Planting grass and legume mixtures on improved grasslands has the potential advantage of realizing both higher yields and lower environmental pollution by optimizing the balance between applied N fertilizer and the na...Planting grass and legume mixtures on improved grasslands has the potential advantage of realizing both higher yields and lower environmental pollution by optimizing the balance between applied N fertilizer and the natural process of legume biological nitrogen fixation. However, the optimal level of N fertilization for grass-legume mixtures, to obtain the highest yield, quality, and contribution of N2 fixation, varies with species. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the temporal dynamics of N2 fixation of alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） grown alone and in mixture with smooth bromegrass （Bromus inermis Leyss.） in response to the addition of fertilizer N. Three levels of N （0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1） were examined using 15N-labeled urea to evaluate N2 fixation via the 15N isotope dilution method. Treatments were designated NO （0.001 g per pot）, N75 （1.07 g per pot） and N150 （2.14 g per pot）. Alfalfa grown alone did not benefit from the addition of fertilizer N; dry matter was not significantly increased. In contrast, dry weight and N content of smooth bromegrass grown alone was increased significantly by N application. When grown as a mixture, smooth bromegrass biomass was increased significantly by N application, resulted in a decrease in alfalfa biomass. In addition, individual alfalfa plant dry weight （shoots＋roots） was significantly lower in the mixture than when grown alone at all N levels. Smooth bromegrass shoot and root dry weight were significantly higher when grown with alfalfa than when grown alone, regardless of N application level. When grown alone, alfalfa＇s N2 fixation was reduced with N fertilization （R2=0.9376,P=0.0057）. When grown in a mixture with smooth bromegrass, with 75 kg ha-1 of N fertilizer, the percentage of atmospheric N2 fixation contribution to total N in alfalfa （%Ndfa） had a maximum of 84.07 and 83.05% in the 2nd and 3rd harvests, respectively. Total 3-harvest %Ndfa was higher when alfalfa was grown in a mixture than when grown alone 展开更多
Gastroenteritis constitutes a group of diarrheal diseases of infectious origin, responsible for absenteeism from work, morbidity and mortality, especially among aged people. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacter...Gastroenteritis constitutes a group of diarrheal diseases of infectious origin, responsible for absenteeism from work, morbidity and mortality, especially among aged people. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Mitragyna inermis extracts on the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in gastroenteritis. Phytochemical screening was carried out using two distinct methods. The detection of phytochemical compounds by tube coloring and chromatography on a thin layer of silica gel. The sensitivity of organisms was evaluated by the agar well method. The dilution method in liquid medium coupled with spreading on Mueller Hinton agar helped determine the CMB/MIC activity ratios. The investigations show that the extract has the best extraction yield (75.86% ± 0.20%) compared to the aqueous macerated (61.8% ± 0.08%) and decocted (66.6% ± 0.12%). These extracts contain several phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponosides, coumarins and sterols and terpenes. These substances are endowed with biological activities and could be at the origin of antibacterial activity observed with M. inermis extracts. The analysis of antibacterial activity showed that the germs are sensitive to the extracts with inhibition diameters ranging from 8.30 ± 0.53 to 17.87 ± 0.58 mm. The ethanolic extract was the most active with diameters varying from 15.07 ± 0.62 to 17.87 ± 0.58 mm on all the germs tested. E. coli and S. aureus were the most sensitive germs to the extracts. P. aeruginosa was the least sensitive germ. Activity reports indicate that the extracts exert bactericidal activity on E. coli and S. aureus but bacteriostatic activity on P. aeruginosa. These results justify the use of M. inermis leaves in a traditional environment to treat gastroenteritis.展开更多
Lawsonia inermis is a hairless plant growing in various regions of North Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It possesses many medicinal attributes, including curative properties against infectious d...Lawsonia inermis is a hairless plant growing in various regions of North Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It possesses many medicinal attributes, including curative properties against infectious dermatoses. This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the crude ethanolic extract of the plant leaves and its fractions as well as their antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical profile was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric and the aluminum trichloride methods. Antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes was revealed. GC-MS detected twelve compounds main compounds consisting of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic and terpenoid compounds among twenty-seven components. HPLC also detected high contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The most abundant triterpene and sterols were ursolic acid (around 43.14 g/100g DW, 13.9 g/100g dry weight (DW), and 0.68 g/100g DW) in the crude ethanolic extract of leaves (FeLi), hexane fraction (FHLi) and dichloromethane fraction (FDLi), respectively and, β-sitosterol in FeLi (56.7 mg/100g DW), FHLi (10.55 g/100g DW), FDLi (106.1 mg/100g DW) and butanol fraction (FBLi) (357.4 mg/100g DW). Among the flavonoids, rutin = 3.24 g/100g and quercetin = 0.63 g/100g in the ethanolic extract, rutin = 15.73 g/100g in the dichloromethane fraction, and rutin = 0.23 g/100g) in the aqueous fraction;and among phenolic compounds, caffeic acid (37.65 g/100g DW) and vanillic acid (22.70 g/100g DW) were the most important in the ethyl acetate fraction (FAeLi). All organic fractions exhibited interesting antibacterial and antifungal activities against the tested strains, with the best activity recorded with th展开更多
