This work concentrates on simultaneous move non-cooperating quantum games. Part of it is evidently not new, but it is included for the sake self consistence, as it is devoted to introduction of the mathematical and ph...This work concentrates on simultaneous move non-cooperating quantum games. Part of it is evidently not new, but it is included for the sake self consistence, as it is devoted to introduction of the mathematical and physical grounds of the pertinent topics, and the way in which a simple classical game is modified to become a quantum game (a procedure referred to as a quantization of a classical game). The connection between game theory and information science is briefly stressed, and the role of quantum entanglement (that plays a central role in the theory of quantum games), is exposed. Armed with these tools, we investigate some basic concepts like the existence (or absence) of a pure strategy and mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and its relation with the degree of entanglement. The main results of this work are as follows: 1) Construction of a numerical algorithm based on the method of best response functions, designed to search for pure strategy Nash equilibrium in quantum games. The formalism is based on the discretization of a continuous variable into a mesh of points, and can be applied to quantum games that are built upon two-players two-strategies classical games, based on the method of best response functions. 2) Application of this algorithm to study the question of how the existence of pure strategy Nash equilibrium is related to the degree of entanglement (specified by a continuous parameter γ ). It is shown that when the classical game G<sub>C</sub> has a pure strategy Nash equilibrium that is not Pareto efficient, then the quantum game G<sub>Q</sub> with maximal entanglement (γ = π/2) has no pure strategy Nash equilibrium. By studying a non-symmetric prisoner dilemma game, it is found that there is a critical value 0γ<sub>c</sub> such that for γγ<sub>c</sub> there is a pure strategy Nash equilibrium and for γ≥γ<sub>c </sub>there is no pure strategy Nash equilibrium. The behavior of the two payoffs as function of γ starts at that of the classical ones at (D, D) and approaches the cooperativ展开更多
Entanglement in quantum theory is a peculiar concept to scientists. With this concept we are forced to re-consider the cluster property which means that one event is irrelevant to another event when they are fully far...Entanglement in quantum theory is a peculiar concept to scientists. With this concept we are forced to re-consider the cluster property which means that one event is irrelevant to another event when they are fully far away. In the recent works we showed that the quasi-degenerate states induce the violation of cluster property in antiferromagnets when the continuous symmetry breaks spontaneously. We expect that the violation of cluster property will be observed in other materials too, because the spontaneous symmetry breaking is found in many systems such as the high temperature superconductors and the superfluidity. In order to examine the cluster property for these materials, we studied a quantum nonlinear sigma model with U(1) symmetry in the previous work. There we showed that the model does have quasi-degenerate states. In this paper we study the quantum nonlinear sigma model with SU(2) symmetry. In our approach we first define the quantum system on the lattice and then adopt the representation where the kinetic term is diagonalized. Since we have no definition on the conjugate variable to the angle variable, we use the angular momentum operators instead for the kinetic term. In this representation we introduce the states with the fixed quantum numbers and carry out numerical calculations using quantum Monte Carlo methods and other methods. Through analytical and numerical studies, we conclude that the energy of the quasi-degenerate state is proportional to the squared total angular momentum as well as to the inverse of the lattice size.展开更多
We consider the quantum mechanical SU（2） transformation e^2λJzJ±e^-2λJz = e^±2λJ±as if the meaning of squeezing with e^±2λ being squeezing parameter. By studying SU（2） operators （J±,...We consider the quantum mechanical SU（2） transformation e^2λJzJ±e^-2λJz = e^±2λJ±as if the meaning of squeezing with e^±2λ being squeezing parameter. By studying SU（2） operators （J±, Jz） from the point of view of squeezing we find that （J±,Jz） can also be realized in terms of 3-mode bosonic operators. Employing this realization, we find the natural representation （the eigenvectors of J＋ or J-） of the 3-mode squeezing operator e^2λJz. The idea of considering quantum SU（2） transformation as if squeezing is liable for us to obtain the new bosonic operator realization of SU（2） and new squeezing operators.展开更多
