While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV）~as initially thought to enter cells through direct fusion with the plasma membrane, more recent evidence suggests that yirus entry may also involve endo...While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV）~as initially thought to enter cells through direct fusion with the plasma membrane, more recent evidence suggests that yirus entry may also involve endocytosis. We have found that SARS-CoV enters cells viapH- and receptor-dependent endocytosis. Treatment of cells with either SARS-COV spike protein or spike-bearing pseudoviruses resulted in the translocation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 （ACE2）, the functional receptor of SARS-CoV, from the cell surface to endosomes. In addition, the spike-bearing pseudoviruses and early endosome antigen 1 were found to colocalize in endosomes. Further analyses using specific endocytic path- way inhibitors and dominant-negative Epsl5 as well as caveolin-1 colocalization study suggested that virus entry was mediated by a clathrin- and caveolae-independent mechanism. Moreover, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane, which have been shown to act as platforms for many physiological signaling pathways, were shown to be involved in virus entry. Endocytic entry of SARS-CoV may expand the cellular range of SARS-CoV infection, and our findings here contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV pathogenesis, providing new information for anti-viral drug research.展开更多
Covid-19 pandemic has caused hundreds of thousands deaths and millions of infections and continued spreading violently.Although researchers are racing to find or develop effective drugs or vaccines,no drugs from moder...Covid-19 pandemic has caused hundreds of thousands deaths and millions of infections and continued spreading violently.Although researchers are racing to find or develop effective drugs or vaccines,no drugs from modern medical system have been proven effective and the high mutant rates of the virus may lead it resistant to whatever drugs or vaccines developed following modern drug development procedure.Current evidence has demonstrated impressive healing effects of several Chinese medicines(CMs)for Covid-19,which urges us to reflect on the role of CM in the era of modern medicine.Undoubtedly,CM could be promising resources for developing drug candidates for the treatment of Covid-19 in a way similar to the development of artemisinin.But the theory that builds CM,like the emphasis of driving away exogenous pathogen(virus,etc.)by restoring self-healing capacity rather than killing the pathogen directly from the inside and the'black-box'mode of diagnosing and treating patients,is as important,yet often ignored,an treasure as CM herbs and should be incorporated into modern medicine for future advancement and innovation of medical science.展开更多
Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCo V-2), has become a global pandemic. Clinical evidence suggests that the intestine is another high-risk organ for SAR...Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCo V-2), has become a global pandemic. Clinical evidence suggests that the intestine is another high-risk organ for SARS-Co V-2 infection besides the lungs. However, a model that can accurately reflect the response of the human intestine to the virus is still lacking. Here, we created an intestinal infection model on a chip that allows the recapitulation of human relevant intestinal pathophysiology induced by SARSCo V-2 at organ level. This microengineered gut-on-chip reconstitutes the key features of the intestinal epithelium-vascular endothelium barrier through the three-dimensional(3 D) co-culture of human intestinal epithelial, mucin-secreting, and vascular endothelial cells under physiological fluid flow. The intestinal epithelium showed permissiveness for viral infection and obvious morphological changes with injury of intestinal villi, dispersed distribution of mucus-secreting cells, and reduced expression of tight junction(E-cadherin), indicating the destruction of the intestinal barrier integrity caused by virus.Moreover, the vascular endothelium exhibited abnormal cell morphology, with disrupted adherent junctions. Transcriptional analysis revealed abnormal RNA and protein metabolism, as well as activated immune responses in both epithelial and endothelial cells after viral infection(e.g., upregulated cytokine genes), which may contribute to the injury of the intestinal barrier associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This human organ system can partially mirror intestinal barrier injury and the human response to viral infection, which is not possible in existing in vitro culture models. It provides a unique and rapid platform to accelerate COVID-19 research and develop novel therapies.展开更多
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent global health crisis. One of the major issues of COVID-19 is its unpredictable manifestations and serious outcomes. Many hematological parameters are thought...Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent global health crisis. One of the major issues of COVID-19 is its unpredictable manifestations and serious outcomes. Many hematological parameters are thought to change dramatically during the course of the disease. These include white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This study aimed at evaluating certain laboratory results;peripheral blood lymphopenia, relative neutrophilia, high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and elevated C-reactive protein as potential laboratory markers of COVID-19 in Eastern Sudanese patients. Methods: We, retrospectively, aimed at the evaluation of peripheral blood leucocytes count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio NLR and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in confirmed COVID-19 eastern Sudanese patients during the course of the disease. Results: The mean total leucocytes count, % neutrophils count, absolute neutrophils count and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher (P. value = 0.000) in COVID-19 patients than in the control group while the mean % lymphocytes count and % mixed cells count were found to be significantly lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group (P. value 0.000). Conclusion: Peripheral blood leucocyte alterations (simultaneous presence of lymphopenia, relative neutrophilia and high neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) along with elevated CRP levels may be valuable biomarkers associated with COVID-19 in Port Sudan city, Red Sea state, Sudan. These markers might be important in prediction, inspection of disease progression and prognosis.展开更多