Background:Lawsonia inermis has been widely reported to be used as an herbal treatment for Malaria.However,despite several experimental studies about its antimalarial activities,the approach through which the herbal p...Background:Lawsonia inermis has been widely reported to be used as an herbal treatment for Malaria.However,despite several experimental studies about its antimalarial activities,the approach through which the herbal plant suppresses plasmodium infection is yet to be found.Consequently,this study uses computational approaches to understand the biological targets and pathways involved in the antiplasmodial activities of Lawsonia inermis compounds.Methods:The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique identified the phytocompounds present in the herbal plant.GeneCards,OMIM,and NCBI databases were explored to collate target proteins for further network pharmacology analysis.The phytocompounds were subjected to Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,Excretion and Toxicity(ADMET)and druglikeness analysis.The STRING algorithm and Cytoscape were employed to develop and analyze the relationships among target proteins and compounds/targets/pathways network of the putative targets of the phytocompounds.Further computational analysis was carried out to identify potential drug leads.Results:Based on the Network Pharmacology studies,phytocompounds in Lawsonia inermis exhibit antiplasmodial activity by interacting with therapeutic genes that play essential roles in metabolism and signaling pathways.Notable among the genes are MMP9,MAPK1,HMOX1 and IDO1.Meanwhile,the most influenced pathways include the metabolic pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,and HIF-1 signaling pathway.ADMET analysis,molecular docking analysis,and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that 3-phenyl-2-Isoxazoline and 2-Dimethylamino-3’-methoxyacetophenone are recommendable drug leads for Malaria treatment as they form stable and favorable complexes with Matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP9)target.Conclusion:The 3-phenyl-2-Isoxazoline and 2-Dimethylamino-3’-methoxyacetophenone phytocompounds from Lawsonia inermis herbal plant are predicted as antimalarial drug candidates and recommended for further wet-lab studies.展开更多
Winter jujube orchard nitrogen （N） management aims at increasing N reserves to meet the tree＇s growth requirements. Fertilization strategies should maximize the efficiency of fertilizers, including the choice of th...Winter jujube orchard nitrogen （N） management aims at increasing N reserves to meet the tree＇s growth requirements. Fertilization strategies should maximize the efficiency of fertilizers, including the choice of the optimal timing of N supply. ^15N-urea was applied to winter jujubes on Jinsixiaozao jujubes rootstock to evaluate the effect of application timing on Nstorage and remobilization in mature trees in pot culture. The treatments consisted of ground application before budding （BB）, during fruit core-hardening stage （FCH）, and fruit rapid-swelling stage （FRS）. Nitrogen-use efficiency of treatments were significantly different, which were 2.42% （BB）, 9.77% （FCH）, and 9.01% （FRS） in the dormant and 5.20% （BB）, 16.16% （FCH）, and 10.30% （FRS） in the following full-bloom. N supply in the pre-harvest helped to increase N-reserves of trees and then translocate to the new growth organs the following year. The largest amount of ^15N was detected in the roots and trunks. In all the treatments, the partition rates were highest in coarse roots, which were 30.43% （BB）, 38.61% （FCH）, and 40.62% （FRS）, respectively. ^15N stored in roots and trunks was used by jujube trees to sustain new growth in the following full-bloom. ^15N applied before budding resulted in lower Ndff% in perennial organs （trunks and coarse roots） sampled in the following full-bloom, but fine roots had highest Ndff% （1.28%）. Other organs recovered similar amount of Ndff%. In contrast, FCH and FRS treatments led to higher Ndff% （4.01-5.15%） in the new growth organs （new growth branches, deciduous spurs, leaves and flowers）, but lower Ndff% in perennial branches （1.49-2.89%）. With the delay of ^15N-urea application time, ^15N increased the partitioning to roots. FCH treatment increased N-storage in perennial organ during winter, which should be remobilized to sustain new growth the following spring.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antibacterial activity of henna(Lawsonia inermis Linn) obtained from different regions of Oman against a wide array of micro-organisms.Methods:fresh henna samples were obtained from differ...Objective:To investigate the antibacterial activity of henna(Lawsonia inermis Linn) obtained from different regions of Oman against a wide array of micro-organisms.Methods:fresh henna samples were obtained from different regions of Oman as leaves and seeds,100 g fresh and dry leaves and SO g of fresh and dry seeds were separately soaked in 500 mL of ethanol for three days,respectively,with frequent agitation.The mixture was filtered,and the crude extract was collected.The crude extract was then heated,at 48 ℃ in a water bath to evaporate its liquid content.The dry crude henna extract was then tested for its antibacterial activity using well-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility technique.Henna extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity at different concentrations against a wide array of different micro-organisms including a laboratory standard bacterial strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(NCTC 10662)(A aeruginosa) and eleven fresh clinical isolates of P.aeruginosa obtained from patients attending the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital(SQUH).2-Hydroxy-p-Nathoqinone-Tech(2-HPNT, MW=174.16,C_(10)H_40_3) was included as control(at 50%concentration) along with the henna samples tested.Results:Henna samples demonstrated antibacterial activity against all isolates but the highest susceptibility was against P.aeruginosa with henna samples obtained from Al-sharqyia region.Conclusions:Omani henna from Al-sharqyia region demonstrates high in vitro anti-P. aeruginosa activity compared with many henna samples from different regions of Oman.展开更多
