A single-mode laser with coupling between additive and multiplicative noise terms is investigated when the multiplicative noise and the coupling between two noise terms are colored fluctuations with finite correlation...A single-mode laser with coupling between additive and multiplicative noise terms is investigated when the multiplicative noise and the coupling between two noise terms are colored fluctuations with finite correlation times T1 and T2. Combining the unified colored noise approximation （UCNA） and the functional analysis, the stationary probability distribution （SPD） and the variance of the laser intensity is derived. It is found that the colored nature of multiplicative noise and the coupling strength between two noise terms can affect both the structure and the height of the SPD, while the colored nature of the coupling between two noise terms can only affect the height of the SPD. The multiplicative noise can enhance the intensity fluctuations while the additive noise can reduce the fluctuations in a laser system. Numerical simulations are presented and consistent to the analytical results.展开更多
Aim:Present cancer hypotheses are almost all based on the concept that accumulation of specific driver gene mutations cause carcinogenesis.The discovery of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity(ITGH),has resulted in this ...Aim:Present cancer hypotheses are almost all based on the concept that accumulation of specific driver gene mutations cause carcinogenesis.The discovery of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity(ITGH),has resulted in this hypothesis being modified by assuming that most of these ITGH mutations are in passenger genes.In addition,accumulating ITGH data on driver gene mutations have revealed considerable genotype/phenotype disconnects.This study proposes to investigate this disconnect by examining the nature and degree of ITGH in breast tumors.Methods:ITGH was examined in tumors using next generation sequencing of up to 68,000 reads and analysis tools that allowed for identification of distinct minority variants within single genes,i.e.,complex single gene variance(CSGV).Results:CSGV was identified in the androgen receptor genes in all breast tumors examined.Conclusion:Evidence of CSGV suggests that a selection-as opposed to a mutation-centric hypothesis could better explain carcinogenesis.Our hypothesis proposes that tumors develop by the selection of preexisting de novo mutations rather than just the accumulation of de novo mutations.Thus,the role of selection pressures,such as changes in tissue microenvironments will likely be critical to our understanding of tumor resistance as well as the development of more effective treatment protocols.展开更多
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10547130 and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant No. BK2001138
文摘A single-mode laser with coupling between additive and multiplicative noise terms is investigated when the multiplicative noise and the coupling between two noise terms are colored fluctuations with finite correlation times T1 and T2. Combining the unified colored noise approximation （UCNA） and the functional analysis, the stationary probability distribution （SPD） and the variance of the laser intensity is derived. It is found that the colored nature of multiplicative noise and the coupling strength between two noise terms can affect both the structure and the height of the SPD, while the colored nature of the coupling between two noise terms can only affect the height of the SPD. The multiplicative noise can enhance the intensity fluctuations while the additive noise can reduce the fluctuations in a laser system. Numerical simulations are presented and consistent to the analytical results.
基金This study was supported by a grant to BG from the Weekend to End Breast Cancer Fund of the Jewish General Hospital,Montreal,Quebec,Canada.
文摘Aim:Present cancer hypotheses are almost all based on the concept that accumulation of specific driver gene mutations cause carcinogenesis.The discovery of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity(ITGH),has resulted in this hypothesis being modified by assuming that most of these ITGH mutations are in passenger genes.In addition,accumulating ITGH data on driver gene mutations have revealed considerable genotype/phenotype disconnects.This study proposes to investigate this disconnect by examining the nature and degree of ITGH in breast tumors.Methods:ITGH was examined in tumors using next generation sequencing of up to 68,000 reads and analysis tools that allowed for identification of distinct minority variants within single genes,i.e.,complex single gene variance(CSGV).Results:CSGV was identified in the androgen receptor genes in all breast tumors examined.Conclusion:Evidence of CSGV suggests that a selection-as opposed to a mutation-centric hypothesis could better explain carcinogenesis.Our hypothesis proposes that tumors develop by the selection of preexisting de novo mutations rather than just the accumulation of de novo mutations.Thus,the role of selection pressures,such as changes in tissue microenvironments will likely be critical to our understanding of tumor resistance as well as the development of more effective treatment protocols.