SARS COV-2 infection causes acute and frequently severe respiratory disease with associated multi-organ damage and systemic disturbances in many biochemical pathways.Metabolic phenotyping provides deep insights into t...SARS COV-2 infection causes acute and frequently severe respiratory disease with associated multi-organ damage and systemic disturbances in many biochemical pathways.Metabolic phenotyping provides deep insights into the complex immunopathological problems that drive the resulting COVID-19 disease and is also a source of novel metrics for assess-ing patient recovery.A multiplatform metabolic phenotyping approach to studying the pathology and systemic metabolic sequelae of COVID-19 is considered here,together with a framework for assessing post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome(PACS)that is a major long-term health consequence for many patients.The sudden emergence of the disease presents a biological discovery challenge as we try to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and develop effective mitigation strategies.This requires technologies to measure objectively the extent and sub-phenotypes of the disease at the molecular level.Spectroscopic methods can reveal metabolic sub-phenotypes and new biomarkers that can be monitored during the acute disease phase and beyond.This approach is scalable and translatable to other pathologies and provides as an exem-plar strategy for the investigation of other emergent zoonotic diseases with complex immunological drivers,multi-system involvements and diverse persistent symptoms.展开更多
As every country in the world struggles with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,it is essential that as many people as possible understand the epidemic containment,elimination and exclusion strategies required to tackle it...As every country in the world struggles with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,it is essential that as many people as possible understand the epidemic containment,elimination and exclusion strategies required to tackle it.Simplified arithmetic models of COVID-19 transmission,control and elimination are presented in user-friendly Shiny and Excel formats that allow non-specialists to explore,query,critique and understand the containment decisions facing their country and the world at large.Although the predictive model is broadly applicable,the simulations presented are based on parameter values representative of the United Republic of Tanzania,which is still early enough in its epidemic cycle and response to avert a national catastrophe.The predictions of these models illustrate(1)why ambitious lock-down interventions to crush the curve represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into outright catastrophes,(2)why these need to be implemented so early,so stringently and for such extended periods,(3)why high prevalence of other pathogens causing similar symptoms to mild COVID-19 precludes the use of contact tracing as a substitute for lock down interventions to contain and eliminate epidemics,(4)why partial containment strategies intended to merely flatten the curve,by maintaining epidemics at manageably low levels,are grossly unrealistic,and(5)why local elimination may only be sustained after lock down ends if imported cases are comprehensively excluded,so international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries certified as free of COVID-19 represents the best strategy for motivating progress towards pandemic eradication at global level.The three sequential goals that every country needs to emphatically embrace are contain,eliminate and exclude.As recently emphasized by the World Health Organization,success will require widespread genuine national unity and unprecedented global solidarity.展开更多
The global COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has infected over 109 million people,leading to over 2 million deaths up to date and still lacking of effective drugs for patient treatment.Here,we screened about 1.8 million s...The global COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has infected over 109 million people,leading to over 2 million deaths up to date and still lacking of effective drugs for patient treatment.Here,we screened about 1.8 million small molecules against the main protease(M^(pro))and papain like protease(PL^(pro)),two major proteases in severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 genome,and identified 1851M^(pro)inhibitors and 205 PL^(pro)inhibitors with low nmol/l activity of the best hits.Among these inhibitors,eight small molecules showed dual inhibition effects on both M^(pro)and PL^(pro),exhibiting potential as better candidates for COVID-19 treatment.The best inhibitors of each protease were tested in antiviral assay,with over 40%of M^(pro)inhibitors and over 20%of PL^(pro)inhibitors showing high potency in viral inhibition with low cytotoxicity.The X-ray crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro)in complex with its potent inhibitor 4a was determined at 1.8Åresolution.Together with docking assays,our results provide a comprehensive resource for future research on anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development.展开更多
The spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has already taken on pandemic extents,influencing even more than 200 nations in a couple of months.Although,regulation measures in China hav...The spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has already taken on pandemic extents,influencing even more than 200 nations in a couple of months.Although,regulation measures in China have decreased new cases by over 98%,this decrease is not the situation everywhere,and most of the countries still have been affected by it.The objective of this research work is to make a comparative analysis of the top 5 most populated countries namely United States,India,China,Pakistan and Indonesia,from 1st January 2020 to 31st July 2020.This research work also targets to predict an increase in the number of deaths and total infected cases in these five countries.In our research,the performance of the proposed framework is determined by using three Machine Learning(ML)regression algorithms namely Linear Regression(LR),Support Vector Regression(SVR),andRandom Forest(RF)Regression.The proposed model is also validated upon the infected and death cases of further dates.The performance of these three algorithms is compared using the RootMean Square Error(RMSE)metrics.Random Forest algorithm shows best performance as compared to other proposed algorithms,with the lowest RMSE value in the prediction of total infected and total deaths cases for all the top five most populated countries.展开更多