Objective:To reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits,flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis(L against)some pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Powders of f...Objective:To reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits,flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis(L against)some pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Powders of fruits,flowers and leaves of L inermis were continuously extracted with dichloromethane(DCM),ethyl acetate and ethanol at ambient temperature.The dried extracts were prepared into different concentrations and tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method,and also the extracts were tested to detennine the available phytochemicals.Results:Except DCM extract of flower all other test extracts revealed inhibitory effect on all tested bacteria and their inhibitory effect differed significantly(P<0.05).The highest inhibitory effect was showed by ethyl acetate extract of flower against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),and ethyl acetate extract of fruit on Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Bacillus subtilis(6.subtilis).The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flower,fruit and leaf expressed inhibition even at 1 mg/100μl against all test bacteria.Among the tested phytochemicals flavonoids were detected in all test extracts except DCM extract of flower.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of fruit and flower of L inermis are potentially better source of antibacterial agents compared to leaf extracts of respective solvents.展开更多
Microbial transformation of a triterpene glycoside, quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside by Streptomyces griseus ACCT 13273 was achieved with the aim of generating new bio-active derivatives. Preparative-scale bio...Microbial transformation of a triterpene glycoside, quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside by Streptomyces griseus ACCT 13273 was achieved with the aim of generating new bio-active derivatives. Preparative-scale biotransformation with standard two-stage fermentation protocol afforded a new oxidized metabolite, as a result of the hydroxylation of the methyl group at C-30, which was difficult to achieve by chemical means. The metabolite was elucidated based on extensive NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses.展开更多
The chitin is extracted from the cuttlebone of S. inermis and the mineral contents are predictable. The structure and degree of deacetylation of extracted cuttlebone chitin is dogged through Fourier Transform Infrared...The chitin is extracted from the cuttlebone of S. inermis and the mineral contents are predictable. The structure and degree of deacetylation of extracted cuttlebone chitin is dogged through Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The extracted cuttlebone chitin is used as the substrate for the production of chitinase from Vibrio sp. The extra cellular proteins are concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysed and then purified by using gel (sephadex G-100) chromatography. Among the 40 fractions, only two fractions (active fractions) showed maximum absorbance at 280 nm, which are pooled, dialysed and free-dried. The enzyme activity (0.104 μmoles/ml) and molecular weight (50 - 60 kDa) of purified chitinase is also determined through SDS- PAGE. The optimal condition for chitinase activity is pH between 6.0 - 6.5 and 45℃.展开更多
Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. （Gramineae） and Bromus inermis Leyss. （Gramineae）, two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandla...Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. （Gramineae） and Bromus inermis Leyss. （Gramineae）, two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandland of China, to different sand water content （SWC; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%） were studied comparatively. The results showed that the germination responses of the two grasses to SWC were similar （i.e. caryopses could not germinate when the SWC was below 3%; at SWC ranging from 3% to 12%, the higher the SWC, the higher the germination percentage; and at a SWC of 12%-20%, germination reached similarly high percentages）. At a sand burial depth of 0.5 cm, the threshold of SWC for seedling emergence was 6% forA. cristatum and 8% forB. inermis; at 12%-20% SWC, the seedling emergence of both species reached similarly high percentages. The seedling growth responses of these two species to SWC gradients were different. For A. cristatum, the biomass of seedlings increased with SWC from 6% to 12%, and decreased with SWC from 12% to 20%. For B. inermis, the biomass of seedlings always increased with SWC from 8% to 20%. The results also showed that the seedlings of both species allocated more biomass to the roots with decreases in SWC. The SWC changes from April to October in natural microhabitats of both species suggested that the SWC may play an important role in caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of the two grasses. The responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of these two species to SWC may determine their distribution pattems in the Otindag Sandland.展开更多
Objective:To determine the antioxidant activity,total phenolic and flavonoid content of Petroleum ether extract（PE）,Dichloromethane extract（DCM）,Ethanol extract（ET） and aqueous extract（AQ） of henna seeds.Metho...Objective:To determine the antioxidant activity,total phenolic and flavonoid content of Petroleum ether extract（PE）,Dichloromethane extract（DCM）,Ethanol extract（ET） and aqueous extract（AQ） of henna seeds.Methods:Total antioxidant assay（phosphomolybenum method）, DPPH radical scavenging assay,reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay were used to ascertain the potential of seeds as an antioxidant.Results:In all the assays carried out ET showed a greater potential to scavenge DPPH radical,reduce MO（Ⅳ） to MO（Ⅴ） complex and Fe（Ⅲ） to Fe（Ⅱ） and to inhibit lipid peroxidation.The IC<sub>50</sub> of ET was far greater than that of the standard,ascorbic acid（AS） in the lipid peroxidation assay.The activity of AQ was lesser when compared with that of ET but greater than PE and DCM.The amount of phenolics and flavonoids were present in higher amounts in ET followed by AQ.Trace amounts of phenolics were detected in PE and DCM,but the amount of flavonoids were below the detection level.The study showed that the antioxidant activity and the concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids are proportionate to each other.Conclusions:Ethanolic extract of henna seeds are efficient antioxidants,which can be utilized for further isolation of active compounds and pharmaceutical applications.