The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevel...The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.展开更多
China's participation in international affairs has been increasing in recent decades.Its emergence as a leading voice among Global South countries has led many in the developed world to speculate about its intenti...China's participation in international affairs has been increasing in recent decades.Its emergence as a leading voice among Global South countries has led many in the developed world to speculate about its intentions,assuming that China is orchestrating the overthrow of the current system and the establishment of a new one.However,China has largely been a beneficiary of the established,UN-centered international order and has no intention of trying to replace it.But while it's strongly committed to upholding this order,China,along with many other nations,seeks to make amendments that would make it fairer.By pursuing these amendments,China hopes to promote greater balance within the international system,so that it better reflects the interests of all nations,particularly developing ones.展开更多
The annex A of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)2020/2021 Report presented a comprehensive global estimate of frequencies and doses from medical exposure to ionizing r...The annex A of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)2020/2021 Report presented a comprehensive global estimate of frequencies and doses from medical exposure to ionizing radiation,their distribution and trends for the period 2009-2018.The annex considered four general categories of medical practice using ionizing radiation:(a)diagnostic radiology,including dental radiology and computed tomography,(b)interventional radiology(image-guided interventional procedures),(c)nuclear medicine,and(d)radiation therapy.In the period 2009-2018,about 4.2 billion medical radiological examinations were performed annually,resulting in an annual effective dose of 0.57 mSv per caput.The use of computed tomography has continued to grow and the contribution from interventional radiology has increased rapidly in recent years.The annual number of radionuclide therapy treatments has increased by 60% since the UNSCEAR 2008 Report,while the number of courses of radiation therapy has increased by 22%.Medical exposure remains by far the largest human-made source of radiation exposure to the public.The Committee's evaluation relies on the collection of up-to-date and representative exposure data from all Member States of the United Nations.Future exposure survey should be more relevant and useful and adapted to changing data sources and changing uses of radiation across the world.展开更多
The annex D of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)2020/2021 Report presented a comprehensive global estimate of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.The worldwide...The annex D of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)2020/2021 Report presented a comprehensive global estimate of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.The worldwide annual number of workers exposed to natural and human-made sources of ionizing radiation was estimated to be approximately 24 million in the period 2010-2014.About 52% of those were employed in the sectors that involve exposure to natural sources of radiation.The worldwide average annual effective dose for all workers during the period 2010-2014 was estimated to be around 1.2 mSv-about two thirds of the value estimated for the period 1995-1999.The annual effective dose was estimated to be around 2.0 mSv for workers exposed to natural sources and 0.5 mSv for workers exposed to human-made sources.The overriding limitation of current evaluation was the low rate of participation by United Nations Member States in providing occupational exposure monitoring data,especially data from non-nuclear sectors and occupational sectors involving naturally occurring radioactive materials.As the assessment of the worldwide occupational exposure is a complex task,the Committee relies on the collection of up-to-date data on occupational exposure from United Nations Member States in a broad range of occupational sectors,and continues collaboration with international organizations.展开更多
RETOUR SUR LES POINTS FORTS DE LACTUALITE par CHARLES ONUNAIJU Directeur du Centre d'etudes chinoises a Abuja,au Nigeria Au carrefour des geants La diplomatie chinoise en Afrique et l'adaptation americaine Du ...RETOUR SUR LES POINTS FORTS DE LACTUALITE par CHARLES ONUNAIJU Directeur du Centre d'etudes chinoises a Abuja,au Nigeria Au carrefour des geants La diplomatie chinoise en Afrique et l'adaptation americaine Du 13 au 18 janvier,le ministre chinois des Affairesétrangeres,Wang Yi,a entrepris une tournee dans quatre nations africaines.展开更多
International relations or politics are a dynamic discipline within politics. It concentrates upon the understanding or explanation of conflict and power between nations or countries. It is of course highly relevant t...International relations or politics are a dynamic discipline within politics. It concentrates upon the understanding or explanation of conflict and power between nations or countries. It is of course highly relevant today with much warfare or threats thereof. One central theory is the so-called realism or neorealism. Its foremost representative today is Professor Mearsheimer. Professor John Mearsheimer has put several of his well-known lectures on YouTube. In these he spells out how he looks upon international politics today through a neorealist approach. Very much worth listening to, we must though question consistency in his message.展开更多
Cette année marque le 65e anniversaire des relations bilatérales entre la Chine et le Soudan,une période caractérisée par une coopération amicale et solide.Au fil des ans.les deux nations...Cette année marque le 65e anniversaire des relations bilatérales entre la Chine et le Soudan,une période caractérisée par une coopération amicale et solide.Au fil des ans.les deux nations ont considérablementélargi leurs interactions dans divers secteurs.展开更多
Xi's visit strengthens China-Europe relationship 0n a recent diplomatic trip charting the course for the future,Chinese President Xi Jinping's statevisitstoFrance,Serbia and Hungary,from May 5 to 10,have marke...Xi's visit strengthens China-Europe relationship 0n a recent diplomatic trip charting the course for the future,Chinese President Xi Jinping's statevisitstoFrance,Serbia and Hungary,from May 5 to 10,have marked a significant stride in fortifying China's ties with these European nations.This tour was Xi's first international trip of 2024.展开更多
