These Chinese National Guidelines(GB/T 35892-20181)were issued February 06,2018 and became effective September 01,2018.The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the internat...These Chinese National Guidelines(GB/T 35892-20181)were issued February 06,2018 and became effective September 01,2018.The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the international community of the compliance requirements in China.It was appreciated that the final translation must reflect the specialist understanding of those working under the Guideline whilst remaining faithful to the meaning of the original Chinese text.A three-step translation process was therefore determined.Step 1:A professional interpretation service(KL Communications,UK)was commissioned to prepare a literal translation of the Chinese text.Supportive documents were provided which explained specialist terminology.This translation was checked by two bilingual experts.Step 2:A workshop was held in Nanjing in May 2019 to which were invited experts in laboratory animal welfare and ethical use.These included international native English-speaking and Chinese-speaking delegates.The delegates worked in multilingual teams to review sections of the literal translation ahead of the workshop,and to agree an authentic interpretation during the workshop.Step 3:Following the workshop,three bilingual experts(two native Chinese speakers and one native English speaker)reviewed the entire document to ensure consistency of terminology and general accuracy.This document is thus not a“literal translation”but an“accurate interpretation”of the original text.Any challenge of work being performed under these Guidelines should rely on the Chinese text in the first place.However,this translation may be used as mitigating evidence,especially where those performing the work are non-Chinese speakers.展开更多
People listening,people talking,people standing on tiptoes toget a clearview of the keynote speakers...This was the scene that unfolded at the venue of the China Development Forum in Beijing on March 24.Economists and...People listening,people talking,people standing on tiptoes toget a clearview of the keynote speakers...This was the scene that unfolded at the venue of the China Development Forum in Beijing on March 24.Economists and business leaders from China and abroad,top Chinese officials and representatives from international organizations attended the event with a strong desire to exchange ideas on the Chinese economy.展开更多
On December 9,2023,I was privileged to be honored and participate in the Dr.Chi Chao Chan Symposium on Global Collaboration of Eye Research as the Global Eye Genetic Consortium(GEGC)session,which was held in the 16th ...On December 9,2023,I was privileged to be honored and participate in the Dr.Chi Chao Chan Symposium on Global Collaboration of Eye Research as the Global Eye Genetic Consortium(GEGC)session,which was held in the 16th Congress of the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society(APVRS)in Hong Kong.Along with my talk on“Global collaboration of eye research:personal experience”,other prominent international speakers provided their own perspectives on opportunities for networking,collaboration,and exchange of ideas with global leaders and experts in ophthalmic practice,research,and education.展开更多
This paper investigates the impacts of intercultural experience through English as a lingua franca （ELF） on language attitudes, with the focus on Chinese speakers＇ narratives of ELF experience in relation to their ...This paper investigates the impacts of intercultural experience through English as a lingua franca （ELF） on language attitudes, with the focus on Chinese speakers＇ narratives of ELF experience in relation to their views of Englishes. The data retrieved through 769 questionnaires and 35 interviews with Chinese users of English revealed the impacts in four aspects. First, the lack of ELF experience helps to maintain the assumption that conformity to native English is necessary for interactants to understand each other. Second, ELF experience triggers the question about the exclusive connection between nativeness and intelligibility. Third, it raises challenges to the exclusive relevance of native English for successful intercultural communication. Fourth, it helps to develop an awareness of intercultural communication strategies as important for communicative effectiveness in the context of the diversity of English. Attitudes revealed in the four aspects all point to a concern with the issue what is intelligible English. This paper thus discusses intelligibility in relation to （non-） nativeness and the role of intercultural experience in making sense of the issue of intelligibility, which leads to the exploration of pedagogical implications of this study.展开更多
0引言高阶Ambisonics声重放系统(High Order Ambisonics,HOA)采用空间球谐函数展开,逐级逼近理想声场的方法,记录原声场空间信息并重放一个与原声场相同或尽可能相似的三维声场[1]。重放声场的精度可以通过选择球谐展开级数来调节,重放...0引言高阶Ambisonics声重放系统(High Order Ambisonics,HOA)采用空间球谐函数展开,逐级逼近理想声场的方法,记录原声场空间信息并重放一个与原声场相同或尽可能相似的三维声场[1]。重放声场的精度可以通过选择球谐展开级数来调节,重放时,可有多种不同的扬声器布置方案。因此,HOA声重放系统的效果不仅与球谐函数的阶数有关。展开更多