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the larvicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis against Anopheles stephensi as the main malaria vector in Iran. This study was carried out from February to July 2011. Larvicidal acti...The aim of this study was to determine the larvicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis against Anopheles stephensi as the main malaria vector in Iran. This study was carried out from February to July 2011. Larvicidal activity of >L. inermis was studied in the range of 4 - 4000 PPM in the laboratory against early and late stages of larvae of An. stephensi. The larvae were reared in the?insectarium. The LC50 and LC90 values of the larval stages of An. stephensi were calculated by probit analysis and regression line draw using Microsoft office excel 2003 software. The highest toxic effect of L. inermis was found at 4000 PPM and the lowest at 4 PPM against larval stages I and II. The same result was found against larval stages III and IV. The LC50 and LC90 was found as 413.8 and 3366.3 respectively against larval stages I and II while against late stages found as 696.9 and 3927.7 respectively. This study suggests that L. inermis extract can be used as an alternative larvicidal compound during the IPM programs for the An. stephensi control. It is recommended to investigate the competency of other similar plants to malaria control.展开更多
In the present study, mehendi extract (Lawsonia inermis) was used for phytosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using 0.1 M Zn(NO3)2 as precursor under alkaline condition using NaOH with vigorous stirring for 2 h. ZnO NPs o...In the present study, mehendi extract (Lawsonia inermis) was used for phytosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using 0.1 M Zn(NO3)2 as precursor under alkaline condition using NaOH with vigorous stirring for 2 h. ZnO NPs obtained were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and TEM that showed change in shape and size. Hexagonal particles were formed due to plant extract relative to the rod shaped particles in absence of plant extract. Further the antibacterial property of ZnO NP synthesized by green method was more effective than those synthesized in absence of plant extract. The antibacterial activity study of both the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles reveals that the nanoparticles synthesized using mehendi extract are more effective than the particle synthesized without mehendi extract. Thus, the use of leaf extract as capping agent would improve the antibacterial property of ZnO nanoparticle. However, bacteriocidal effect of these nanoparticles varies with respect to the organism tested.展开更多
Meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann) is an important forage crop in Canada and the Intermountain West, but it has not been extensively evaluated in the northern Great Plains (NGP). Our objectives were to 1) eva...Meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann) is an important forage crop in Canada and the Intermountain West, but it has not been extensively evaluated in the northern Great Plains (NGP). Our objectives were to 1) evaluate meadow, smooth, and hybrid bromegrasses for forage production under intensive management in eastern South Dakota, and 2) evaluate the effect of selection for vigor in multiple environments on forage production of meadow bromegrass. Thirteen populations (7 meadow bromegrass, 5 hybrid bromegrass, and 1 smooth bromegrass) were evaluated for 4 yrs (2005-2007, 2009) at Brookings, SD. Biomass at anthesis was greater for smooth (6.75 Mg ha-1) than for meadow or hybrid brome (5.4 Mg ha-1) in 2005, but production at anthesis during 2006 and 2007 was similar for meadow and smooth bromegrass. Regrowth harvested during July and October 2005 and November 2006 was greater for meadow than smooth or hybrid bromegrass. Forage production at anthesis in 2009, after rest (i.e., no cutting) and fertilization in 2008, was 4.2 Mg ha-1 for meadow bromegrass compared with 3.3 Mg ha-1 and 2.6 Mg ha-1 for hybrid and smooth bromegrass, respectively. Smooth and hybrid bromegrasses had more leaves·tiller-1 than meadow bromegrass. After 6 yrs, meadow bromegrass had higher tiller density and greater potential for tolerating multiple harvests during a growing season than did smooth or hybrid bromegrass. Selection for vigor in multiple environments in North America resulted in experimental populations of meadow bromegrass with superior forage yield compared with ‘Fleet’ on marginal crop land in the northern Great Plains.展开更多
This paper aimed to study the change in MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activity of roots in wintering period under single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss.By the single sowing...This paper aimed to study the change in MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activity of roots in wintering period under single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss.By the single sowing of 4 alfalfa varieties with different cold resistance and mixed sowing of alfalfa varieties and Bromus inermis Leyss,the changes in MDA content,SOD,POD and CAT activity of alfalfa roots throughout the wintering period were measured.Results indicated that after single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss,the MDA content of roots showed an up-down-up trend with temperature; the CAT activity increased with the decreasing temperature but decreased when the temperature rose in the spring of the following year; the SOD and POD activity showed an increasing trend with sharp decline in temperature,and decreased when the temperature continued to decline,but increased with alfalfa reviving in the following year.The enzymic activity of the same variety under mixed sowing was higher than under single sowing.The membership function was used for comprehensive evaluation of cold resistance,and the cold resistance under different treatments was in the order of Wega7F + Bromus inermis Leyss >Wega7F > Xunlu + Bromus inermis Leyss > Xunlu > Aohan + Bromus inermis Leyss > Aohan > WL319HQ + Bromus inermis Leyss > WL319HQ.This was of great significance to the study on cold resistant alfalfa breeding and cultivation in cold areas of northern China.展开更多