Environmental goods and low-carbon technologies have long been identified as having the potential to drive long-term economic progress without compromising environmental quality. However, their exact role in mitigatin...Environmental goods and low-carbon technologies have long been identified as having the potential to drive long-term economic progress without compromising environmental quality. However, their exact role in mitigating environmental degradation are yet to be unravelled. In addressing this shortfall, the extant literature relied on research funding and patent application as proxies for green technologies. Having established the weaknesses in the use of these variables as proxies for green technologies, this study explored the role of trade in environmental goods and low-carbon technologies in boosting environmental quality among G20 nation using a panel dataset from 1994 to 2018. The study employed the Method of Moment quantile regression for the model estimation and the Ridge regression, Discroll-Kraay standard error, and the Newey-West standard error estimators to test the robustness of our findings. Our findings indicate that whereas environmental goods promote environmental quality, low-carbon technologies decrease same. Also, the study found economic growth to exert an aggravating effect on environmental quality, while foreign direct investments, natural resource rents, human capital development, and renewable energy consumption exert positive influence on environmental quality. Based on the findings of the study, G20 nations are encouraged to improve green market structures to improve the trade in environmental goods and low-carbon technologies. Also the share of renewable energy sources in the overall energy basket must be improved to help improve environmental quality.展开更多
To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to imp...To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to improve its information management and increase the availability of accurate, real-time data for disaster and humanitarian response teams, significant gaps persist. There are inefficiencies in the emergency management of data at every stage of its lifecycle: collection, processing, analysis, distribution, storage, and retrieval. Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management are the two main tenets of the United Nations’ worldwide plan for disaster management. Information systems are crucial because of the crucial roles they play in capturing, processing, and transmitting data. The management of information is seldom discussed in published works. The goal of this study is to employ qualitative research methods to provide insight by facilitating an expanded comprehension of relevant contexts, phenomena, and individual experiences. Humanitarian workers and OCHA staffers will take part in the research. The study subjects will be chosen using a random selection procedure. Online surveys with both closed- and open-ended questions will be used to compile the data. UN OCHA offers a structure for the handling of information via which all humanitarian actors may contribute to the overall response. This research will enable the UN Office for OCHA better gather, process, analyze, disseminate, store, and retrieve data in the event of a catastrophe or humanitarian crisis.展开更多
The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document ope...The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.展开更多
The severe damage and impacts caused by extreme events in a changing climate will not only make the sustainable development goals difficult to achieve,but also erode the hard-won development gains of the past.This art...The severe damage and impacts caused by extreme events in a changing climate will not only make the sustainable development goals difficult to achieve,but also erode the hard-won development gains of the past.This article reviews the major impacts and challenges of disaster and climate change risks on sustainable development,and summarizes the courses and linkages of disaster risk reduction(DRR),climate change adaptation(CCA),and sustainable development over the past 30 years.Our findings show that the conceptual development of DRR actions has gone through three general phases:disaster management in the 1990s,risk management in the 2000s,and resilient management and development in the 2010s.Gradually,CCA has been widely implemented to overcome the adverse effects of climate change.A framework is proposed for tackling climate change and disaster risks in the context of resilient,sustainable development,indicating that CCA is not a subset of DRR while they have similarities and differences in their scope and emphasis.It is crucial to transform governance mechanisms at different levels,so as to integrate CCA and DRR to reduce disaster and climate change risks,and achieve safe growth and a resilient future in the era of the Anthropocene.展开更多
This study discusses the basic guarantee of the Charter of the United Nations to realize the right to development from the angle of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The concepts reg...This study discusses the basic guarantee of the Charter of the United Nations to realize the right to development from the angle of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The concepts regarding the people as the focal point, the dignity, the worth of the human being, as well as larger aspects of freedom, and other basic concepts within the Charter of the United Nations, guide the right direction of action for the realization of the right to development. The purpose and principles of the United Nations establishment in the Charter constitute the basic legal protection of the right to development. Values of peace, international dialogue, and international cooperation show the right path to the realization of the right to development.展开更多
文摘The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 ℃ abovepre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 ℃ above pre-industriallevels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 ℃ global temperature target with legal effect.The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change （UNFCCC） has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of theParis Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report （SAR） of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change （IPCC）, an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvementin the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressingclimate change has been a long process, and the 2 ℃ global temperature target is the political consensuson the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal foraddressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the 1PCCfocusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.