In this paper, spinor and vector decompositions of SU（2） gauge potential are presented and their equivalence is constructed using a simply proposal. We also obtain the action of Faddeev nonlinear 0（3） sigma model ...In this paper, spinor and vector decompositions of SU（2） gauge potential are presented and their equivalence is constructed using a simply proposal. We also obtain the action of Faddeev nonlinear 0（3） sigma model from the SU（2） mass/ve gauge field theory, which is proposed according to the gauge invariant principle. At last, the knot structure in SU（2） Chern-Simons filed theory is discussed in terms of the Φ-mapping topological current theory, The topological charge of the knot is characterized by the Hopf indices and the Brouwer degrees of Φ-mapping.展开更多
On the basis of a unified definition of the dual operation and the (anti )self dual operation, the connections of the su(2,2｜1) main cluster was used as the fundamental field variables to construct the self dual L...On the basis of a unified definition of the dual operation and the (anti )self dual operation, the connections of the su(2,2｜1) main cluster was used as the fundamental field variables to construct the self dual Lagrangian of conformal supergravity. A Yang Mill like Lagrangian is obtained and a new gauge theory of supergravity is put forward. The spatial projects of its spin connection are Ashtekar variables.展开更多
从根分布的角度,对齐性二维球面分类结果给出比Bando和Ohnita(J Math Soc Japan,1987,39:477)更加明显的刻画,求出决定齐性二维球面的SU(2)轨道的李群多项式表示的显式表达式,证明复射影空间中SU(2)轨道的维数取决于一个对应的扩大复平...从根分布的角度,对齐性二维球面分类结果给出比Bando和Ohnita(J Math Soc Japan,1987,39:477)更加明显的刻画,求出决定齐性二维球面的SU(2)轨道的李群多项式表示的显式表达式,证明复射影空间中SU(2)轨道的维数取决于一个对应的扩大复平面系数上的一元n次方程的重根和负共轭倒数根对分布,把SU(2)轨道维数归结为黎曼球面上n个点是否重合或成为对径点的问题.也初步研究了SU(2)三维轨道性质与根分布的关系.展开更多
Strong fields generated by big electric currents are examined within the framework of the Yang-Mills nonlinear generalization of the Maxwell electrodynamics proposed in our earlier papers. First we consider the case o...Strong fields generated by big electric currents are examined within the framework of the Yang-Mills nonlinear generalization of the Maxwell electrodynamics proposed in our earlier papers. First we consider the case of stationary currents and find a new exact solution to the Yang-Mills equations. Then we study a Yang-Mills field inside a thin circular cylinder with nonstationary plasma and find expressions for field strengths in it. Obtained results are applied to interpret several puzzling natural phenomena.展开更多
By generalizing the Holstein-Primakoff realization and the Dyson realization of the Lie algebra SU(2),various realizations of the deformed angular momentum algebra Rc0,c1,c2q,s,a five-parameter deformed SU(2) by combi...By generalizing the Holstein-Primakoff realization and the Dyson realization of the Lie algebra SU(2),various realizations of the deformed angular momentum algebra Rc0,c1,c2q,s,a five-parameter deformed SU(2) by combining Witten's two deformation schemes,are investigated in terms of the single boson and the single inversion boson respectively.For each kind,the unitary realization,the non-unitary realization,and their connection by the corresponding similarity transformation are respectively discussed.展开更多
We study the average position and the symmetry of the distribution in the SU（2） open quantum random walk （OQRW）. We show that the average position in the central limit theorem （CLT） is non-uniform compared with ...We study the average position and the symmetry of the distribution in the SU（2） open quantum random walk （OQRW）. We show that the average position in the central limit theorem （CLT） is non-uniform compared with the average position in the non-CLT. The symmetry of distribution is shown to be even in the CLT.展开更多
Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin configurations of magnetizations, which usually originate from the chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and have been observed in the laboratory [1,2]. They have stimulated...Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin configurations of magnetizations, which usually originate from the chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and have been observed in the laboratory [1,2]. They have stimulated the research interest associated with both spintronics and information storage [3, 4] and have also provided a broad stage for gauge field theory.展开更多
Based on the explicit expressions of the plaquette formulations, the independent plaquette trial action for 4-dimensional lattice gauge theory is introduced. As an example, the mean plaquette energy EP for the SU(2) l...Based on the explicit expressions of the plaquette formulations, the independent plaquette trial action for 4-dimensional lattice gauge theory is introduced. As an example, the mean plaquette energy EP for the SU(2) lattice gauge theory is calculated by using action variational approach with the independent trial action. The results are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo results in the strong coupling and the crossover region, and the curve is smooth in the whole region, which show that 4-dimensional SU(2) theory has only a single, confining phase. The unwanted discontinuity of EP given by the single link trial action, which is used in the earlier variational calculations has been avoided.展开更多