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had progressed as a worldwide pandemic since the end of 2019. COVID-19 affects firstly lungs tissues which are known for their very slow reg...The spread of SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had progressed as a worldwide pandemic since the end of 2019. COVID-19 affects firstly lungs tissues which are known for their very slow regeneration. Afterwards, enormous cytokine stimulation occurs in the infected cells immediately after a lung infection which necessitates good management to save patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of nanometric size released by reticulocytes on maturation and are known to mediate intercellular communications. The exosomal cargo serves as biomarkers in diagnosing various diseases;moreover, exosomes could be employed as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems. Exosomes look promising to combat the current pandemic since they contribute to the immune response against several viral pathogens. Many studies have proved the potential of using exosomes either as viral elements or host systems that acquire immune-stimulatory effects and could be used as a vaccine or drug delivery tool. It is essential to stop viral replication, prevent and reverse the massive storm of cytokine that worsens the infected patients’ situations for the management of COVID-19. The main benefits of exosomes could be;no cells will be introduced, no chance of mutation, lack of immunogenicity and the damaged genetic material that could negatively affect the recipient is avoided. Additionally, it was found that exosomes are static with no ability for in vivo reproduction. The current review article discusses the possibilities of using exosomes for detecting novel coronavirus and summarizes state of the art concerning the clinical trials initiated for examining the use of COVID-19 specific T cells derived exosomes and mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in managing COVID-19.展开更多
文摘While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus （SARS-CoV）~as initially thought to enter cells through direct fusion with the plasma membrane, more recent evidence suggests that yirus entry may also involve endocytosis. We have found that SARS-CoV enters cells viapH- and receptor-dependent endocytosis. Treatment of cells with either SARS-COV spike protein or spike-bearing pseudoviruses resulted in the translocation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 （ACE2）, the functional receptor of SARS-CoV, from the cell surface to endosomes. In addition, the spike-bearing pseudoviruses and early endosome antigen 1 were found to colocalize in endosomes. Further analyses using specific endocytic path- way inhibitors and dominant-negative Epsl5 as well as caveolin-1 colocalization study suggested that virus entry was mediated by a clathrin- and caveolae-independent mechanism. Moreover, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane, which have been shown to act as platforms for many physiological signaling pathways, were shown to be involved in virus entry. Endocytic entry of SARS-CoV may expand the cellular range of SARS-CoV infection, and our findings here contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV pathogenesis, providing new information for anti-viral drug research.
文摘Covid-19 pandemic has caused hundreds of thousands deaths and millions of infections and continued spreading violently.Although researchers are racing to find or develop effective drugs or vaccines,no drugs from modern medical system have been proven effective and the high mutant rates of the virus may lead it resistant to whatever drugs or vaccines developed following modern drug development procedure.Current evidence has demonstrated impressive healing effects of several Chinese medicines(CMs)for Covid-19,which urges us to reflect on the role of CM in the era of modern medicine.Undoubtedly,CM could be promising resources for developing drug candidates for the treatment of Covid-19 in a way similar to the development of artemisinin.But the theory that builds CM,like the emphasis of driving away exogenous pathogen(virus,etc.)by restoring self-healing capacity rather than killing the pathogen directly from the inside and the'black-box'mode of diagnosing and treating patients,is as important,yet often ignored,an treasure as CM herbs and should be incorporated into modern medicine for future advancement and innovation of medical science.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB29050301,XDB32030200,and XDA16020900)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB0405404)+6 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX09201017-001-001)Yunnan Key Research and Development Program(202003AD150009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671038,31971373,8170347081803492)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M660065)Innovation Program of Science and Research from the Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences(DICP I201934)。
文摘Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCo V-2), has become a global pandemic. Clinical evidence suggests that the intestine is another high-risk organ for SARS-Co V-2 infection besides the lungs. However, a model that can accurately reflect the response of the human intestine to the virus is still lacking. Here, we created an intestinal infection model on a chip that allows the recapitulation of human relevant intestinal pathophysiology induced by SARSCo V-2 at organ level. This microengineered gut-on-chip reconstitutes the key features of the intestinal epithelium-vascular endothelium barrier through the three-dimensional(3 D) co-culture of human intestinal epithelial, mucin-secreting, and vascular endothelial cells under physiological fluid flow. The intestinal epithelium showed permissiveness for viral infection and obvious morphological changes with injury of intestinal villi, dispersed distribution of mucus-secreting cells, and reduced expression of tight junction(E-cadherin), indicating the destruction of the intestinal barrier integrity caused by virus.Moreover, the vascular endothelium exhibited abnormal cell morphology, with disrupted adherent junctions. Transcriptional analysis revealed abnormal RNA and protein metabolism, as well as activated immune responses in both epithelial and endothelial cells after viral infection(e.g., upregulated cytokine genes), which may contribute to the injury of the intestinal barrier associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This human organ system can partially mirror intestinal barrier injury and the human response to viral infection, which is not possible in existing in vitro culture models. It provides a unique and rapid platform to accelerate COVID-19 research and develop novel therapies.