Integrating letters and sounds are essential for successful reading in alphabetic languages. It remains unclear if native speakers of non-alphabetic languages integrate letters and sounds in reading an alphabetic lan-...Integrating letters and sounds are essential for successful reading in alphabetic languages. It remains unclear if native speakers of non-alphabetic languages integrate letters and sounds in reading an alphabetic lan- guage in the same way as native alphabetic readers do. Chinese is a morpho-syllabic system （each character cor- responds to one syllable） and contrasts sharply with alphabetic languages such as English. Several fMRI studies have shown that native Chinese speakers apply their native language system to read English words. By using the cross- modal mismatch negativity （MMN） paradigm, we directly investigated letter-sound integration for reading in English among native Chinese speakers. To investigate the effect of native language background on letter-sound integration in second language reading, a group of native Korean English learners served as a comparison group. We compared MMN responses between an auditory only condition （only vowels presented） and two audiovisual conditions （AV0, vowel presented synchronously with the corresponding letter; AV200, the letter presented 200 ms before the corresponding vowel） for both native Chinese and native Korean speakers. Native Chinese speakers demonstrated significantly attenuated MMN amplitudes in audiovisual conditions compared with the auditory only condition, regardless of their phonological decoding speed. In con- trast, native Korean speakers showed amplified amplitude MMN in AV200 compared with that in the auditory only condition. The results suggest that native language may shape the brain responses of second language learners to reading a second language in the early stages. Native non- alphabetic language speakers may be unable to use visual information to facilitate their phonological processing in the early stage while naT：lye alphabetic language speakers are capable of integrating letter sounds automatically.展开更多
South-South cooperation can greatly contribute to addressing food security A seminar on knowledge sharing in South-South cooperation was held at the UN premises in Beijing on 15 May.ChinAfrica sat down with one of the...South-South cooperation can greatly contribute to addressing food security A seminar on knowledge sharing in South-South cooperation was held at the UN premises in Beijing on 15 May.ChinAfrica sat down with one of the speakers David Kaatrud,director of Programme-Humanitarian&Development Programme&Policy Department,World Food Programme(WFP),to hear his opinion on global food security situation and the role of South-South cooperation in addressing food security challenges.Edited excerpts of the interview follow.展开更多
1 Introduction Lexical simplification(LS)aims to simplify a sentence by replacing complex words with simpler words without changing the meaning of the sentence,which can facilitate comprehension of the text for people...1 Introduction Lexical simplification(LS)aims to simplify a sentence by replacing complex words with simpler words without changing the meaning of the sentence,which can facilitate comprehension of the text for people with non-native speakers and children.Traditional LS methods utilize linguistic databases(e.g.,WordNet)[1]or word embedding models[2]to extract synonyms or high-similar words for the complex word,and then sort them based on their appropriateness in context.Recently,BERT-based LS methods[3,4]entirely or partially mask the complex word of the original sentence,and then feed the sentence into pretrained modeling BERT[5]to obtain the top probability tokens corresponding to the masked word as the substitute candidates.They have made remarkable progress in generating substitutes by making full use of the context information of complex words,that can effectively alleviate the shortcomings of traditional methods.展开更多
Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions,as these devices can transmit acoustic information con...Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions,as these devices can transmit acoustic information conveniently.In this paper,we present a flexible electret loudspeaker that offers numerous benefits,such as eco-friendly,easy fabrication,flexible customization,strong durability,and excellent outputs.The output sound pressure level(SPL)and frequency response characteristic are optimized according to the simulation and experiment results.At a distance of 50 meters,a large-size loudspeaker(50×40 cm^(2))can produce an average SPL of 60 dB(normal SPL range of human voices is between 40 to 70 dB).The frequency response of our loudspeaker is high and relatively consistent up to 15 kHz,which covers the normal frequency range of human voices(<8 kHz).As demonstrated in this work,our loudspeakers can be used for scalable applications,such as being integrated with curtains or hung up like posters,offering a promising and practical solution for creating better human-machine interaction experiences.展开更多