The changes of Ca2＋ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass under different controlled chilling temperatures were inves- tigated by an antimonite precipitation cytochemical method. The main results were as follows：...The changes of Ca2＋ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass under different controlled chilling temperatures were inves- tigated by an antimonite precipitation cytochemical method. The main results were as follows： under 25/20℃ （day/night） tempera- ture and 14 h photoperiod, electron-dense Ca2＋ antimonite precipitates, indicators of Ca2＋ localization, were mainly localized in the vacuoles, cell walls and intercellular spaces; few Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the cytosol and nuclei. After a 3℃ chilling treatment for 3 h, many Ca2＋ precipitates appeared in the cytosol and nuclei, indicating that Ca2＋ influx had occurred in the cytosol and nuclei. When the 3℃ treatment was prolonged to 8 h, more Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in both the cytosol and nuclei decreased markedly after a 24 h treatment and most Ca2＋ deposits were returned to the vacuoles and intercellular spaces after an 8 d treatment. When bromegrass was exposed to 7℃ for 3 h, the Ca2＋ distribution in the cells had no visible changes, compared with that of the 25/20℃ grown control plants. However, when the chilling treatment of 7℃ was prolonged to 8 h, a Ca2＋ influx occurred, where many Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the nuclei and cytosol. More Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol after a 24 h treatment, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in the cytosol and nuclei was reduced markedly after an 8 d treatment. After a 14 d treatment, the remaining low level of Ca2＋ was recovered in both the cytosol and nuclei and the Ca2＋ deposits were again located in the vacuoles and the intercellular spaces. The dynamics of subcellular Ca2＋ localization in young leaf cells of bromegrass during a 12℃ chilling treatment were similar to those of the 7℃ treatment. Besides, the results showed that the frost tolerance ofbromegrass exposed to 3℃ for 8 d increased by 6℃, for 7℃ and 8 d by 4℃ and for 12℃ and 14 d by 3℃, compared with the controls. 展开更多
基金supported by the China Forage and Grass Research System (CARS-35)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2011BAD17B01)
文摘Planting grass and legume mixtures on improved grasslands has the potential advantage of realizing both higher yields and lower environmental pollution by optimizing the balance between applied N fertilizer and the natural process of legume biological nitrogen fixation. However, the optimal level of N fertilization for grass-legume mixtures, to obtain the highest yield, quality, and contribution of N2 fixation, varies with species. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the temporal dynamics of N2 fixation of alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） grown alone and in mixture with smooth bromegrass （Bromus inermis Leyss.） in response to the addition of fertilizer N. Three levels of N （0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1） were examined using 15N-labeled urea to evaluate N2 fixation via the 15N isotope dilution method. Treatments were designated NO （0.001 g per pot）, N75 （1.07 g per pot） and N150 （2.14 g per pot）. Alfalfa grown alone did not benefit from the addition of fertilizer N; dry matter was not significantly increased. In contrast, dry weight and N content of smooth bromegrass grown alone was increased significantly by N application. When grown as a mixture, smooth bromegrass biomass was increased significantly by N application, resulted in a decrease in alfalfa biomass. In addition, individual alfalfa plant dry weight （shoots＋roots） was significantly lower in the mixture than when grown alone at all N levels. Smooth bromegrass shoot and root dry weight were significantly higher when grown with alfalfa than when grown alone, regardless of N application level. When grown alone, alfalfa＇s N2 fixation was reduced with N fertilization （R2=0.9376,P=0.0057）. When grown in a mixture with smooth bromegrass, with 75 kg ha-1 of N fertilizer, the percentage of atmospheric N2 fixation contribution to total N in alfalfa （%Ndfa） had a maximum of 84.07 and 83.05% in the 2nd and 3rd harvests, respectively. Total 3-harvest %Ndfa was higher when alfalfa was grown in a mixture than when grown alone
文摘Gastroenteritis constitutes a group of diarrheal diseases of infectious origin, responsible for absenteeism from work, morbidity and mortality, especially among aged people. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Mitragyna inermis extracts on the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in gastroenteritis. Phytochemical screening was carried out using two distinct methods. The detection of phytochemical compounds by tube coloring and chromatography on a thin layer of silica gel. The sensitivity of organisms was evaluated by the agar well method. The dilution method in liquid medium coupled with spreading on Mueller Hinton agar helped determine the CMB/MIC activity ratios. The investigations show that the extract has the best extraction yield (75.86% ± 0.20%) compared to the aqueous macerated (61.8% ± 0.08%) and decocted (66.6% ± 0.12%). These extracts contain several phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponosides, coumarins and sterols and terpenes. These substances are endowed with biological activities and could be at the origin of antibacterial activity observed with M. inermis extracts. The analysis of antibacterial activity showed that the germs are sensitive to the extracts with inhibition diameters ranging from 8.30 ± 0.53 to 17.87 ± 0.58 mm. The ethanolic extract was the most active with diameters varying from 15.07 ± 0.62 to 17.87 ± 0.58 mm on all the germs tested. E. coli and S. aureus were the most sensitive germs to the extracts. P. aeruginosa was the least sensitive germ. Activity reports indicate that the extracts exert bactericidal activity on E. coli and S. aureus but bacteriostatic activity on P. aeruginosa. These results justify the use of M. inermis leaves in a traditional environment to treat gastroenteritis.
