The Hantaan virus(HTNV)and Seoul virus(SEOV)mutants have accumulated over time.It is important to determine whether their neutralizing epitopes have evolved,thereby making the current vaccine powerless.However,it is i...The Hantaan virus(HTNV)and Seoul virus(SEOV)mutants have accumulated over time.It is important to determine whether their neutralizing epitopes have evolved,thereby making the current vaccine powerless.However,it is impossible to determine by using traditional plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT),because it requires large numbers of live mutant strains.Pseudovirus-based neutralization assays(PBNA)were developed by employing vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)backbone incorporated with HTNV or SEOV glycoproteins(VSVDG*-HTNVG or VSVDG*-SEOVG).56 and 51 single amino acid substitutions of glycoprotein(GP)in HTNV and SEOV were selected and introduced into the reference plasmid.Then the mutant pseudoviruses were generated and tested by PBNA.The PBNA results were highly correlated with PRNT ones with R2 being 0.91 for VSVDG*-HTNVG and 0.82 for VSVDG*-SEOVG.53 HTNV mutant pseudoviruses and 46 SEOV mutants were successfully generated.Importantly,by using PBNA,we found that HTNV or SEOV immunized antisera could neutralize all the corresponding 53 HTNV mutants or the 46 SEOV mutants respectively.The novel PBNA enables us to closely monitor the effectiveness of vaccines against large numbers of evolving HTNV and SEOV.And the current vaccine remains to be effective for the naturally occurring mutants.展开更多
The CO2 concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site （Namsan） and an urban residential region （Boramae） in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season （2 4 March 2011）, the growing season （10-12 June 201...The CO2 concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site （Namsan） and an urban residential region （Boramae） in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season （2 4 March 2011）, the growing season （10-12 June 2011）, and the late-growing season （22-24 September 2011） were analyzed. The CO2 concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season （early spring） and a minimum value during the growing season （summer）. The CO2 flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO2 flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600-1000 LST and 1800-2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Projects of Drug Discovery[Grant Number 2018ZX09101-001]
文摘The Hantaan virus(HTNV)and Seoul virus(SEOV)mutants have accumulated over time.It is important to determine whether their neutralizing epitopes have evolved,thereby making the current vaccine powerless.However,it is impossible to determine by using traditional plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT),because it requires large numbers of live mutant strains.Pseudovirus-based neutralization assays(PBNA)were developed by employing vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)backbone incorporated with HTNV or SEOV glycoproteins(VSVDG*-HTNVG or VSVDG*-SEOVG).56 and 51 single amino acid substitutions of glycoprotein(GP)in HTNV and SEOV were selected and introduced into the reference plasmid.Then the mutant pseudoviruses were generated and tested by PBNA.The PBNA results were highly correlated with PRNT ones with R2 being 0.91 for VSVDG*-HTNVG and 0.82 for VSVDG*-SEOVG.53 HTNV mutant pseudoviruses and 46 SEOV mutants were successfully generated.Importantly,by using PBNA,we found that HTNV or SEOV immunized antisera could neutralize all the corresponding 53 HTNV mutants or the 46 SEOV mutants respectively.The novel PBNA enables us to closely monitor the effectiveness of vaccines against large numbers of evolving HTNV and SEOV.And the current vaccine remains to be effective for the naturally occurring mutants.
基金funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (Grant No. CATER 2012-7010)the Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNL-TER) project for their data distributions
文摘The CO2 concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site （Namsan） and an urban residential region （Boramae） in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season （2 4 March 2011）, the growing season （10-12 June 2011）, and the late-growing season （22-24 September 2011） were analyzed. The CO2 concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season （early spring） and a minimum value during the growing season （summer）. The CO2 flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO2 flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600-1000 LST and 1800-2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.
