AIM： To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Sapindus mukorossi （S. mukorossl） and Rheum emodi （R. emodl）. METHODS： Powders of S. mukorossi and R. emodi were extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzen...AIM： To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Sapindus mukorossi （S. mukorossl） and Rheum emodi （R. emodl）. METHODS： Powders of S. mukorossi and R. emodi were extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and ethanol and were concentrated in vacuum. The disk diffusion method was used for in vitro studies and in vivo studies were performed on male Wister rats. Thirty resistant clinical isolates of H pylon, as determined by their antibiotic sensitivity patterns by E-test, along with two Gram ＋ve （S. aureus, B. subtilis） and two Gram -ve （E. coli, P. vugaris） organisms were screened for their susceptibility patterns against these extracts. RESULTS： In our screening, all 30 resistant isolates and the other four organisms （two Gram ＋ve S. aureus, B. subtilis and two Gram -ve, E. coli, P. vugaris） were sensitive to the test compounds. It was found that ethanol and chloroform extracts of S. mukorossi and ethanol and benzene extracts of R. emodi inhibited Hpylori at very low concentrations, In the in vitro study, the isolates showed a considerable zone of inhibition at very low concentrations （10 μg/mL） for both the extracts. In the in vivo study, the H pylori infection was cleared with minimal doses of extracts of S. mukorossi （2.5 mg/mL） and R. emodi （3.0 mg/mL） given orally for seven days. CONCLUSION： We can conclude from this study that the extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi inhibited the growth of pylori in vitro and, in in vivo studies, the H pylori infection cleared within seven days at very low concentrations. We also found that H pylori did not acquire resistance against these herbal extracts even after 10 consecutive passages.展开更多
AIM: To study the hepatoprotective capacity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi) extracts in CCl4 treated male rats. METHODS: The dried powder of S. mukorossi and R. emodi was extracted succ...AIM: To study the hepatoprotective capacity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi) extracts in CCl4 treated male rats. METHODS: The dried powder of S. mukorossi and R. emodi was extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and ethanol and concentrated in vacuum. Primary rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures were used for in vitro studies. In vivo, the hepatoprotective capacity of the extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi and the rhizomes of R. emodi was analyzed in liver injured CCl4-treated male rats. RESULTS: In vitro: primary hepatocytes monolayer cultures were treated with CCl4 and extracts of S. mukorossi & R. emodi. A protective activity could be demonstrated in the CCl4 damaged primary monolayer culture. In vivo : extracts of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi (2.5 mg/mL) and rhizomes of R. emodi (3.0 mg/mL) were found to have protective properties in rats with CCl4 induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities. CONCLUSION: The extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi do have a protective capacity both in vitro on primary hepatocytes cultures and in in vivo in a rat model of CCl4 mediated liver injury.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Sapindus mukorossi Caerlen and its beneficial effect on haeniatological parameters with histopath...Objective:To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Sapindus mukorossi Caerlen and its beneficial effect on haeniatological parameters with histopathological analysis in streptpzotocin induced diabetic rats.Methods:Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and standard drug glybenclamide(0.5 mg/kg body weight) were administered to diabetic rats.Effect of extract on hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and hematological parameters was studied in diabetic rats.Histopathological changes in diabetic rat pancreas were also observed after extract and glybenclamide treatment.Results:Daily oral administration of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glybenclamide for 20 days showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level(P【0.01) and lipid level.The extract has a favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in streptozotocin induced diabetes.Conclusions: These findings reveal that the hydroalcoholic extract of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties.In addition.the extract can prevent various complications of diabetes and improve some haeniatological parameters.展开更多
Aim: To observe the alterations in the biochemical and biophysical changes in the sperm membrane during sperm maturation in male rats treated with the water extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi. Methods: Adul...Aim: To observe the alterations in the biochemical and biophysical changes in the sperm membrane during sperm maturation in male rats treated with the water extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged the aqueous extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi at a dose of 50 mg/kg/d for 45 days. On day 46, the sperm parameters were observed in different sections of the epididymis and the sperm superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation was determined and compared with the controls. The testis and epididymis were routinely prepared for histological examination under the light microscope. Results: No significant differences in the sperm number and morphology were observed between the control and treated groups. However, a significant inhibition (P<0.05-0.01) of sperm motility in the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis was seen in the treated group. No significant histopathological changes were found in the testis and epididymis. The important finding was that in the treated animals, the spermatozoa showed an abnormal distribution of the superoxide dismutase activity, being minimum in the caput and maximum in the corpus, which was just opposite to that of the controls. Conclusion: The study provides a unique observation where the plant extract alters the sperm membrane physiology without change the testicular and epididymal morphology.展开更多