文摘Lawsonia inermis is a hairless plant growing in various regions of North Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. It possesses many medicinal attributes, including curative properties against infectious dermatoses. This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the crude ethanolic extract of the plant leaves and its fractions as well as their antimicrobial activities. The phytochemical profile was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric and the aluminum trichloride methods. Antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes was revealed. GC-MS detected twelve compounds main compounds consisting of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and phenolic and terpenoid compounds among twenty-seven components. HPLC also detected high contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The most abundant triterpene and sterols were ursolic acid (around 43.14 g/100g DW, 13.9 g/100g dry weight (DW), and 0.68 g/100g DW) in the crude ethanolic extract of leaves (FeLi), hexane fraction (FHLi) and dichloromethane fraction (FDLi), respectively and, β-sitosterol in FeLi (56.7 mg/100g DW), FHLi (10.55 g/100g DW), FDLi (106.1 mg/100g DW) and butanol fraction (FBLi) (357.4 mg/100g DW). Among the flavonoids, rutin = 3.24 g/100g and quercetin = 0.63 g/100g in the ethanolic extract, rutin = 15.73 g/100g in the dichloromethane fraction, and rutin = 0.23 g/100g) in the aqueous fraction;and among phenolic compounds, caffeic acid (37.65 g/100g DW) and vanillic acid (22.70 g/100g DW) were the most important in the ethyl acetate fraction (FAeLi). All organic fractions exhibited interesting antibacterial and antifungal activities against the tested strains, with the best activity recorded with th
文摘Background:Lawsonia inermis has been widely reported to be used as an herbal treatment for Malaria.However,despite several experimental studies about its antimalarial activities,the approach through which the herbal plant suppresses plasmodium infection is yet to be found.Consequently,this study uses computational approaches to understand the biological targets and pathways involved in the antiplasmodial activities of Lawsonia inermis compounds.Methods:The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique identified the phytocompounds present in the herbal plant.GeneCards,OMIM,and NCBI databases were explored to collate target proteins for further network pharmacology analysis.The phytocompounds were subjected to Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,Excretion and Toxicity(ADMET)and druglikeness analysis.The STRING algorithm and Cytoscape were employed to develop and analyze the relationships among target proteins and compounds/targets/pathways network of the putative targets of the phytocompounds.Further computational analysis was carried out to identify potential drug leads.Results:Based on the Network Pharmacology studies,phytocompounds in Lawsonia inermis exhibit antiplasmodial activity by interacting with therapeutic genes that play essential roles in metabolism and signaling pathways.Notable among the genes are MMP9,MAPK1,HMOX1 and IDO1.Meanwhile,the most influenced pathways include the metabolic pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,and HIF-1 signaling pathway.ADMET analysis,molecular docking analysis,and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that 3-phenyl-2-Isoxazoline and 2-Dimethylamino-3’-methoxyacetophenone are recommendable drug leads for Malaria treatment as they form stable and favorable complexes with Matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP9)target.Conclusion:The 3-phenyl-2-Isoxazoline and 2-Dimethylamino-3’-methoxyacetophenone phytocompounds from Lawsonia inermis herbal plant are predicted as antimalarial drug candidates and recommended for further wet-lab studies.
文摘Winter jujube orchard nitrogen （N） management aims at increasing N reserves to meet the tree＇s growth requirements. Fertilization strategies should maximize the efficiency of fertilizers, including the choice of the optimal timing of N supply. ^15N-urea was applied to winter jujubes on Jinsixiaozao jujubes rootstock to evaluate the effect of application timing on Nstorage and remobilization in mature trees in pot culture. The treatments consisted of ground application before budding （BB）, during fruit core-hardening stage （FCH）, and fruit rapid-swelling stage （FRS）. Nitrogen-use efficiency of treatments were significantly different, which were 2.42% （BB）, 9.77% （FCH）, and 9.01% （FRS） in the dormant and 5.20% （BB）, 16.16% （FCH）, and 10.30% （FRS） in the following full-bloom. N supply in the pre-harvest helped to increase N-reserves of trees and then translocate to the new growth organs the following year. The largest amount of ^15N was detected in the roots and trunks. In all the treatments, the partition rates were highest in coarse roots, which were 30.43% （BB）, 38.61% （FCH）, and 40.62% （FRS）, respectively. ^15N stored in roots and trunks was used by jujube trees to sustain new growth in the following full-bloom. ^15N applied before budding resulted in lower Ndff% in perennial organs （trunks and coarse roots） sampled in the following full-bloom, but fine roots had highest Ndff% （1.28%）. Other organs recovered similar amount of Ndff%. In contrast, FCH and FRS treatments led to higher Ndff% （4.01-5.15%） in the new growth organs （new growth branches, deciduous spurs, leaves and flowers）, but lower Ndff% in perennial branches （1.49-2.89%）. With the delay of ^15N-urea application time, ^15N increased the partitioning to roots. FCH treatment increased N-storage in perennial organ during winter, which should be remobilized to sustain new growth the following spring.
基金Supported by Sultan Qaboos University(Grant No.IG/MED/ANAT/06/01)
文摘Objective:To investigate the antibacterial activity of henna(Lawsonia inermis Linn) obtained from different regions of Oman against a wide array of micro-organisms.Methods:fresh henna samples were obtained from different regions of Oman as leaves and seeds,100 g fresh and dry leaves and SO g of fresh and dry seeds were separately soaked in 500 mL of ethanol for three days,respectively,with frequent agitation.The mixture was filtered,and the crude extract was collected.The crude extract was then heated,at 48 ℃ in a water bath to evaporate its liquid content.The dry crude henna extract was then tested for its antibacterial activity using well-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility technique.Henna extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity at different concentrations against a wide array of different micro-organisms including a laboratory standard bacterial strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(NCTC 10662)(A aeruginosa) and eleven fresh clinical isolates of P.aeruginosa obtained from patients attending the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital(SQUH).2-Hydroxy-p-Nathoqinone-Tech(2-HPNT, MW=174.16,C_(10)H_40_3) was included as control(at 50%concentration) along with the henna samples tested.Results:Henna samples demonstrated antibacterial activity against all isolates but the highest susceptibility was against P.aeruginosa with henna samples obtained from Al-sharqyia region.Conclusions:Omani henna from Al-sharqyia region demonstrates high in vitro anti-P. aeruginosa activity compared with many henna samples from different regions of Oman.
