A Iarge number of enantiornithine birds are discovered from the Early Cretaceous Jiufutang Formation in western Liaoning, China. They are all small-sized birds with a few small teeth. The enantiornithine bird from the...A Iarge number of enantiornithine birds are discovered from the Early Cretaceous Jiufutang Formation in western Liaoning, China. They are all small-sized birds with a few small teeth. The enantiornithine bird from the Jiufutang Formation in the Shangheshou area, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province reported in this paper is the largest individual known in all enantiornithine birds of the Early Cretaceous. However, its teeth possess a feature of pseudoheterodont. Some different development stages of the new teeth substitute the earlier stages and the stages of development are preserved in this specimen. This development pattern is similar to that of Archaeopteryx and alligator but not dinosaur. A well-developed postorbital was also preserved in the skull, which was a diapsidian skull like that of Confuciusornis. Additionally, the distinctive preservation of its prefrontal distinguishes it from other enantiornithine birds of the Early Cretaceous.展开更多
Research on fires at the wildland-urban inter-face(WUI)has generated significant insights and advance-ments across various fields of study.Environmental,agri-culture,and social sciences have played prominent roles in ...Research on fires at the wildland-urban inter-face(WUI)has generated significant insights and advance-ments across various fields of study.Environmental,agri-culture,and social sciences have played prominent roles in understanding the impacts of fires in the environment,in protecting communities,and addressing management challenges.This study aimed to create a database using a text mining technique for global researchers interested in WUI-projects and highlighting the interest of countries in this field.Author’s-Keywords analysis emphasized the dominance of fire science-related terms,especially related to WUI,and identified keyword clusters related to the WUI fire-risk-assessment-system-“exposure”,“danger”,and“vulnerability”within wildfire research.Trends over the past decade showcase shifting research interests with a growing focus on WUI fires,while regional variations highlighted that the“exposure”keyword cluster received greater atten-tion in the southern Europe and South America.However,vulnerability keywords have relatively a lower representation across all regions.The analysis underscores the interdisci-plinary nature of WUI research and emphasizes the need for targeted approaches to address the unique challenges of the wildland-urban interface.Overall,this study provides valu-able insights for researchers and serves as a foundation for further collaboration in this field through the understanding of the trends over recent years and in different regions.展开更多
Post-incident studies provide direct and valuable information to further the scientific understanding of Wildland-Urban Interface(WUI)fires.Most post-incident studies involve data collection in the field(i.e.a“resear...Post-incident studies provide direct and valuable information to further the scientific understanding of Wildland-Urban Interface(WUI)fires.Most post-incident studies involve data collection in the field(i.e.a“research field deployment”).In this review,technical reports of post-incident studies for WUI fire and other natural disasters were analyzed and professionals directly involved in WUI fire research field deployments were interviewed.The goal of this review is to provide a resource for future WUI studies regarding the development of safe and effective fieldwork procedures,the collection and integration of accurate and relevant data,and the establishment of practical lessons learned.Three main stages of WUI fire post-incident studies are identified and described in detail.Data collection methodologies,data attributes,logistical practices and lessons-learned were compiled from various past studies and are presented here in the context of application to WUI fire.展开更多
Volunteered data sources are readily available due to advances in electronic communications technology.For example,smartphones provide tools to collect ground-based observations over broad areas from a diverse set of ...Volunteered data sources are readily available due to advances in electronic communications technology.For example,smartphones provide tools to collect ground-based observations over broad areas from a diverse set of data collectors,including people with,and without,extensive training.In this study,volunteers used a smartphone application to collect ground-based observations.Forest structural components were then estimated over a broader area using high spatial resolution RapidEye remote sensing imagery(5 spectral bands 440–850 nm,5 m spatial resolution)and a digital elevation model following a three nearest neighbor approach(K-NN).Participants with professional forestry experience on average chose highpriority fuel load locations near buildings,while nonprofessional participants chose a broader range of conditions over a larger extent.When used together,the professional and nonprofessional observations provided a more complete assessment of forest conditions.A generalized framework is presented that utilizes K-NN imputation tools for estimating the distribution of forest fuels using remote sensing and topography variables,ensuring spatial representation,checking attribute accuracy,and evaluating predictor variables.Frameworks to integrate volunteered data from smartphone platforms with remote sensing may contribute toward more complete Earth observation for Digital Earth.展开更多
WUZHEN, a town witha history of 1200years, is just 50 min-utes’ drive fromHangzhou City. This small town,with its black tiled, tung oil-painted timber framework hous-
After the existence of phlebotomine sand flies was first reported in China in 1910,the distribution of different species and their role in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis(VL)have been extensively studied.Up...After the existence of phlebotomine sand flies was first reported in China in 1910,the distribution of different species and their role in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis(VL)have been extensively studied.Up until 2008,four species have been verified as vectors of VL,namely,Phlebotomus chinensis(Ph.sichuanensis),Ph.longiductus(Ph.chinensis longiductus),Ph.wui(Ph.major wui),and Ph.alexandri.The sand fly species vary greatly depending on the natural environments in the different geographic areas where they are endemic.Ph.chinensis is euryecious and adaptable to different ecologies,and is thus distributed widely in the plain,mountainous,and Loess Plateau regions north of the Yangtze River.Ph.longiductus is mainly distributed in ancient oasis areas south of Mt.Tianshan in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.Ph.wui is the predominant species in deserts with Populus diversifolia and Tamarix vegetation in Xinjiang and the western part of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region.Finally,Ph.alexandri is steroecious and found only in stony desert areas,such as at the foot of the mountains in Xinjiang and the western Hexi Corridor,in Gansu province.This review summarized the relationship between the geographic distribution pattern of the four sand fly species and their geographical landscape in order to foster research on disease distribution and sand fly control planning.Furthermore,some problems that remained to be solved about vectors of VL in China were discussed.展开更多
基金the Grand Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.4983002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.49920026,40072006)+1 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Grant No.20020145002) the keytask project of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province(Grant No.2001230001).