The pure lattice SU(2)gauge theory is studied with a single plaquette EXP action by means of Monte Carlo simulations using a 120 element subgroup.The ratio of the lattice a-parameter to the square root of string tensi...The pure lattice SU(2)gauge theory is studied with a single plaquette EXP action by means of Monte Carlo simulations using a 120 element subgroup.The ratio of the lattice a-parameter to the square root of string tension is(1.02±0.05)×10^(-4),which is much less than that of Wilson's action.But at finite temperatures,the deconfinement transition point is found to be Tq=(210±28)MeV,in good agreement with Wilson's one.展开更多
文摘This work concentrates on simultaneous move non-cooperating quantum games. Part of it is evidently not new, but it is included for the sake self consistence, as it is devoted to introduction of the mathematical and physical grounds of the pertinent topics, and the way in which a simple classical game is modified to become a quantum game (a procedure referred to as a quantization of a classical game). The connection between game theory and information science is briefly stressed, and the role of quantum entanglement (that plays a central role in the theory of quantum games), is exposed. Armed with these tools, we investigate some basic concepts like the existence (or absence) of a pure strategy and mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and its relation with the degree of entanglement. The main results of this work are as follows: 1) Construction of a numerical algorithm based on the method of best response functions, designed to search for pure strategy Nash equilibrium in quantum games. The formalism is based on the discretization of a continuous variable into a mesh of points, and can be applied to quantum games that are built upon two-players two-strategies classical games, based on the method of best response functions. 2) Application of this algorithm to study the question of how the existence of pure strategy Nash equilibrium is related to the degree of entanglement (specified by a continuous parameter γ ). It is shown that when the classical game G<sub>C</sub> has a pure strategy Nash equilibrium that is not Pareto efficient, then the quantum game G<sub>Q</sub> with maximal entanglement (γ = π/2) has no pure strategy Nash equilibrium. By studying a non-symmetric prisoner dilemma game, it is found that there is a critical value 0γ<sub>c</sub> such that for γγ<sub>c</sub> there is a pure strategy Nash equilibrium and for γ≥γ<sub>c </sub>there is no pure strategy Nash equilibrium. The behavior of the two payoffs as function of γ starts at that of the classical ones at (D, D) and approaches the cooperativ
文摘Entanglement in quantum theory is a peculiar concept to scientists. With this concept we are forced to re-consider the cluster property which means that one event is irrelevant to another event when they are fully far away. In the recent works we showed that the quasi-degenerate states induce the violation of cluster property in antiferromagnets when the continuous symmetry breaks spontaneously. We expect that the violation of cluster property will be observed in other materials too, because the spontaneous symmetry breaking is found in many systems such as the high temperature superconductors and the superfluidity. In order to examine the cluster property for these materials, we studied a quantum nonlinear sigma model with U(1) symmetry in the previous work. There we showed that the model does have quasi-degenerate states. In this paper we study the quantum nonlinear sigma model with SU(2) symmetry. In our approach we first define the quantum system on the lattice and then adopt the representation where the kinetic term is diagonalized. Since we have no definition on the conjugate variable to the angle variable, we use the angular momentum operators instead for the kinetic term. In this representation we introduce the states with the fixed quantum numbers and carry out numerical calculations using quantum Monte Carlo methods and other methods. Through analytical and numerical studies, we conclude that the energy of the quasi-degenerate state is proportional to the squared total angular momentum as well as to the inverse of the lattice size.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11175113 and 11275123)the Key Project of Natural Science Fund of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.KJ2013A261)
文摘We consider the quantum mechanical SU（2） transformation e^2λJzJ±e^-2λJz = e^±2λJ±as if the meaning of squeezing with e^±2λ being squeezing parameter. By studying SU（2） operators （J±, Jz） from the point of view of squeezing we find that （J±,Jz） can also be realized in terms of 3-mode bosonic operators. Employing this realization, we find the natural representation （the eigenvectors of J＋ or J-） of the 3-mode squeezing operator e^2λJz. The idea of considering quantum SU（2） transformation as if squeezing is liable for us to obtain the new bosonic operator realization of SU（2） and new squeezing operators.