Flexible human–machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts.However,compared to their rigid counter...Flexible human–machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts.However,compared to their rigid counterparts,most reported flexible devices(e.g.,flexible loudspeakers and microphones)show inferior performance,mainly due to the nature of their flexibility.Therefore,it is of great significance to improve their performance by developing and optimizing new materials,structures and design methodologies.In this paper,a flexible acoustic platform based on a zinc oxide(ZnO)thin film on an aluminum foil substrate is developed and optimized;this platform can be applied as a loudspeaker,a microphone,or an ambient sensor depending on the selection of its excitation frequencies.When used as a speaker,the proposed structure shows a high sound pressure level(SPL)of~90 dB(with a standard deviation of~3.6 dB),a low total harmonic distortion of~1.41%,and a uniform directivity(with a standard deviation of~4 dB).Its normalized SPL is higher than those of similar devices reported in the recent literature.When used as a microphone,the proposed device shows a precision of 98%for speech recognition,and the measured audio signals show a strong similarity to the original audio signals,demonstrating its equivalent performance compared to a rigid commercial microphone.As a flexible sensor,this device shows a high temperature coefficient of frequency of−289 ppm/K and good performance for respiratory monitoring.展开更多
Years of research shows that when a native English speaker enters a conversation among nonnative speakers,understanding goes down.Communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker ...Years of research shows that when a native English speaker enters a conversation among nonnative speakers,understanding goes down.Communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker doesn't know how to do what nonnative speakers do naturally:speak in ways that are understandable to everyone,using simple words and expressions.They unconsciously use unnecessarily confusing vocabulary,which makes language less understandable.展开更多
The Oxford English Dictionary(OED)was originally published between 1884 and 1928,but even today we are only scratching the surface of its full potential as a major searchable online resource.This article looks briefly...The Oxford English Dictionary(OED)was originally published between 1884 and 1928,but even today we are only scratching the surface of its full potential as a major searchable online resource.This article looks briefly at how and why the dictionary was originally established in the second half of the nineteenth century,before examining how today's editors are updating its content in the first comprehensive revision programme the dictionary has ever undergone.The remainder of the article investigates the current online site and looks into the future—to see what strategies the dictionary is employing and imagining as it moves away from being a book on computer to becoming a fully-fledged online language resource.展开更多
Academic literacy is the fundamental quality that scholars should possess in order to get socialized in their disciplinary communities, of which academic writing is one of the most important aspects. This article atte...Academic literacy is the fundamental quality that scholars should possess in order to get socialized in their disciplinary communities, of which academic writing is one of the most important aspects. This article attempts to summarize some common features of academic writing and the skills and background knowledge that are essential for successful writing. The next part focuses on the possible challenges that academic writing may pose on Chinese overseas students as they try to meet the requirements of the Western discourse communities. In the last part, it provides some recommendations to those who intend to study abroad and concludes that for both native and non-native speakers the learning of academic writing is a lifelong process of endless confliction and negotiation.展开更多
The intelligibility of Thai speakers’English pronunciation from Chinese listeners’perspectives have not been analyzed deeply in current researches.As is known to all,the interconnection between China and Thailand is...The intelligibility of Thai speakers’English pronunciation from Chinese listeners’perspectives have not been analyzed deeply in current researches.As is known to all,the interconnection between China and Thailand is greatly developed with the sup⁃port of‘One Belt and One Road initiative’.However,it is inevitable for non-native English speakers to encounter some pronuncia⁃tion problems,which would affect them to communicate with each other.As for Chinese English learners,Thai accent to some ex⁃tent would be a great challenge during the conversation with Thai speakers.In order to promote a better communication,it is neces⁃sary to analyze the origin of Thai speakers’English pronunciation problems.Therefore,this research based on the previous studies to categorize the common pronunciation problems among Thai speakers.However,there are numerous English learners in Thailand that have various language proficiency.In this respect,two Thai speakers with different IELTS scores have been selected for com⁃parison,and six postgraduate students in the Education University of Hong Kong are invited to serve as a listener.As a result,this research will base on the listeners’feedback to highlight some suggestions to enhance the intelligibility of Thai speakers’pronun⁃ciation.展开更多