文摘Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent global health crisis. One of the major issues of COVID-19 is its unpredictable manifestations and serious outcomes. Many hematological parameters are thought to change dramatically during the course of the disease. These include white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This study aimed at evaluating certain laboratory results;peripheral blood lymphopenia, relative neutrophilia, high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and elevated C-reactive protein as potential laboratory markers of COVID-19 in Eastern Sudanese patients. Methods: We, retrospectively, aimed at the evaluation of peripheral blood leucocytes count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio NLR and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in confirmed COVID-19 eastern Sudanese patients during the course of the disease. Results: The mean total leucocytes count, % neutrophils count, absolute neutrophils count and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher (P. value = 0.000) in COVID-19 patients than in the control group while the mean % lymphocytes count and % mixed cells count were found to be significantly lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group (P. value 0.000). Conclusion: Peripheral blood leucocyte alterations (simultaneous presence of lymphopenia, relative neutrophilia and high neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) along with elevated CRP levels may be valuable biomarkers associated with COVID-19 in Port Sudan city, Red Sea state, Sudan. These markers might be important in prediction, inspection of disease progression and prognosis.
文摘SARS COV-2 infection causes acute and frequently severe respiratory disease with associated multi-organ damage and systemic disturbances in many biochemical pathways.Metabolic phenotyping provides deep insights into the complex immunopathological problems that drive the resulting COVID-19 disease and is also a source of novel metrics for assess-ing patient recovery.A multiplatform metabolic phenotyping approach to studying the pathology and systemic metabolic sequelae of COVID-19 is considered here,together with a framework for assessing post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome(PACS)that is a major long-term health consequence for many patients.The sudden emergence of the disease presents a biological discovery challenge as we try to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and develop effective mitigation strategies.This requires technologies to measure objectively the extent and sub-phenotypes of the disease at the molecular level.Spectroscopic methods can reveal metabolic sub-phenotypes and new biomarkers that can be monitored during the acute disease phase and beyond.This approach is scalable and translatable to other pathologies and provides as an exem-plar strategy for the investigation of other emergent zoonotic diseases with complex immunological drivers,multi-system involvements and diverse persistent symptoms.
基金No funding was received from any source for the preparation of this article but GFK is supported by an AXA Research Chair award and Irish Aid(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,Government of Ireland)supported the open access publication costs of the study through the Embassy of Ireland in Tanzania(Award number AI-TAN/2020/086)The ideas,opinions and comments of the authors are entirely their own responsibility and do not necessarily represent or reflect Irish Aid policy.