A new acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycoside, named mukurozioside A, was isolated from pericarps of Sapindus mukurossi. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence, the structure of mukurozioside A has been establis...A new acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycoside, named mukurozioside A, was isolated from pericarps of Sapindus mukurossi. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence, the structure of mukurozioside A has been established as: 11(S)-2, 6(E, E)-dodecadiene-3, 7, 11-trimethyl-1, 12-diol-1, 12-bis-O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(13)]-6-O-acetyl--D- Glucopyranoside (1).展开更多
Objectives： To investigate the protective effects of Sapindus saponins in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms. Methods： Thirty-two 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensi...Objectives： To investigate the protective effects of Sapindus saponins in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms. Methods： Thirty-two 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into four groups （8 in each group）： model group （placebo）, positive control group （27 mg/kg of Captopril Tablets）, Sapindus saponins groups （27 mg/kg and 108 mg/kg, respectively）. Another 8 healthy Wistar-Kyoto strain （WKY） rats were used as the normal group. The animals were treated for 8 weeks. Blood pressure of rats was determined by non-invasive blood pressure meter （BP-6）. Furthermore, the contents of angiotensin Ⅱ （Ang Ⅱ） in plasma and myocardial tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, the gene expression of receptor angiotensin type 1 （AT1R） in aorta was determined by quantitative real- time polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）. The protein expression of transforming growth factor- β1 （TGF- 1β1） and AT1R in heart was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The protein expression of p-phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p-p38MAPK） was determined by Western blotting. The contents of interleukin （IL）-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor （TNF） in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. And the histopathological and morphological changes of aorta and heart tissue samples were assessed semi-quantitatively by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） or Masson staining. Results： Thirty minutes after single or continuous treatment, systolic blood pressure （SBP） was reduced significantly in Sapindus saponins groups. And the contents of Ang 11, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, the expression of AT1R mRNA, p-p38MAPK and TGF- β1 were significantly suppressed dose-dependently （P〈0.05 or 1=〈0.01）. With the Sapindus saponins treatment, compared with those of the model group, the cardiac and aortic pathological changes were ameliorated significantly. Conclusions�展开更多
This study explores the possible application of a biodegradable plant based surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi, for washing low levels of arsenic （As） from an iron （Fe） rich soil. Natural association of...This study explores the possible application of a biodegradable plant based surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi, for washing low levels of arsenic （As） from an iron （Fe） rich soil. Natural association of As（Ⅴ） with Fe（Ⅲ） makes the process difficult. Soapnut solution was compared to anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） in down-flow and a newly introduced suction mode for soil column washing. It was observed that soapnut attained up to 86% efficiency with respect to SDS in removing As. Full factorial design of experiment revealed a very good fit of data. The suction mode generated up to 83 kPa pressure inside column whilst down-flow mode generated a much higher pressure of 214 kPa, thus making the suction mode more efficient. Micellar solubilisation was found to be responsible for As desorption from the soil and it followed 1st order kinetics. Desorption rate coefficient of suction mode was found to be in the range of 0.005 to 0.01, much higher than down-flow mode values. Analysis of the PT-IR data suggested that the soapnut solution did not interact chemically with As, offering an option for reusing the surfactant. Soapnut can be considered as a soil washing agent for removing As even from soil with high Fe content.展开更多
The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pul...The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. On this basis, an L9 orthogonal design of experiment was adopted to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of saponins. The factors that influence the extraction of saponins are put in the order of extraction times, extraction time, solid-liquid ration, and the best combination is that the powder of the pulp is extracted with EtOH (solid-to-solvent ratio = 1:8, w/v) for three times at 60°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, about 1.63 g saponins will be extracted from 10 g raw material. The stability test showed that the Sapindus mukuross saponins can maintain surface activity at water temperature (25°C - 40°C), pH (6.3 - 7.7) and water hardness (50 - 250 mg.L-1). It is proved that Sapindus mukuross saponins are quality non-ionic active agent.展开更多
To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Provi...To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Province were selected.The study revealed a wide variation and diversity in 16 germplasm traits,both within and between species grown under the same conditions.On average,the relative contribution of intraspecific variability to total variability was more important(83%) than the relative contribution of interspecific variability(17%).PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in leaflet thickness,length,perimeter,length to width ratio,and leaf hairs or trichome density.Correlation analyses between leaf morphological traits and environmental variables indicated that leaves tended to be larger,longer,and thicker in wetter,warmer,and low-altitude conditions.Our analysis of the relationship between climate and leaf morphology revealed that S.mukorossi had a greater sensitivity to climate variation,particularly in response to mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest seasons,which led to differences in leaf traits and the distribution of the two species.These findings contribute to the understanding of leaf morphology variations in S.mukorossi and S.delavayi,and provide a basis for the collection of Sapindus germplasm resources,their cultivation and use to help address climate change.展开更多