This paper examines whether or not Chinese native speakers (CNSs) have difficulties in understanding English counterfactuals, whether CNSs have counterfactual reasoning problems in their own language, what the causes ...This paper examines whether or not Chinese native speakers (CNSs) have difficulties in understanding English counterfactuals, whether CNSs have counterfactual reasoning problems in their own language, what the causes of these difficulties may be, and the problems in teaching English subjunctives. It also proposes on how to improve CNSs’ English counterfactual comprehension.展开更多
基金Astra Zeneca R&DUniversities Federation for Animal Welfare+3 种基金Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to AnimalsNovo Nordisk PharmaceuticalsGovernment of the United KingdomAAALAC International。
文摘These Chinese National Guidelines(GB/T 35892-20181)were issued February 06,2018 and became effective September 01,2018.The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the international community of the compliance requirements in China.It was appreciated that the final translation must reflect the specialist understanding of those working under the Guideline whilst remaining faithful to the meaning of the original Chinese text.A three-step translation process was therefore determined.Step 1:A professional interpretation service(KL Communications,UK)was commissioned to prepare a literal translation of the Chinese text.Supportive documents were provided which explained specialist terminology.This translation was checked by two bilingual experts.Step 2:A workshop was held in Nanjing in May 2019 to which were invited experts in laboratory animal welfare and ethical use.These included international native English-speaking and Chinese-speaking delegates.The delegates worked in multilingual teams to review sections of the literal translation ahead of the workshop,and to agree an authentic interpretation during the workshop.Step 3:Following the workshop,three bilingual experts(two native Chinese speakers and one native English speaker)reviewed the entire document to ensure consistency of terminology and general accuracy.This document is thus not a“literal translation”but an“accurate interpretation”of the original text.Any challenge of work being performed under these Guidelines should rely on the Chinese text in the first place.However,this translation may be used as mitigating evidence,especially where those performing the work are non-Chinese speakers.
文摘People listening,people talking,people standing on tiptoes toget a clearview of the keynote speakers...This was the scene that unfolded at the venue of the China Development Forum in Beijing on March 24.Economists and business leaders from China and abroad,top Chinese officials and representatives from international organizations attended the event with a strong desire to exchange ideas on the Chinese economy.
文摘On December 9,2023,I was privileged to be honored and participate in the Dr.Chi Chao Chan Symposium on Global Collaboration of Eye Research as the Global Eye Genetic Consortium(GEGC)session,which was held in the 16th Congress of the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society(APVRS)in Hong Kong.Along with my talk on“Global collaboration of eye research:personal experience”,other prominent international speakers provided their own perspectives on opportunities for networking,collaboration,and exchange of ideas with global leaders and experts in ophthalmic practice,research,and education.
文摘This paper investigates the impacts of intercultural experience through English as a lingua franca （ELF） on language attitudes, with the focus on Chinese speakers＇ narratives of ELF experience in relation to their views of Englishes. The data retrieved through 769 questionnaires and 35 interviews with Chinese users of English revealed the impacts in four aspects. First, the lack of ELF experience helps to maintain the assumption that conformity to native English is necessary for interactants to understand each other. Second, ELF experience triggers the question about the exclusive connection between nativeness and intelligibility. Third, it raises challenges to the exclusive relevance of native English for successful intercultural communication. Fourth, it helps to develop an awareness of intercultural communication strategies as important for communicative effectiveness in the context of the diversity of English. Attitudes revealed in the four aspects all point to a concern with the issue what is intelligible English. This paper thus discusses intelligibility in relation to （non-） nativeness and the role of intercultural experience in making sense of the issue of intelligibility, which leads to the exploration of pedagogical implications of this study.