基金Supported by Ministry of Higher EducationSri Lanka for providing the financial assistance for the work as payment of research allowance in accordance with circular no1/2011
文摘Objective:To reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits,flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis(L against)some pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Powders of fruits,flowers and leaves of L inermis were continuously extracted with dichloromethane(DCM),ethyl acetate and ethanol at ambient temperature.The dried extracts were prepared into different concentrations and tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method,and also the extracts were tested to detennine the available phytochemicals.Results:Except DCM extract of flower all other test extracts revealed inhibitory effect on all tested bacteria and their inhibitory effect differed significantly(P<0.05).The highest inhibitory effect was showed by ethyl acetate extract of flower against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),and ethyl acetate extract of fruit on Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Bacillus subtilis(6.subtilis).The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flower,fruit and leaf expressed inhibition even at 1 mg/100μl against all test bacteria.Among the tested phytochemicals flavonoids were detected in all test extracts except DCM extract of flower.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of fruit and flower of L inermis are potentially better source of antibacterial agents compared to leaf extracts of respective solvents.
文摘Microbial transformation of a triterpene glycoside, quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside by Streptomyces griseus ACCT 13273 was achieved with the aim of generating new bio-active derivatives. Preparative-scale biotransformation with standard two-stage fermentation protocol afforded a new oxidized metabolite, as a result of the hydroxylation of the methyl group at C-30, which was difficult to achieve by chemical means. The metabolite was elucidated based on extensive NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses.
文摘The chitin is extracted from the cuttlebone of S. inermis and the mineral contents are predictable. The structure and degree of deacetylation of extracted cuttlebone chitin is dogged through Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The extracted cuttlebone chitin is used as the substrate for the production of chitinase from Vibrio sp. The extra cellular proteins are concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysed and then purified by using gel (sephadex G-100) chromatography. Among the 40 fractions, only two fractions (active fractions) showed maximum absorbance at 280 nm, which are pooled, dialysed and free-dried. The enzyme activity (0.104 μmoles/ml) and molecular weight (50 - 60 kDa) of purified chitinase is also determined through SDS- PAGE. The optimal condition for chitinase activity is pH between 6.0 - 6.5 and 45℃.
基金国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)，the National Natural Science Foundation of China，the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. （Gramineae） and Bromus inermis Leyss. （Gramineae）, two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandland of China, to different sand water content （SWC; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%） were studied comparatively. The results showed that the germination responses of the two grasses to SWC were similar （i.e. caryopses could not germinate when the SWC was below 3%; at SWC ranging from 3% to 12%, the higher the SWC, the higher the germination percentage; and at a SWC of 12%-20%, germination reached similarly high percentages）. At a sand burial depth of 0.5 cm, the threshold of SWC for seedling emergence was 6% forA. cristatum and 8% forB. inermis; at 12%-20% SWC, the seedling emergence of both species reached similarly high percentages. The seedling growth responses of these two species to SWC gradients were different. For A. cristatum, the biomass of seedlings increased with SWC from 6% to 12%, and decreased with SWC from 12% to 20%. For B. inermis, the biomass of seedlings always increased with SWC from 8% to 20%. The results also showed that the seedlings of both species allocated more biomass to the roots with decreases in SWC. The SWC changes from April to October in natural microhabitats of both species suggested that the SWC may play an important role in caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of the two grasses. The responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of these two species to SWC may determine their distribution pattems in the Otindag Sandland.
文摘Objective:To determine the antioxidant activity,total phenolic and flavonoid content of Petroleum ether extract（PE）,Dichloromethane extract（DCM）,Ethanol extract（ET） and aqueous extract（AQ） of henna seeds.Methods:Total antioxidant assay（phosphomolybenum method）, DPPH radical scavenging assay,reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay were used to ascertain the potential of seeds as an antioxidant.Results:In all the assays carried out ET showed a greater potential to scavenge DPPH radical,reduce MO（Ⅳ） to MO（Ⅴ） complex and Fe（Ⅲ） to Fe（Ⅱ） and to inhibit lipid peroxidation.The IC<sub>50</sub> of ET was far greater than that of the standard,ascorbic acid（AS） in the lipid peroxidation assay.The activity of AQ was lesser when compared with that of ET but greater than PE and DCM.The amount of phenolics and flavonoids were present in higher amounts in ET followed by AQ.Trace amounts of phenolics were detected in PE and DCM,but the amount of flavonoids were below the detection level.The study showed that the antioxidant activity and the concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids are proportionate to each other.Conclusions:Ethanolic extract of henna seeds are efficient antioxidants,which can be utilized for further isolation of active compounds and pharmaceutical applications.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the larvicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis against Anopheles stephensi as the main malaria vector in Iran. This study was carried out from February to July 2011. Larvicidal activity of >L. inermis was studied in the range of 4 - 4000 PPM in the laboratory against early and late stages of larvae of An. stephensi. The larvae were reared in the?insectarium. The LC50 and LC90 values of the larval stages of An. stephensi were calculated by probit analysis and regression line draw using Microsoft office excel 2003 software. The highest toxic effect of L. inermis was found at 4000 PPM and the lowest at 4 PPM against larval stages I and II. The same result was found against larval stages III and IV. The LC50 and LC90 was found as 413.8 and 3366.3 respectively against larval stages I and II while against late stages found as 696.9 and 3927.7 respectively. This study suggests that L. inermis extract can be used as an alternative larvicidal compound during the IPM programs for the An. stephensi control. It is recommended to investigate the competency of other similar plants to malaria control.