文摘China's participation in international affairs has been increasing in recent decades.Its emergence as a leading voice among Global South countries has led many in the developed world to speculate about its intentions,assuming that China is orchestrating the overthrow of the current system and the establishment of a new one.However,China has largely been a beneficiary of the established,UN-centered international order and has no intention of trying to replace it.But while it's strongly committed to upholding this order,China,along with many other nations,seeks to make amendments that would make it fairer.By pursuing these amendments,China hopes to promote greater balance within the international system,so that it better reflects the interests of all nations,particularly developing ones.
文摘The annex A of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)2020/2021 Report presented a comprehensive global estimate of frequencies and doses from medical exposure to ionizing radiation,their distribution and trends for the period 2009-2018.The annex considered four general categories of medical practice using ionizing radiation:(a)diagnostic radiology,including dental radiology and computed tomography,(b)interventional radiology(image-guided interventional procedures),(c)nuclear medicine,and(d)radiation therapy.In the period 2009-2018,about 4.2 billion medical radiological examinations were performed annually,resulting in an annual effective dose of 0.57 mSv per caput.The use of computed tomography has continued to grow and the contribution from interventional radiology has increased rapidly in recent years.The annual number of radionuclide therapy treatments has increased by 60% since the UNSCEAR 2008 Report,while the number of courses of radiation therapy has increased by 22%.Medical exposure remains by far the largest human-made source of radiation exposure to the public.The Committee's evaluation relies on the collection of up-to-date and representative exposure data from all Member States of the United Nations.Future exposure survey should be more relevant and useful and adapted to changing data sources and changing uses of radiation across the world.
文摘The annex D of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)2020/2021 Report presented a comprehensive global estimate of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.The worldwide annual number of workers exposed to natural and human-made sources of ionizing radiation was estimated to be approximately 24 million in the period 2010-2014.About 52% of those were employed in the sectors that involve exposure to natural sources of radiation.The worldwide average annual effective dose for all workers during the period 2010-2014 was estimated to be around 1.2 mSv-about two thirds of the value estimated for the period 1995-1999.The annual effective dose was estimated to be around 2.0 mSv for workers exposed to natural sources and 0.5 mSv for workers exposed to human-made sources.The overriding limitation of current evaluation was the low rate of participation by United Nations Member States in providing occupational exposure monitoring data,especially data from non-nuclear sectors and occupational sectors involving naturally occurring radioactive materials.As the assessment of the worldwide occupational exposure is a complex task,the Committee relies on the collection of up-to-date data on occupational exposure from United Nations Member States in a broad range of occupational sectors,and continues collaboration with international organizations.
文摘RETOUR SUR LES POINTS FORTS DE LACTUALITE par CHARLES ONUNAIJU Directeur du Centre d'etudes chinoises a Abuja,au Nigeria Au carrefour des geants La diplomatie chinoise en Afrique et l'adaptation americaine Du 13 au 18 janvier,le ministre chinois des Affairesétrangeres,Wang Yi,a entrepris une tournee dans quatre nations africaines.
文摘International relations or politics are a dynamic discipline within politics. It concentrates upon the understanding or explanation of conflict and power between nations or countries. It is of course highly relevant today with much warfare or threats thereof. One central theory is the so-called realism or neorealism. Its foremost representative today is Professor Mearsheimer. Professor John Mearsheimer has put several of his well-known lectures on YouTube. In these he spells out how he looks upon international politics today through a neorealist approach. Very much worth listening to, we must though question consistency in his message.
