmogorov test,and descriptive statistics.The results confirmed that tourists do not perceive any type of pollu-tion or societal barriers.They observed that natural magnetism and the socio-cultural milieu of the destination is what attracts tourists.However,tourists are not satisfied with‘networking services’,‘organization efforts’,‘sup-plementary conveniences’,and‘carriage concerns’at selected destinations in Kinnaur.Moreover,Chitkul emerged as the top tourist destination in Kinnaur.Since the destination would emerge as a hub of tourist activities shortly considering the congestion and exploitation of nearby tourist destinations at Kulu-Manali-Rohtang in Beas Valley.Hence,the assessment of tourist perceptions can be used as an indicator of tourism destination competitiveness and can assist in developing appropriate tourism policies and infrastructure upgrades.
基金National Basic Research Program of China, No.2010CB428406 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41071025 The meteorological data used in this study were collected from China Meteorological Administration （CMA）, which is highly appreciated.
文摘Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are analyzed. Annual maximum series （AM） and peak over threshold series （POT） are selected to simulate the probability distribution of extreme pre- cipitation. The results show that positive trend of annual maximum precipitation is detected at most of used stations, only a small number of stations are found to depict a negative trend during the past five decades, and none of the positive or negative trend is significant. The maximum precipitation event almost occurred in the flooding period during the 1960s and 1970s. By the L-moments method, the parameters of three extreme distributions, i.e., Gen- eralized extreme value distribution （GEV）, Generalized Pareto distribution （GP） and Gamma distribution are estimated. From the results of goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov （K-S） test, AM series can be better fitted by GEV model and POT series can be better fitted by GP model. By the comparison of the precipitation amounts under different return levels, it can be found that the values obtained from POT series are a little larger than the values from AM series, and they can better simulate the observed values in the Huaihe River Basin.
基金National Basic Research Program of China, No.2010CB428406 The Key Knowledge Innovation Project of the CAS, No.KZCX2-YW-126 Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40730632
文摘The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations （WS） of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges （RG） of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958-2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995-2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958-2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.