文摘0引言高阶Ambisonics声重放系统(High Order Ambisonics,HOA)采用空间球谐函数展开,逐级逼近理想声场的方法,记录原声场空间信息并重放一个与原声场相同或尽可能相似的三维声场[1]。重放声场的精度可以通过选择球谐展开级数来调节,重放时,可有多种不同的扬声器布置方案。因此,HOA声重放系统的效果不仅与球谐函数的阶数有关。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31221003)National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB846103)
文摘Integrating letters and sounds are essential for successful reading in alphabetic languages. It remains unclear if native speakers of non-alphabetic languages integrate letters and sounds in reading an alphabetic lan- guage in the same way as native alphabetic readers do. Chinese is a morpho-syllabic system （each character cor- responds to one syllable） and contrasts sharply with alphabetic languages such as English. Several fMRI studies have shown that native Chinese speakers apply their native language system to read English words. By using the cross- modal mismatch negativity （MMN） paradigm, we directly investigated letter-sound integration for reading in English among native Chinese speakers. To investigate the effect of native language background on letter-sound integration in second language reading, a group of native Korean English learners served as a comparison group. We compared MMN responses between an auditory only condition （only vowels presented） and two audiovisual conditions （AV0, vowel presented synchronously with the corresponding letter; AV200, the letter presented 200 ms before the corresponding vowel） for both native Chinese and native Korean speakers. Native Chinese speakers demonstrated significantly attenuated MMN amplitudes in audiovisual conditions compared with the auditory only condition, regardless of their phonological decoding speed. In con- trast, native Korean speakers showed amplified amplitude MMN in AV200 compared with that in the auditory only condition. The results suggest that native language may shape the brain responses of second language learners to reading a second language in the early stages. Native non- alphabetic language speakers may be unable to use visual information to facilitate their phonological processing in the early stage while naT：lye alphabetic language speakers are capable of integrating letter sounds automatically.
文摘South-South cooperation can greatly contribute to addressing food security A seminar on knowledge sharing in South-South cooperation was held at the UN premises in Beijing on 15 May.ChinAfrica sat down with one of the speakers David Kaatrud,director of Programme-Humanitarian&Development Programme&Policy Department,World Food Programme(WFP),to hear his opinion on global food security situation and the role of South-South cooperation in addressing food security challenges.Edited excerpts of the interview follow.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62076217 and 61906060)the Blue Project of Yangzhou University.
文摘1 Introduction Lexical simplification(LS)aims to simplify a sentence by replacing complex words with simpler words without changing the meaning of the sentence,which can facilitate comprehension of the text for people with non-native speakers and children.Traditional LS methods utilize linguistic databases(e.g.,WordNet)[1]or word embedding models[2]to extract synonyms or high-similar words for the complex word,and then sort them based on their appropriateness in context.Recently,BERT-based LS methods[3,4]entirely or partially mask the complex word of the original sentence,and then feed the sentence into pretrained modeling BERT[5]to obtain the top probability tokens corresponding to the masked word as the substitute candidates.They have made remarkable progress in generating substitutes by making full use of the context information of complex words,that can effectively alleviate the shortcomings of traditional methods.
基金J.Z.acknowledges the funding support from the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(FDCT)(File No.0059/2021/AFJ,0040/2021/A1)University of Macao(MYRG-GRG2023-00041-FST-UMDF,MYRG2022-00003-FST,SRG2021-00001-FST)+2 种基金Y.M.acknowledges the funding support from Hong Kong Research Grants Council(25228722)I.M.L.acknowledges the Start-up Research Grant from the University of Macao(SRG2022-00038-FST)the funding support from FDCT(File No.0119/2022/A3).
文摘Flexible loudspeakers that can be easily distributed in the surrounding environment are essential for creating immersive experiences in human-machine interactions,as these devices can transmit acoustic information conveniently.In this paper,we present a flexible electret loudspeaker that offers numerous benefits,such as eco-friendly,easy fabrication,flexible customization,strong durability,and excellent outputs.The output sound pressure level(SPL)and frequency response characteristic are optimized according to the simulation and experiment results.At a distance of 50 meters,a large-size loudspeaker(50×40 cm^(2))can produce an average SPL of 60 dB(normal SPL range of human voices is between 40 to 70 dB).The frequency response of our loudspeaker is high and relatively consistent up to 15 kHz,which covers the normal frequency range of human voices(<8 kHz).As demonstrated in this work,our loudspeakers can be used for scalable applications,such as being integrated with curtains or hung up like posters,offering a promising and practical solution for creating better human-machine interaction experiences.