基金＊The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Doctoral Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China
文摘In this paper, spinor and vector decompositions of SU（2） gauge potential are presented and their equivalence is constructed using a simply proposal. We also obtain the action of Faddeev nonlinear 0（3） sigma model from the SU（2） mass/ve gauge field theory, which is proposed according to the gauge invariant principle. At last, the knot structure in SU（2） Chern-Simons filed theory is discussed in terms of the Φ-mapping topological current theory, The topological charge of the knot is characterized by the Hopf indices and the Brouwer degrees of Φ-mapping.
文摘On the basis of a unified definition of the dual operation and the (anti )self dual operation, the connections of the su(2,2｜1) main cluster was used as the fundamental field variables to construct the self dual Lagrangian of conformal supergravity. A Yang Mill like Lagrangian is obtained and a new gauge theory of supergravity is put forward. The spatial projects of its spin connection are Ashtekar variables.
文摘从根分布的角度,对齐性二维球面分类结果给出比Bando和Ohnita(J Math Soc Japan,1987,39:477)更加明显的刻画,求出决定齐性二维球面的SU(2)轨道的李群多项式表示的显式表达式,证明复射影空间中SU(2)轨道的维数取决于一个对应的扩大复平面系数上的一元n次方程的重根和负共轭倒数根对分布,把SU(2)轨道维数归结为黎曼球面上n个点是否重合或成为对径点的问题.也初步研究了SU(2)三维轨道性质与根分布的关系.
文摘Strong fields generated by big electric currents are examined within the framework of the Yang-Mills nonlinear generalization of the Maxwell electrodynamics proposed in our earlier papers. First we consider the case of stationary currents and find a new exact solution to the Yang-Mills equations. Then we study a Yang-Mills field inside a thin circular cylinder with nonstationary plasma and find expressions for field strengths in it. Obtained results are applied to interpret several puzzling natural phenomena.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB929402)
文摘By generalizing the Holstein-Primakoff realization and the Dyson realization of the Lie algebra SU(2),various realizations of the deformed angular momentum algebra Rc0,c1,c2q,s,a five-parameter deformed SU(2) by combining Witten's two deformation schemes,are investigated in terms of the single boson and the single inversion boson respectively.For each kind,the unitary realization,the non-unitary realization,and their connection by the corresponding similarity transformation are respectively discussed.
文摘We study the average position and the symmetry of the distribution in the SU（2） open quantum random walk （OQRW）. We show that the average position in the central limit theorem （CLT） is non-uniform compared with the average position in the non-CLT. The symmetry of distribution is shown to be even in the CLT.
文摘Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin configurations of magnetizations, which usually originate from the chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and have been observed in the laboratory [1,2]. They have stimulated the research interest associated with both spintronics and information storage [3, 4] and have also provided a broad stage for gauge field theory.
文摘Based on the explicit expressions of the plaquette formulations, the independent plaquette trial action for 4-dimensional lattice gauge theory is introduced. As an example, the mean plaquette energy EP for the SU(2) lattice gauge theory is calculated by using action variational approach with the independent trial action. The results are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo results in the strong coupling and the crossover region, and the curve is smooth in the whole region, which show that 4-dimensional SU(2) theory has only a single, confining phase. The unwanted discontinuity of EP given by the single link trial action, which is used in the earlier variational calculations has been avoided.
文摘The pure lattice SU(2)gauge theory is studied with a single plaquette EXP action by means of Monte Carlo simulations using a 120 element subgroup.The ratio of the lattice a-parameter to the square root of string tension is(1.02±0.05)×10^(-4),which is much less than that of Wilson's action.But at finite temperatures,the deconfinement transition point is found to be Tq=(210±28)MeV,in good agreement with Wilson's one.