文摘A Iarge number of enantiornithine birds are discovered from the Early Cretaceous Jiufutang Formation in western Liaoning, China. They are all small-sized birds with a few small teeth. The enantiornithine bird from the Jiufutang Formation in the Shangheshou area, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province reported in this paper is the largest individual known in all enantiornithine birds of the Early Cretaceous. However, its teeth possess a feature of pseudoheterodont. Some different development stages of the new teeth substitute the earlier stages and the stages of development are preserved in this specimen. This development pattern is similar to that of Archaeopteryx and alligator but not dinosaur. A well-developed postorbital was also preserved in the skull, which was a diapsidian skull like that of Confuciusornis. Additionally, the distinctive preservation of its prefrontal distinguishes it from other enantiornithine birds of the Early Cretaceous.
基金The funding of this research was provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)in the framework of the House Refuge Project(PCIF/AGT/0109/2018).
文摘Research on fires at the wildland-urban inter-face(WUI)has generated significant insights and advance-ments across various fields of study.Environmental,agri-culture,and social sciences have played prominent roles in understanding the impacts of fires in the environment,in protecting communities,and addressing management challenges.This study aimed to create a database using a text mining technique for global researchers interested in WUI-projects and highlighting the interest of countries in this field.Author’s-Keywords analysis emphasized the dominance of fire science-related terms,especially related to WUI,and identified keyword clusters related to the WUI fire-risk-assessment-system-“exposure”,“danger”,and“vulnerability”within wildfire research.Trends over the past decade showcase shifting research interests with a growing focus on WUI fires,while regional variations highlighted that the“exposure”keyword cluster received greater atten-tion in the southern Europe and South America.However,vulnerability keywords have relatively a lower representation across all regions.The analysis underscores the interdisci-plinary nature of WUI research and emphasizes the need for targeted approaches to address the unique challenges of the wildland-urban interface.Overall,this study provides valu-able insights for researchers and serves as a foundation for further collaboration in this field through the understanding of the trends over recent years and in different regions.
文摘Post-incident studies provide direct and valuable information to further the scientific understanding of Wildland-Urban Interface(WUI)fires.Most post-incident studies involve data collection in the field(i.e.a“research field deployment”).In this review,technical reports of post-incident studies for WUI fire and other natural disasters were analyzed and professionals directly involved in WUI fire research field deployments were interviewed.The goal of this review is to provide a resource for future WUI studies regarding the development of safe and effective fieldwork procedures,the collection and integration of accurate and relevant data,and the establishment of practical lessons learned.Three main stages of WUI fire post-incident studies are identified and described in detail.Data collection methodologies,data attributes,logistical practices and lessons-learned were compiled from various past studies and are presented here in the context of application to WUI fire.
基金National Science and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)Discovery grant to Coops and a NSERC Engage to Ferster,Coops,and Valhallaunder University of British Columbia ethics application H12-00257.
文摘Volunteered data sources are readily available due to advances in electronic communications technology.For example,smartphones provide tools to collect ground-based observations over broad areas from a diverse set of data collectors,including people with,and without,extensive training.In this study,volunteers used a smartphone application to collect ground-based observations.Forest structural components were then estimated over a broader area using high spatial resolution RapidEye remote sensing imagery(5 spectral bands 440–850 nm,5 m spatial resolution)and a digital elevation model following a three nearest neighbor approach(K-NN).Participants with professional forestry experience on average chose highpriority fuel load locations near buildings,while nonprofessional participants chose a broader range of conditions over a larger extent.When used together,the professional and nonprofessional observations provided a more complete assessment of forest conditions.A generalized framework is presented that utilizes K-NN imputation tools for estimating the distribution of forest fuels using remote sensing and topography variables,ensuring spatial representation,checking attribute accuracy,and evaluating predictor variables.Frameworks to integrate volunteered data from smartphone platforms with remote sensing may contribute toward more complete Earth observation for Digital Earth.
文摘WUZHEN, a town witha history of 1200years, is just 50 min-utes’ drive fromHangzhou City. This small town,with its black tiled, tung oil-painted timber framework hous-
基金supported by the 12th Five-Year Plan for the National Major Program(grant no.2012ZX10004219)the National S&T Major Program(grant no.2012ZX10004220).
文摘After the existence of phlebotomine sand flies was first reported in China in 1910,the distribution of different species and their role in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis(VL)have been extensively studied.Up until 2008,four species have been verified as vectors of VL,namely,Phlebotomus chinensis(Ph.sichuanensis),Ph.longiductus(Ph.chinensis longiductus),Ph.wui(Ph.major wui),and Ph.alexandri.The sand fly species vary greatly depending on the natural environments in the different geographic areas where they are endemic.Ph.chinensis is euryecious and adaptable to different ecologies,and is thus distributed widely in the plain,mountainous,and Loess Plateau regions north of the Yangtze River.Ph.longiductus is mainly distributed in ancient oasis areas south of Mt.Tianshan in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.Ph.wui is the predominant species in deserts with Populus diversifolia and Tamarix vegetation in Xinjiang and the western part of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region.Finally,Ph.alexandri is steroecious and found only in stony desert areas,such as at the foot of the mountains in Xinjiang and the western Hexi Corridor,in Gansu province.This review summarized the relationship between the geographic distribution pattern of the four sand fly species and their geographical landscape in order to foster research on disease distribution and sand fly control planning.Furthermore,some problems that remained to be solved about vectors of VL in China were discussed.