基金supported by the“National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 51875521,52175552,12104320)”the“Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ19E050002)”+7 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B0101040002)Special Projects in Key Fields of Colleges in Guangdong Province(2020ZDZX2007)Research Project in Fundamental and Application Fields of Guangdong Province(2020A1515110561)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515111199)Shenzhen Science&Technology Project(Grant Nos.JCYJ20180507182106754,JCYJ20180507182439574,RCBS20200714114918249,GJHZ20200731095803010)the Engineering Physics and Science Research Council of UK(EPSRC 10 EP/P018998/1)International Exchange Grant(IEC/NSFC/201078)through Royal Society UK and the NSFCEPSRC NetworkPlus in Digitalized Surface Manufacturing(EP/S036180/1).
文摘Flexible human–machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts.However,compared to their rigid counterparts,most reported flexible devices(e.g.,flexible loudspeakers and microphones)show inferior performance,mainly due to the nature of their flexibility.Therefore,it is of great significance to improve their performance by developing and optimizing new materials,structures and design methodologies.In this paper,a flexible acoustic platform based on a zinc oxide(ZnO)thin film on an aluminum foil substrate is developed and optimized;this platform can be applied as a loudspeaker,a microphone,or an ambient sensor depending on the selection of its excitation frequencies.When used as a speaker,the proposed structure shows a high sound pressure level(SPL)of~90 dB(with a standard deviation of~3.6 dB),a low total harmonic distortion of~1.41%,and a uniform directivity(with a standard deviation of~4 dB).Its normalized SPL is higher than those of similar devices reported in the recent literature.When used as a microphone,the proposed device shows a precision of 98%for speech recognition,and the measured audio signals show a strong similarity to the original audio signals,demonstrating its equivalent performance compared to a rigid commercial microphone.As a flexible sensor,this device shows a high temperature coefficient of frequency of−289 ppm/K and good performance for respiratory monitoring.
文摘Years of research shows that when a native English speaker enters a conversation among nonnative speakers,understanding goes down.Communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker doesn't know how to do what nonnative speakers do naturally:speak in ways that are understandable to everyone,using simple words and expressions.They unconsciously use unnecessarily confusing vocabulary,which makes language less understandable.
文摘The Oxford English Dictionary(OED)was originally published between 1884 and 1928,but even today we are only scratching the surface of its full potential as a major searchable online resource.This article looks briefly at how and why the dictionary was originally established in the second half of the nineteenth century,before examining how today's editors are updating its content in the first comprehensive revision programme the dictionary has ever undergone.The remainder of the article investigates the current online site and looks into the future—to see what strategies the dictionary is employing and imagining as it moves away from being a book on computer to becoming a fully-fledged online language resource.
文摘Academic literacy is the fundamental quality that scholars should possess in order to get socialized in their disciplinary communities, of which academic writing is one of the most important aspects. This article attempts to summarize some common features of academic writing and the skills and background knowledge that are essential for successful writing. The next part focuses on the possible challenges that academic writing may pose on Chinese overseas students as they try to meet the requirements of the Western discourse communities. In the last part, it provides some recommendations to those who intend to study abroad and concludes that for both native and non-native speakers the learning of academic writing is a lifelong process of endless confliction and negotiation.
文摘The intelligibility of Thai speakers’English pronunciation from Chinese listeners’perspectives have not been analyzed deeply in current researches.As is known to all,the interconnection between China and Thailand is greatly developed with the sup⁃port of‘One Belt and One Road initiative’.However,it is inevitable for non-native English speakers to encounter some pronuncia⁃tion problems,which would affect them to communicate with each other.As for Chinese English learners,Thai accent to some ex⁃tent would be a great challenge during the conversation with Thai speakers.In order to promote a better communication,it is neces⁃sary to analyze the origin of Thai speakers’English pronunciation problems.Therefore,this research based on the previous studies to categorize the common pronunciation problems among Thai speakers.However,there are numerous English learners in Thailand that have various language proficiency.In this respect,two Thai speakers with different IELTS scores have been selected for com⁃parison,and six postgraduate students in the Education University of Hong Kong are invited to serve as a listener.As a result,this research will base on the listeners’feedback to highlight some suggestions to enhance the intelligibility of Thai speakers’pronun⁃ciation.
文摘This paper examines whether or not Chinese native speakers (CNSs) have difficulties in understanding English counterfactuals, whether CNSs have counterfactual reasoning problems in their own language, what the causes of these difficulties may be, and the problems in teaching English subjunctives. It also proposes on how to improve CNSs’ English counterfactual comprehension.
