Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information S...Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information System (GIS) based Situational Analysis (SA). The clinically recorded 394 CL patients’ information was obtained from the District General Hospital of Polonnaruwa (DGHP) for 2017 and 2018. The spatial distribution of these patients was collected using Global Positing System (GPS). Moran’s I Index spatial autocorrelation technique and Getis-Ord Gi were used to identify the study site’s hot spot and cold spot areas. More than 75% of the CL patients’ population were highly involved with agricultural activities, and they are the highly exposed group of the CL in the study area. Also, 75% of the CL population were men, and the highly vulnerable age group was 35 - 39 men and 40 - 44 women. The generated Moran’s I Index indicates 0.0321, representing a randomly distributed pattern of CL patients over the District, and the Getis-Ord Gi Z Score value was >1.96 (p < 0.05). It is revealed that, during and in the post-harvesting periods of paddy cultivation, farmers are highly exposed to sandflies becoming CL patients. Due to this situation, the researchers observed that the highest number of patients have reported in May of both years and the infection period is two to four weeks earlier than the reported month. Hence to prevent the disease spread, it is essential to implement an awareness program regarding sandflies’ behaviour and CLD.展开更多
Objective:To report a new species of sandfly,Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii sp.nov.(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Western Ghats,India.Methods:A systematic sandfly survey was conducted in the Thrissur and Kollam distr...Objective:To report a new species of sandfly,Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii sp.nov.(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Western Ghats,India.Methods:A systematic sandfly survey was conducted in the Thrissur and Kollam districts of Kerala,India using mechanical aspirators,light and sticky traps,both indoor and outdoor habitats,for a period of one year.Deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding of samples was performed targeting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I(COI)gene and sequence generated was subjected to phylogenetic analysis.Results:Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii,a new sandfly species is recorded and described in this communication.A single row of 10-12 pointed teeth in the cibarium with 4-6 small denticles or fore-teeth are the key characteristics that is distinctive from other members of the subgenus Neophlebotomus.Mitochondrial COI barcode followed by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence confirms that specimens of the species belong to the same taxonomic group while the genetic distance(14.2%)with the congeners established it to be a different species.Conclusions:The Western Ghats'being an important biodiversity hotspot and has dearth of systematic entomological surveys on sandflies.The current study tried to fill the void and also report a new sandfly species.展开更多
This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to s...This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.展开更多
Objective:To identify potential vectors of kala-azar from Northern plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods:The collections were made using sticky paper traps,CDC light-traps,and aspirators from outdoors as well as indo...Objective:To identify potential vectors of kala-azar from Northern plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods:The collections were made using sticky paper traps,CDC light-traps,and aspirators from outdoors as well as indoors.All female sandflies were dissected and identified. Results:During January 2009 to July 2009,528 phlebotomine specimens were collected including 329 males(62.3%) and 199 females(37.7%),approximately 238(45%) of them were captured from indoor and 290(55%) from outdoor resting places.Five species belonging to the genera Phlebotomus(8%) and Sergentomyia(92%) were recorded.Conclusions:Public health measures such as case detection and treatment,the control of sandflies,the conjunction elimination of infected stray dogs and health education can be effective in controlling the disease.展开更多
In the survey,the work was done to develop taxonomic record of sand fly Phlebotomus(paaphlebotomus) sergenti (Parrot) collected for the first time from new epidemic localities of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dera Ghazi ...In the survey,the work was done to develop taxonomic record of sand fly Phlebotomus(paaphlebotomus) sergenti (Parrot) collected for the first time from new epidemic localities of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dera Ghazi Khan(Pakistan).In view of the published reports about the detection of Leishmania major,the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis from this species in many countries,the correct identification of this species becomes of significant value in the study of epidemiology of leishmaniasis.Therefore,in order to facilitate zoologists and medical researchers in its correct identification,taxonomic characters of P.sergenti(parrot) is studied in details with special reference to its mouth parts,male and female genitalia.A key is also given to P. sergentii(parrot) and its closest allies.In this light its relationships with its closest allies is also briefly discussed.展开更多
Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.Th...Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.The role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in India.Insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti,the vector of kala-azar in the Indian subcontinent,was first reported in 1987 in Bihar,India.This article provides a scoping review of the studies undertaken from 1959 to 2015 on insecticide resistance in P.argentipes and P.papatasi(Scopoli),the vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively,in Southeast Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Sri Lanka.Results:Studies undertaken in areas of Bihar and West Bengal in India where kala-azar is endemic have reported resistance of P.argentipes to DDT,while in non-endemic areas it has been reported to be susceptible.In areas of Nepal bordering India,there are indications of resistance to DDT;biochemical resistance has been reported in Sri Lanka.No laboratory studies have been undertaken in Bangladesh;however,the sandfly vector is reported to be still susceptible to pyrethroids in all kala-azar endemic areas in the aforementioned countries.Conclusions:Studies are needed to determine the resistance of sandfly vectors to all available classes of potential insecticides in kala-azar endemic areas.There is a need to assess the impact of indoor residual spraying with DDT and pyrethroids on the incidence of kala-azar in India where 54 districts remain endemic for the disease,strengthen entomological surveillance capacity,and develop and implement an insecticide management plan.Alpha-cypermethrin indoor residual spraying has been introduced in 33 kala-azar endemic districts in Bihar State of India in a pilot trial;the outcomes should be used to inform decisions on expanding coverage with alpha-cypermethrin in all remaining endemic districts to achieve the revised goal of elimination of visceral l展开更多
文摘Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information System (GIS) based Situational Analysis (SA). The clinically recorded 394 CL patients’ information was obtained from the District General Hospital of Polonnaruwa (DGHP) for 2017 and 2018. The spatial distribution of these patients was collected using Global Positing System (GPS). Moran’s I Index spatial autocorrelation technique and Getis-Ord Gi were used to identify the study site’s hot spot and cold spot areas. More than 75% of the CL patients’ population were highly involved with agricultural activities, and they are the highly exposed group of the CL in the study area. Also, 75% of the CL population were men, and the highly vulnerable age group was 35 - 39 men and 40 - 44 women. The generated Moran’s I Index indicates 0.0321, representing a randomly distributed pattern of CL patients over the District, and the Getis-Ord Gi Z Score value was >1.96 (p < 0.05). It is revealed that, during and in the post-harvesting periods of paddy cultivation, farmers are highly exposed to sandflies becoming CL patients. Due to this situation, the researchers observed that the highest number of patients have reported in May of both years and the infection period is two to four weeks earlier than the reported month. Hence to prevent the disease spread, it is essential to implement an awareness program regarding sandflies’ behaviour and CLD.