文摘Cette année marque le 65e anniversaire des relations bilatérales entre la Chine et le Soudan,une période caractérisée par une coopération amicale et solide.Au fil des ans.les deux nations ont considérablementélargi leurs interactions dans divers secteurs.
文摘Xi's visit strengthens China-Europe relationship 0n a recent diplomatic trip charting the course for the future,Chinese President Xi Jinping's statevisitstoFrance,Serbia and Hungary,from May 5 to 10,have marked a significant stride in fortifying China's ties with these European nations.This tour was Xi's first international trip of 2024.
文摘Environmental goods and low-carbon technologies have long been identified as having the potential to drive long-term economic progress without compromising environmental quality. However, their exact role in mitigating environmental degradation are yet to be unravelled. In addressing this shortfall, the extant literature relied on research funding and patent application as proxies for green technologies. Having established the weaknesses in the use of these variables as proxies for green technologies, this study explored the role of trade in environmental goods and low-carbon technologies in boosting environmental quality among G20 nation using a panel dataset from 1994 to 2018. The study employed the Method of Moment quantile regression for the model estimation and the Ridge regression, Discroll-Kraay standard error, and the Newey-West standard error estimators to test the robustness of our findings. Our findings indicate that whereas environmental goods promote environmental quality, low-carbon technologies decrease same. Also, the study found economic growth to exert an aggravating effect on environmental quality, while foreign direct investments, natural resource rents, human capital development, and renewable energy consumption exert positive influence on environmental quality. Based on the findings of the study, G20 nations are encouraged to improve green market structures to improve the trade in environmental goods and low-carbon technologies. Also the share of renewable energy sources in the overall energy basket must be improved to help improve environmental quality.
文摘To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to improve its information management and increase the availability of accurate, real-time data for disaster and humanitarian response teams, significant gaps persist. There are inefficiencies in the emergency management of data at every stage of its lifecycle: collection, processing, analysis, distribution, storage, and retrieval. Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management are the two main tenets of the United Nations’ worldwide plan for disaster management. Information systems are crucial because of the crucial roles they play in capturing, processing, and transmitting data. The management of information is seldom discussed in published works. The goal of this study is to employ qualitative research methods to provide insight by facilitating an expanded comprehension of relevant contexts, phenomena, and individual experiences. Humanitarian workers and OCHA staffers will take part in the research. The study subjects will be chosen using a random selection procedure. Online surveys with both closed- and open-ended questions will be used to compile the data. UN OCHA offers a structure for the handling of information via which all humanitarian actors may contribute to the overall response. This research will enable the UN Office for OCHA better gather, process, analyze, disseminate, store, and retrieve data in the event of a catastrophe or humanitarian crisis.
文摘The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42171080,41771540)the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.18ZDA105)the Humanities and Social Sciences Program of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.21YJC630146).
文摘The severe damage and impacts caused by extreme events in a changing climate will not only make the sustainable development goals difficult to achieve,but also erode the hard-won development gains of the past.This article reviews the major impacts and challenges of disaster and climate change risks on sustainable development,and summarizes the courses and linkages of disaster risk reduction(DRR),climate change adaptation(CCA),and sustainable development over the past 30 years.Our findings show that the conceptual development of DRR actions has gone through three general phases:disaster management in the 1990s,risk management in the 2000s,and resilient management and development in the 2010s.Gradually,CCA has been widely implemented to overcome the adverse effects of climate change.A framework is proposed for tackling climate change and disaster risks in the context of resilient,sustainable development,indicating that CCA is not a subset of DRR while they have similarities and differences in their scope and emphasis.It is crucial to transform governance mechanisms at different levels,so as to integrate CCA and DRR to reduce disaster and climate change risks,and achieve safe growth and a resilient future in the era of the Anthropocene.
文摘This study discusses the basic guarantee of the Charter of the United Nations to realize the right to development from the angle of Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The concepts regarding the people as the focal point, the dignity, the worth of the human being, as well as larger aspects of freedom, and other basic concepts within the Charter of the United Nations, guide the right direction of action for the realization of the right to development. The purpose and principles of the United Nations establishment in the Charter constitute the basic legal protection of the right to development. Values of peace, international dialogue, and international cooperation show the right path to the realization of the right to development.