文摘AIM： To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Sapindus mukorossi （S. mukorossl） and Rheum emodi （R. emodl）. METHODS： Powders of S. mukorossi and R. emodi were extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and ethanol and were concentrated in vacuum. The disk diffusion method was used for in vitro studies and in vivo studies were performed on male Wister rats. Thirty resistant clinical isolates of H pylon, as determined by their antibiotic sensitivity patterns by E-test, along with two Gram ＋ve （S. aureus, B. subtilis） and two Gram -ve （E. coli, P. vugaris） organisms were screened for their susceptibility patterns against these extracts. RESULTS： In our screening, all 30 resistant isolates and the other four organisms （two Gram ＋ve S. aureus, B. subtilis and two Gram -ve, E. coli, P. vugaris） were sensitive to the test compounds. It was found that ethanol and chloroform extracts of S. mukorossi and ethanol and benzene extracts of R. emodi inhibited Hpylori at very low concentrations, In the in vitro study, the isolates showed a considerable zone of inhibition at very low concentrations （10 μg/mL） for both the extracts. In the in vivo study, the H pylori infection was cleared with minimal doses of extracts of S. mukorossi （2.5 mg/mL） and R. emodi （3.0 mg/mL） given orally for seven days. CONCLUSION： We can conclude from this study that the extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi inhibited the growth of pylori in vitro and, in in vivo studies, the H pylori infection cleared within seven days at very low concentrations. We also found that H pylori did not acquire resistance against these herbal extracts even after 10 consecutive passages.
文摘AIM: To study the hepatoprotective capacity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi) extracts in CCl4 treated male rats. METHODS: The dried powder of S. mukorossi and R. emodi was extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and ethanol and concentrated in vacuum. Primary rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures were used for in vitro studies. In vivo, the hepatoprotective capacity of the extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi and the rhizomes of R. emodi was analyzed in liver injured CCl4-treated male rats. RESULTS: In vitro: primary hepatocytes monolayer cultures were treated with CCl4 and extracts of S. mukorossi & R. emodi. A protective activity could be demonstrated in the CCl4 damaged primary monolayer culture. In vivo : extracts of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi (2.5 mg/mL) and rhizomes of R. emodi (3.0 mg/mL) were found to have protective properties in rats with CCl4 induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities. CONCLUSION: The extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi do have a protective capacity both in vitro on primary hepatocytes cultures and in in vivo in a rat model of CCl4 mediated liver injury.
文摘Objective:To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Sapindus mukorossi Caerlen and its beneficial effect on haeniatological parameters with histopathological analysis in streptpzotocin induced diabetic rats.Methods:Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and standard drug glybenclamide(0.5 mg/kg body weight) were administered to diabetic rats.Effect of extract on hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and hematological parameters was studied in diabetic rats.Histopathological changes in diabetic rat pancreas were also observed after extract and glybenclamide treatment.Results:Daily oral administration of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glybenclamide for 20 days showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level(P【0.01) and lipid level.The extract has a favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in streptozotocin induced diabetes.Conclusions: These findings reveal that the hydroalcoholic extract of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties.In addition.the extract can prevent various complications of diabetes and improve some haeniatological parameters.
文摘Aim: To observe the alterations in the biochemical and biophysical changes in the sperm membrane during sperm maturation in male rats treated with the water extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged the aqueous extract of the fruit pericarp of S. mukorossi at a dose of 50 mg/kg/d for 45 days. On day 46, the sperm parameters were observed in different sections of the epididymis and the sperm superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation was determined and compared with the controls. The testis and epididymis were routinely prepared for histological examination under the light microscope. Results: No significant differences in the sperm number and morphology were observed between the control and treated groups. However, a significant inhibition (P<0.05-0.01) of sperm motility in the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis was seen in the treated group. No significant histopathological changes were found in the testis and epididymis. The important finding was that in the treated animals, the spermatozoa showed an abnormal distribution of the superoxide dismutase activity, being minimum in the caput and maximum in the corpus, which was just opposite to that of the controls. Conclusion: The study provides a unique observation where the plant extract alters the sperm membrane physiology without change the testicular and epididymal morphology.