基金This study is supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research-Vector Control Research Centre intramural funding(project grant no.:IM-1905).
文摘Objective:To report a new species of sandfly,Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii sp.nov.(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Western Ghats,India.Methods:A systematic sandfly survey was conducted in the Thrissur and Kollam districts of Kerala,India using mechanical aspirators,light and sticky traps,both indoor and outdoor habitats,for a period of one year.Deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding of samples was performed targeting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I(COI)gene and sequence generated was subjected to phylogenetic analysis.Results:Sergentomyia(Neophlebotomus)ashwanii,a new sandfly species is recorded and described in this communication.A single row of 10-12 pointed teeth in the cibarium with 4-6 small denticles or fore-teeth are the key characteristics that is distinctive from other members of the subgenus Neophlebotomus.Mitochondrial COI barcode followed by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence confirms that specimens of the species belong to the same taxonomic group while the genetic distance(14.2%)with the congeners established it to be a different species.Conclusions:The Western Ghats'being an important biodiversity hotspot and has dearth of systematic entomological surveys on sandflies.The current study tried to fill the void and also report a new sandfly species.
基金supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi[Grant No.6/9-7(331)/2020/ECD-II].
文摘This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.
基金the University Grants Commission(U.G.C.) New Delhi,India,through project No. F.6-2(46)/2008(MRP/NRCB)
文摘Objective:To identify potential vectors of kala-azar from Northern plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods:The collections were made using sticky paper traps,CDC light-traps,and aspirators from outdoors as well as indoors.All female sandflies were dissected and identified. Results:During January 2009 to July 2009,528 phlebotomine specimens were collected including 329 males(62.3%) and 199 females(37.7%),approximately 238(45%) of them were captured from indoor and 290(55%) from outdoor resting places.Five species belonging to the genera Phlebotomus(8%) and Sergentomyia(92%) were recorded.Conclusions:Public health measures such as case detection and treatment,the control of sandflies,the conjunction elimination of infected stray dogs and health education can be effective in controlling the disease.
文摘In the survey,the work was done to develop taxonomic record of sand fly Phlebotomus(paaphlebotomus) sergenti (Parrot) collected for the first time from new epidemic localities of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dera Ghazi Khan(Pakistan).In view of the published reports about the detection of Leishmania major,the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis from this species in many countries,the correct identification of this species becomes of significant value in the study of epidemiology of leishmaniasis.Therefore,in order to facilitate zoologists and medical researchers in its correct identification,taxonomic characters of P.sergenti(parrot) is studied in details with special reference to its mouth parts,male and female genitalia.A key is also given to P. sergentii(parrot) and its closest allies.In this light its relationships with its closest allies is also briefly discussed.
文摘Background:Visceral leishmaniasis,commonly known as kala-azar in India,is a global public health problem.In Southeast Asia,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and Thailand are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.The role of sandflies as the vector of kala-azar was first confirmed in 1942 in India.Insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti,the vector of kala-azar in the Indian subcontinent,was first reported in 1987 in Bihar,India.This article provides a scoping review of the studies undertaken from 1959 to 2015 on insecticide resistance in P.argentipes and P.papatasi(Scopoli),the vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively,in Southeast Asia,mainly in Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Sri Lanka.Results:Studies undertaken in areas of Bihar and West Bengal in India where kala-azar is endemic have reported resistance of P.argentipes to DDT,while in non-endemic areas it has been reported to be susceptible.In areas of Nepal bordering India,there are indications of resistance to DDT;biochemical resistance has been reported in Sri Lanka.No laboratory studies have been undertaken in Bangladesh;however,the sandfly vector is reported to be still susceptible to pyrethroids in all kala-azar endemic areas in the aforementioned countries.Conclusions:Studies are needed to determine the resistance of sandfly vectors to all available classes of potential insecticides in kala-azar endemic areas.There is a need to assess the impact of indoor residual spraying with DDT and pyrethroids on the incidence of kala-azar in India where 54 districts remain endemic for the disease,strengthen entomological surveillance capacity,and develop and implement an insecticide management plan.Alpha-cypermethrin indoor residual spraying has been introduced in 33 kala-azar endemic districts in Bihar State of India in a pilot trial;the outcomes should be used to inform decisions on expanding coverage with alpha-cypermethrin in all remaining endemic districts to achieve the revised goal of elimination of visceral l
