The historical role of the prominent Chinese writer, social activist and thinker Lu Xun (1881-1936), is difficult to overestimate. His works influenced social change within China and became recognized internationall...The historical role of the prominent Chinese writer, social activist and thinker Lu Xun (1881-1936), is difficult to overestimate. His works influenced social change within China and became recognized internationally. For these and other reasons, he was of particular interest in the Soviet Union. Since 1932, his works have been published in numerous editions in Russian and have received a great deal of scholarly attention in the Soviet Union. Such unprecedented attention was initially based on the idea that he held similar revolutionary sentiments to those prevailing in the Soviet Union. Later, from the second half of the 1960s to the early 1970s, the ideological disagreements between the Soviet Union and China influenced the direction of Lu Xun studies in the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Khrushchev called for peaceful coexistence with the capitalist West, while Mao Zedong stressed the universal character of the proletarian revolution. Lu Xun was highly respected in both the USSR and China, and thus became an influential tool in this polemic. But, for Soviet scholars, this renewed focus on Lu Xun offered an opportunity to provide a new perspective on the writer's works. This paper analyzes how the Sino-Soviet split influenced Russian academics' positions on Lu Xun. The focus is on the three main points of contention in the ideological disagreements between the PRC and the USSR. First, Soviet critics focused on the psychological aspects and individualism in the Lu Xun's works. Second, a special focus on humanistic elements in the writer's ideas can be seen as a result of the Soviet disagreement with the Cultural Revolution's period. Third, by pointing to the internationalist aspects of Lu Xun's writings, Soviet scholars attempted to expose the Sinocentric political attitudes of the ruling circles in China.展开更多
The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper t...The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper takes the construction of the cyclotron in Lanzhou,China as the case to discuss the characteristics of technology transfer from the Soviet Union to China.The review of extensive archives reveals that the construction of cyclotron took place in the framework of China’s nuclear weapons development.Although the transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to China fit into the one-way transmission-reception model in general,both the Chinese demand and the Soviet response had key influences on the transmission.In the early cyclotron construction,the Chinese side relied on the Soviets,and the mode of the cooperation between Soviet and Chinese engineers can be described as one of expertstudent.In the early 1960 s,the relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down.The Soviet engineers were required to withdraw with the technical data,which created conflicts in the roles played by the Soviet engineers,most of whom chose to set the sense of professional responsibility as their highest priority.After the departure of the Soviet experts,Chinese physicists played the leading role in the project,using scientific knowledge they had,relying on the technical materials left by Soviet experts,and cooperating fully with local engineers,thus completing the cyclotron.This case can provide us with valuable clues for the understanding of transnational history of science and technology.The seemingly one-way transmission-reception model is actually influenced by the needs of both sides.While the transnational flow of knowledge is inevitably affected by political factors from both sides,the process is far more complex than it appears.展开更多
Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic...Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic framework to new diplomatic ideas shaped and developed by Chinese policy makers in the course of reform and opening up. In the early period after the founding of the People's Republic the Chinese leadership chose to follow the Soviet model in development strategy and adopt a foreign policy of "leaning to one side," allying itself with the Soviet Union. After nearly three decades of upheavals and vicissitudes, the Chinese leadership fmally stepped on to the "socialist road with Chinese characteristics" and chose the "independent and non-aligned foreign policy of peace." This marked a fundamental readjustment to China's national development strategy and foreign policy since the late 1950s the result of which was a "farewell to the Cold War."展开更多
There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the in...There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is presented from the ideological perspective. On the basis of the 20 th CPSU Congress, major ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the Communist Party are elicited. In terms of analyzing these differences, the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is expounded. Besides, the effects of this rupture are summarized.展开更多
文摘The historical role of the prominent Chinese writer, social activist and thinker Lu Xun (1881-1936), is difficult to overestimate. His works influenced social change within China and became recognized internationally. For these and other reasons, he was of particular interest in the Soviet Union. Since 1932, his works have been published in numerous editions in Russian and have received a great deal of scholarly attention in the Soviet Union. Such unprecedented attention was initially based on the idea that he held similar revolutionary sentiments to those prevailing in the Soviet Union. Later, from the second half of the 1960s to the early 1970s, the ideological disagreements between the Soviet Union and China influenced the direction of Lu Xun studies in the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Khrushchev called for peaceful coexistence with the capitalist West, while Mao Zedong stressed the universal character of the proletarian revolution. Lu Xun was highly respected in both the USSR and China, and thus became an influential tool in this polemic. But, for Soviet scholars, this renewed focus on Lu Xun offered an opportunity to provide a new perspective on the writer's works. This paper analyzes how the Sino-Soviet split influenced Russian academics' positions on Lu Xun. The focus is on the three main points of contention in the ideological disagreements between the PRC and the USSR. First, Soviet critics focused on the psychological aspects and individualism in the Lu Xun's works. Second, a special focus on humanistic elements in the writer's ideas can be seen as a result of the Soviet disagreement with the Cultural Revolution's period. Third, by pointing to the internationalist aspects of Lu Xun's writings, Soviet scholars attempted to expose the Sinocentric political attitudes of the ruling circles in China.
基金supported by one of the projects of the National 14th Five-Year Plan:“Compilation of the Volume on History of Science and Technology of the New General History of China”(《(新编)中国通史》科学技术史卷)。
文摘The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper takes the construction of the cyclotron in Lanzhou,China as the case to discuss the characteristics of technology transfer from the Soviet Union to China.The review of extensive archives reveals that the construction of cyclotron took place in the framework of China’s nuclear weapons development.Although the transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to China fit into the one-way transmission-reception model in general,both the Chinese demand and the Soviet response had key influences on the transmission.In the early cyclotron construction,the Chinese side relied on the Soviets,and the mode of the cooperation between Soviet and Chinese engineers can be described as one of expertstudent.In the early 1960 s,the relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down.The Soviet engineers were required to withdraw with the technical data,which created conflicts in the roles played by the Soviet engineers,most of whom chose to set the sense of professional responsibility as their highest priority.After the departure of the Soviet experts,Chinese physicists played the leading role in the project,using scientific knowledge they had,relying on the technical materials left by Soviet experts,and cooperating fully with local engineers,thus completing the cyclotron.This case can provide us with valuable clues for the understanding of transnational history of science and technology.The seemingly one-way transmission-reception model is actually influenced by the needs of both sides.While the transnational flow of knowledge is inevitably affected by political factors from both sides,the process is far more complex than it appears.
文摘Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic framework to new diplomatic ideas shaped and developed by Chinese policy makers in the course of reform and opening up. In the early period after the founding of the People's Republic the Chinese leadership chose to follow the Soviet model in development strategy and adopt a foreign policy of "leaning to one side," allying itself with the Soviet Union. After nearly three decades of upheavals and vicissitudes, the Chinese leadership fmally stepped on to the "socialist road with Chinese characteristics" and chose the "independent and non-aligned foreign policy of peace." This marked a fundamental readjustment to China's national development strategy and foreign policy since the late 1950s the result of which was a "farewell to the Cold War."
文摘There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is presented from the ideological perspective. On the basis of the 20 th CPSU Congress, major ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the Communist Party are elicited. In terms of analyzing these differences, the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is expounded. Besides, the effects of this rupture are summarized.