文摘In the present study, mehendi extract (Lawsonia inermis) was used for phytosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using 0.1 M Zn(NO3)2 as precursor under alkaline condition using NaOH with vigorous stirring for 2 h. ZnO NPs obtained were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and TEM that showed change in shape and size. Hexagonal particles were formed due to plant extract relative to the rod shaped particles in absence of plant extract. Further the antibacterial property of ZnO NP synthesized by green method was more effective than those synthesized in absence of plant extract. The antibacterial activity study of both the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles reveals that the nanoparticles synthesized using mehendi extract are more effective than the particle synthesized without mehendi extract. Thus, the use of leaf extract as capping agent would improve the antibacterial property of ZnO nanoparticle. However, bacteriocidal effect of these nanoparticles varies with respect to the organism tested.
文摘Meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann) is an important forage crop in Canada and the Intermountain West, but it has not been extensively evaluated in the northern Great Plains (NGP). Our objectives were to 1) evaluate meadow, smooth, and hybrid bromegrasses for forage production under intensive management in eastern South Dakota, and 2) evaluate the effect of selection for vigor in multiple environments on forage production of meadow bromegrass. Thirteen populations (7 meadow bromegrass, 5 hybrid bromegrass, and 1 smooth bromegrass) were evaluated for 4 yrs (2005-2007, 2009) at Brookings, SD. Biomass at anthesis was greater for smooth (6.75 Mg ha-1) than for meadow or hybrid brome (5.4 Mg ha-1) in 2005, but production at anthesis during 2006 and 2007 was similar for meadow and smooth bromegrass. Regrowth harvested during July and October 2005 and November 2006 was greater for meadow than smooth or hybrid bromegrass. Forage production at anthesis in 2009, after rest (i.e., no cutting) and fertilization in 2008, was 4.2 Mg ha-1 for meadow bromegrass compared with 3.3 Mg ha-1 and 2.6 Mg ha-1 for hybrid and smooth bromegrass, respectively. Smooth and hybrid bromegrasses had more leaves·tiller-1 than meadow bromegrass. After 6 yrs, meadow bromegrass had higher tiller density and greater potential for tolerating multiple harvests during a growing season than did smooth or hybrid bromegrass. Selection for vigor in multiple environments in North America resulted in experimental populations of meadow bromegrass with superior forage yield compared with ‘Fleet’ on marginal crop land in the northern Great Plains.
基金Supported by Special Postdoctoral Funding in Heilongjiang Province(LBHTZ06020)
文摘This paper aimed to study the change in MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activity of roots in wintering period under single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss.By the single sowing of 4 alfalfa varieties with different cold resistance and mixed sowing of alfalfa varieties and Bromus inermis Leyss,the changes in MDA content,SOD,POD and CAT activity of alfalfa roots throughout the wintering period were measured.Results indicated that after single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss,the MDA content of roots showed an up-down-up trend with temperature; the CAT activity increased with the decreasing temperature but decreased when the temperature rose in the spring of the following year; the SOD and POD activity showed an increasing trend with sharp decline in temperature,and decreased when the temperature continued to decline,but increased with alfalfa reviving in the following year.The enzymic activity of the same variety under mixed sowing was higher than under single sowing.The membership function was used for comprehensive evaluation of cold resistance,and the cold resistance under different treatments was in the order of Wega7F + Bromus inermis Leyss >Wega7F > Xunlu + Bromus inermis Leyss > Xunlu > Aohan + Bromus inermis Leyss > Aohan > WL319HQ + Bromus inermis Leyss > WL319HQ.This was of great significance to the study on cold resistant alfalfa breeding and cultivation in cold areas of northern China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60575018).
文摘The changes of Ca2＋ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass under different controlled chilling temperatures were inves- tigated by an antimonite precipitation cytochemical method. The main results were as follows： under 25/20℃ （day/night） tempera- ture and 14 h photoperiod, electron-dense Ca2＋ antimonite precipitates, indicators of Ca2＋ localization, were mainly localized in the vacuoles, cell walls and intercellular spaces; few Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the cytosol and nuclei. After a 3℃ chilling treatment for 3 h, many Ca2＋ precipitates appeared in the cytosol and nuclei, indicating that Ca2＋ influx had occurred in the cytosol and nuclei. When the 3℃ treatment was prolonged to 8 h, more Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in both the cytosol and nuclei decreased markedly after a 24 h treatment and most Ca2＋ deposits were returned to the vacuoles and intercellular spaces after an 8 d treatment. When bromegrass was exposed to 7℃ for 3 h, the Ca2＋ distribution in the cells had no visible changes, compared with that of the 25/20℃ grown control plants. However, when the chilling treatment of 7℃ was prolonged to 8 h, a Ca2＋ influx occurred, where many Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the nuclei and cytosol. More Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol after a 24 h treatment, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in the cytosol and nuclei was reduced markedly after an 8 d treatment. After a 14 d treatment, the remaining low level of Ca2＋ was recovered in both the cytosol and nuclei and the Ca2＋ deposits were again located in the vacuoles and the intercellular spaces. The dynamics of subcellular Ca2＋ localization in young leaf cells of bromegrass during a 12℃ chilling treatment were similar to those of the 7℃ treatment. Besides, the results showed that the frost tolerance ofbromegrass exposed to 3℃ for 8 d increased by 6℃, for 7℃ and 8 d by 4℃ and for 12℃ and 14 d by 3℃, compared with the controls.