文摘As every country in the world struggles with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,it is essential that as many people as possible understand the epidemic containment,elimination and exclusion strategies required to tackle it.Simplified arithmetic models of COVID-19 transmission,control and elimination are presented in user-friendly Shiny and Excel formats that allow non-specialists to explore,query,critique and understand the containment decisions facing their country and the world at large.Although the predictive model is broadly applicable,the simulations presented are based on parameter values representative of the United Republic of Tanzania,which is still early enough in its epidemic cycle and response to avert a national catastrophe.The predictions of these models illustrate(1)why ambitious lock-down interventions to crush the curve represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into outright catastrophes,(2)why these need to be implemented so early,so stringently and for such extended periods,(3)why high prevalence of other pathogens causing similar symptoms to mild COVID-19 precludes the use of contact tracing as a substitute for lock down interventions to contain and eliminate epidemics,(4)why partial containment strategies intended to merely flatten the curve,by maintaining epidemics at manageably low levels,are grossly unrealistic,and(5)why local elimination may only be sustained after lock down ends if imported cases are comprehensively excluded,so international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries certified as free of COVID-19 represents the best strategy for motivating progress towards pandemic eradication at global level.The three sequential goals that every country needs to emphatically embrace are contain,eliminate and exclude.As recently emphasized by the World Health Organization,success will require widespread genuine national unity and unprecedented global solidarity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China 2018YFA0507000(B.W,Q.Z.),2018ZX09735001(Y.J.)and 2020YFC0844500(J.L.),the National Science Foundation of China grants 31825010(B.W.),81525024(Q.Z.),81673489(J.L),the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS grants QYZDB-SSWSMC024(B.W.)and QYZDB-SSW-SMC054(Q.Z.),Fund of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2020YJFK0105(J.L.),Chinese Academy of Engineering and Jack Ma Foundation 2020-CMKYGG-05(J.D.),the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds 20431900200(J.L.)and K.C.Wong Education Foundation(J.L.),Fund of Youth Innovation Promotion Association 2018319(X.C.),and the Hubei Science and Technology Project 2020FCA003(G.X.).Fund of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2020YJFK0105(J.L.)。
文摘The global COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has infected over 109 million people,leading to over 2 million deaths up to date and still lacking of effective drugs for patient treatment.Here,we screened about 1.8 million small molecules against the main protease(M^(pro))and papain like protease(PL^(pro)),two major proteases in severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 genome,and identified 1851M^(pro)inhibitors and 205 PL^(pro)inhibitors with low nmol/l activity of the best hits.Among these inhibitors,eight small molecules showed dual inhibition effects on both M^(pro)and PL^(pro),exhibiting potential as better candidates for COVID-19 treatment.The best inhibitors of each protease were tested in antiviral assay,with over 40%of M^(pro)inhibitors and over 20%of PL^(pro)inhibitors showing high potency in viral inhibition with low cytotoxicity.The X-ray crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro)in complex with its potent inhibitor 4a was determined at 1.8Åresolution.Together with docking assays,our results provide a comprehensive resource for future research on anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development.
文摘The spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has already taken on pandemic extents,influencing even more than 200 nations in a couple of months.Although,regulation measures in China have decreased new cases by over 98%,this decrease is not the situation everywhere,and most of the countries still have been affected by it.The objective of this research work is to make a comparative analysis of the top 5 most populated countries namely United States,India,China,Pakistan and Indonesia,from 1st January 2020 to 31st July 2020.This research work also targets to predict an increase in the number of deaths and total infected cases in these five countries.In our research,the performance of the proposed framework is determined by using three Machine Learning(ML)regression algorithms namely Linear Regression(LR),Support Vector Regression(SVR),andRandom Forest(RF)Regression.The proposed model is also validated upon the infected and death cases of further dates.The performance of these three algorithms is compared using the RootMean Square Error(RMSE)metrics.Random Forest algorithm shows best performance as compared to other proposed algorithms,with the lowest RMSE value in the prediction of total infected and total deaths cases for all the top five most populated countries.
文摘The spread of SARS-CoV-2 as an emerging novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had progressed as a worldwide pandemic since the end of 2019. COVID-19 affects firstly lungs tissues which are known for their very slow regeneration. Afterwards, enormous cytokine stimulation occurs in the infected cells immediately after a lung infection which necessitates good management to save patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of nanometric size released by reticulocytes on maturation and are known to mediate intercellular communications. The exosomal cargo serves as biomarkers in diagnosing various diseases;moreover, exosomes could be employed as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems. Exosomes look promising to combat the current pandemic since they contribute to the immune response against several viral pathogens. Many studies have proved the potential of using exosomes either as viral elements or host systems that acquire immune-stimulatory effects and could be used as a vaccine or drug delivery tool. It is essential to stop viral replication, prevent and reverse the massive storm of cytokine that worsens the infected patients’ situations for the management of COVID-19. The main benefits of exosomes could be;no cells will be introduced, no chance of mutation, lack of immunogenicity and the damaged genetic material that could negatively affect the recipient is avoided. Additionally, it was found that exosomes are static with no ability for in vivo reproduction. The current review article discusses the possibilities of using exosomes for detecting novel coronavirus and summarizes state of the art concerning the clinical trials initiated for examining the use of COVID-19 specific T cells derived exosomes and mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in managing COVID-19.
