利用地面细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学-天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7~11日的一次重霾事...利用地面细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学-天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7~11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7~11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳(OC)、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳(BC)的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m^-2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。展开更多
监测地球辐射能量收支的时空变化有助于增进我们对全球气候变化的理解。地球反射的短波辐射与发射的长波辐射是地球系统与外界进行能量交换的重要组成部分,也是地球辐射收支观测的主要参量。地球辐射探测仪是探测大气层顶辐射收支能量...监测地球辐射能量收支的时空变化有助于增进我们对全球气候变化的理解。地球反射的短波辐射与发射的长波辐射是地球系统与外界进行能量交换的重要组成部分,也是地球辐射收支观测的主要参量。地球辐射探测仪是探测大气层顶辐射收支能量平衡参数的专用仪器。地球目标方向订正模型(Angular Distribution Models,ADMs)专指校正大气层顶地球-大气系统目标辐射各向异性的一系列非均匀因子,它是将卫星或月基观测的地球目标反射及发射宽波段辐亮度转换为辐射通量的有效途径。ADMs模型构建和算法优化直接影响基于空间观测推算地球辐射收支的最终解算精度。本文围绕地球辐射ADMs模型展开,回顾了过去几十年来ADMs模型的发展历程,着重介绍了目前应用于Terra与Aqua卫星的云与地球辐射能量系统(Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System,CERES)的业务化ADMs模型,分析了地球静止卫星与月基对地观测在地球辐射ADMs模型中的优势、问题与潜力。基于上述综述与分析,讨论星载与月基地球辐射ADMs模型进一步优化的决定因素。展开更多
The complexity of inhomogeneous surface-atmosphere radiation transfer is one of the foremost problems in the field of atmospheric physics and atmospheric radiation. To date, the influence of surface properties on shor...The complexity of inhomogeneous surface-atmosphere radiation transfer is one of the foremost problems in the field of atmospheric physics and atmospheric radiation. To date, the influence of surface properties on shortwave radiation has not been well studied. The daily downward surface shortwave radiation of the latest FLASHFlux/CERES （Fast Longwave And Shortwave Fluxes_Time Interpolated and Spatially Averaged/Clouds and the Earth＇s Radiant Energy System） satellite data was evaluated against in situ data. The comparison indicated that the differences between the two data sets are unstable and large over rugged terrain compared with relatively flat terrain, and the mean absolute error of the satellite products reaches 31.4 W m-2 （12.3%） over rugged terrain. Based on the SSF （single satellite footprint）/CERES product, the influence of surface properties on the distribution of downward surface shortwave radiation （DSSR） was analyzed. The influence of surface properties on DSSR over the Tibetan Plateau is about twice as large as that in two other regions located at the same latitude （eastern China-western Pacific and subtropical North Pacific）. A simulation was carried out with the help of the I3RC （International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code） Monte Carlo 3D radiative transfer community model. The results showed that DSSR increases as surface albedo increases. Moreover, the impact of surface albedo on DSSR is larger if the spatial distribution of clouds is more non-uniform. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the development of 3D radiative transfer models and the improvement of satellite inversion algorithms.展开更多
文摘利用地面细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学-天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7~11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7~11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳(OC)、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳(BC)的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m^-2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。
文摘监测地球辐射能量收支的时空变化有助于增进我们对全球气候变化的理解。地球反射的短波辐射与发射的长波辐射是地球系统与外界进行能量交换的重要组成部分,也是地球辐射收支观测的主要参量。地球辐射探测仪是探测大气层顶辐射收支能量平衡参数的专用仪器。地球目标方向订正模型(Angular Distribution Models,ADMs)专指校正大气层顶地球-大气系统目标辐射各向异性的一系列非均匀因子,它是将卫星或月基观测的地球目标反射及发射宽波段辐亮度转换为辐射通量的有效途径。ADMs模型构建和算法优化直接影响基于空间观测推算地球辐射收支的最终解算精度。本文围绕地球辐射ADMs模型展开,回顾了过去几十年来ADMs模型的发展历程,着重介绍了目前应用于Terra与Aqua卫星的云与地球辐射能量系统(Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System,CERES)的业务化ADMs模型,分析了地球静止卫星与月基对地观测在地球辐射ADMs模型中的优势、问题与潜力。基于上述综述与分析,讨论星载与月基地球辐射ADMs模型进一步优化的决定因素。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41127901)the Strategic Priority Research Program–Climate Change: Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues (Grant No. XDA05040300)
文摘The complexity of inhomogeneous surface-atmosphere radiation transfer is one of the foremost problems in the field of atmospheric physics and atmospheric radiation. To date, the influence of surface properties on shortwave radiation has not been well studied. The daily downward surface shortwave radiation of the latest FLASHFlux/CERES （Fast Longwave And Shortwave Fluxes_Time Interpolated and Spatially Averaged/Clouds and the Earth＇s Radiant Energy System） satellite data was evaluated against in situ data. The comparison indicated that the differences between the two data sets are unstable and large over rugged terrain compared with relatively flat terrain, and the mean absolute error of the satellite products reaches 31.4 W m-2 （12.3%） over rugged terrain. Based on the SSF （single satellite footprint）/CERES product, the influence of surface properties on the distribution of downward surface shortwave radiation （DSSR） was analyzed. The influence of surface properties on DSSR over the Tibetan Plateau is about twice as large as that in two other regions located at the same latitude （eastern China-western Pacific and subtropical North Pacific）. A simulation was carried out with the help of the I3RC （International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code） Monte Carlo 3D radiative transfer community model. The results showed that DSSR increases as surface albedo increases. Moreover, the impact of surface albedo on DSSR is larger if the spatial distribution of clouds is more non-uniform. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the development of 3D radiative transfer models and the improvement of satellite inversion algorithms.