文摘A new acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycoside, named mukurozioside A, was isolated from pericarps of Sapindus mukurossi. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence, the structure of mukurozioside A has been established as: 11(S)-2, 6(E, E)-dodecadiene-3, 7, 11-trimethyl-1, 12-diol-1, 12-bis-O--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(13)]-6-O-acetyl--D- Glucopyranoside (1).
基金Supported by the Foundation for Young Talents in College of Anhui Province under Grant(No.2009SQRZ114)Youth Scientific Research Foundation of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2012QN005)
文摘Objectives： To investigate the protective effects of Sapindus saponins in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms. Methods： Thirty-two 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into four groups （8 in each group）： model group （placebo）, positive control group （27 mg/kg of Captopril Tablets）, Sapindus saponins groups （27 mg/kg and 108 mg/kg, respectively）. Another 8 healthy Wistar-Kyoto strain （WKY） rats were used as the normal group. The animals were treated for 8 weeks. Blood pressure of rats was determined by non-invasive blood pressure meter （BP-6）. Furthermore, the contents of angiotensin Ⅱ （Ang Ⅱ） in plasma and myocardial tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, the gene expression of receptor angiotensin type 1 （AT1R） in aorta was determined by quantitative real- time polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）. The protein expression of transforming growth factor- β1 （TGF- 1β1） and AT1R in heart was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The protein expression of p-phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p-p38MAPK） was determined by Western blotting. The contents of interleukin （IL）-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor （TNF） in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. And the histopathological and morphological changes of aorta and heart tissue samples were assessed semi-quantitatively by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） or Masson staining. Results： Thirty minutes after single or continuous treatment, systolic blood pressure （SBP） was reduced significantly in Sapindus saponins groups. And the contents of Ang 11, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, the expression of AT1R mRNA, p-p38MAPK and TGF- β1 were significantly suppressed dose-dependently （P〈0.05 or 1=〈0.01）. With the Sapindus saponins treatment, compared with those of the model group, the cardiac and aortic pathological changes were ameliorated significantly. Conclusions�
基金funding provided by University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (No. PV102-2011A, UM-QUB6A-2011) for carrying out this research
文摘This study explores the possible application of a biodegradable plant based surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi, for washing low levels of arsenic （As） from an iron （Fe） rich soil. Natural association of As（Ⅴ） with Fe（Ⅲ） makes the process difficult. Soapnut solution was compared to anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） in down-flow and a newly introduced suction mode for soil column washing. It was observed that soapnut attained up to 86% efficiency with respect to SDS in removing As. Full factorial design of experiment revealed a very good fit of data. The suction mode generated up to 83 kPa pressure inside column whilst down-flow mode generated a much higher pressure of 214 kPa, thus making the suction mode more efficient. Micellar solubilisation was found to be responsible for As desorption from the soil and it followed 1st order kinetics. Desorption rate coefficient of suction mode was found to be in the range of 0.005 to 0.01, much higher than down-flow mode values. Analysis of the PT-IR data suggested that the soapnut solution did not interact chemically with As, offering an option for reusing the surfactant. Soapnut can be considered as a soil washing agent for removing As even from soil with high Fe content.
文摘The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. On this basis, an L9 orthogonal design of experiment was adopted to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of saponins. The factors that influence the extraction of saponins are put in the order of extraction times, extraction time, solid-liquid ration, and the best combination is that the powder of the pulp is extracted with EtOH (solid-to-solvent ratio = 1:8, w/v) for three times at 60°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, about 1.63 g saponins will be extracted from 10 g raw material. The stability test showed that the Sapindus mukuross saponins can maintain surface activity at water temperature (25°C - 40°C), pH (6.3 - 7.7) and water hardness (50 - 250 mg.L-1). It is proved that Sapindus mukuross saponins are quality non-ionic active agent.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (2015ZCQLX-02 2017-LYSJWJ-1)。
文摘To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Province were selected.The study revealed a wide variation and diversity in 16 germplasm traits,both within and between species grown under the same conditions.On average,the relative contribution of intraspecific variability to total variability was more important(83%) than the relative contribution of interspecific variability(17%).PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in leaflet thickness,length,perimeter,length to width ratio,and leaf hairs or trichome density.Correlation analyses between leaf morphological traits and environmental variables indicated that leaves tended to be larger,longer,and thicker in wetter,warmer,and low-altitude conditions.Our analysis of the relationship between climate and leaf morphology revealed that S.mukorossi had a greater sensitivity to climate variation,particularly in response to mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest seasons,which led to differences in leaf traits and the distribution of the two species.These findings contribute to the understanding of leaf morphology variations in S.mukorossi and S.delavayi,and provide a basis for the collection of Sapindus germplasm resources,their cultivation and use to help address climate change.
