Many observed data show that the near-bed tidal velocity profile deviates from the usual logarithmic law. The amount of deviation may not be large, but it results in large errors when the logarithmic velocity profile ...Many observed data show that the near-bed tidal velocity profile deviates from the usual logarithmic law. The amount of deviation may not be large, but it results in large errors when the logarithmic velocity profile is used to calculate the bed roughness height and friction velocity （or shear stress）. Based on their investigation, Kuo et al. （1996） indicate that the deviation amplitude may exceed 100%. On the basis of fluid dynamic principle, the profile of the near-bed tidal velocity in estuarine and coastal waters is established by introducing Prandtl＇ s mixing length theory and Von Kannan selfsimilarity theory. By the fitting and calculation of the near-bed velocity profde data observed in the west Solent, England, the results are compared with those of the usual logarithmic model, and it is shown that the present near-bed tidal velocity profile model has such advantages as higher fitting precision, and better inner consistency between the roughness height and friction velocity. The calculated roughness height and friction velocity are closer to reality. The conclusions are validated that the logarithmic model underestimates the roughness height and friction velocity during tidal acceleration and overestimates them during tidal deceleration.展开更多
The classic hydraulic resistance formulas, such as those in the Darcy–Weisbach methods, perform well in the hydraulic design with the characteristic roughness height ks smaller than the flow depth, which can be linke...The classic hydraulic resistance formulas, such as those in the Darcy–Weisbach methods, perform well in the hydraulic design with the characteristic roughness height ks smaller than the flow depth, which can be linked with the momentum roughness height based on the turbulent boundary-layer theory with the log-law formulation. However, when the roughness scale is of the same order as the flow depth, the traditional log-law formulation cannot provide satisfactory results because the flow structure is complicated and the vortices in different layers are dominated by various principles, such as the Karman streets near the channel bed, the mixing layer near the vegetation top, and a canonical turbulent boundary layer above the vegetation layer. Thus, the distribution of the streamwise velocity in the vegetated flow is a combination of the velocity profile linked with the dominant vortex and shows significant differences as compared with the traditional log-law distribution. This paper proposes a new characteristic roughness height of vegetation kv by linking vegetation attributes, especially the characteristics of the cross section in the flow within the vegetation. The power law resistance formula is derived based on a large amount of experimental data. Results show that the new formula is applicable to shallow flows with vegetation.展开更多
The full two-dimensional Navier-Stokes algorithm and the SST k-? turbulence model were used to investigate incom-pressible viscous flow past the wind turbine two-dimensional airfoil under clean and roughness surface c...The full two-dimensional Navier-Stokes algorithm and the SST k-? turbulence model were used to investigate incom-pressible viscous flow past the wind turbine two-dimensional airfoil under clean and roughness surface conditions. The NACA 63-430 airfoil is chosen to be the subject, which is widely used in wind turbine airfoil and generally located at mid-span of the blade with thickness to chord length ratio of about 0.3. The numerical simulation of the airfoil under clean surface condition has been done. As a result, the numerical results had a good consistency with the experimental data. The wind turbine blade surface dust accumulation according to the operational periods in natural environment has been taken into consideration. Then, the lift coefficients and the drag coefficients of NACA 63-430 airfoil have been computed under different roughness heights, different roughness areas and different roughness locations. The role that roughness plays in promoting premature transition to turbulence and flow separation has been verified by the numeri-cal results. The trends of the lift coefficients and the drag coefficients with the roughness height and roughness area increasing have been obtained. What’s more, the critical values of roughness height, roughness area, and roughness location have been proposed. Furthermore, the performance of the airfoil under different operational periods has been simulated, and an advice for the period of cleaning wind turbine blades is proposed. As a result, the numerical simula-tion method has been verified to be economically available for investigation of the dust effect on wind turbine airfoils.展开更多
Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an effective and important technique in monitoring crop and other agricultural targets because its quality does not depend on weather conditions. SAR is sensitive to the geometrical st...Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an effective and important technique in monitoring crop and other agricultural targets because its quality does not depend on weather conditions. SAR is sensitive to the geometrical structures and dielectric properties of the targets and has a certain penetration ability to some agricultural targets. The capabilities of SAR for agriculture applications can be organized into three main categories: crop identification and crop planting area statistics, crop and cropland parameter extraction, and crop yield estimation. According to the above concepts, this paper systematically analyses the recent progresses, existing problems and future directions in SAR agricultural remote sensing. In recent years, with the remarkable progresses in SAR remote sensing systems, the available SAR data sources have been greatly enriched. The accuracies of the crop classification and parameter extraction by SAR data have been improved progressively. But the development of modern agriculture has put forwarded higher requirements for SAR remote sensing. For instance, the spatial resolution and revisiting cycle of the SAR sensors, the accuracy of crop classification, the whole phenological period monitoring of crop growth status, the soil moisture inversion under the condition of high vegetation coverage, the integrations of SAR remote sensing retrieval information with hydrological models and/or crop growth models, and so on, still need to be improved. In the future, the joint use of optical and SAR remote sensing data, the application of multi-band multi-dimensional SAR, the precise and high efficient modeling of electromagnetic scattering and parameter extraction of crop and farmland composite scene, the development of light and small SAR systems like those onboard unmanned aerial vehicles and their applications will be active research areas in agriculture remote sensing. This paper concludes that SAR remote sensing has great potential and will play a more significant role in the various fields of agricu展开更多
In the near-shore waters, the actual flow is mainly induced by tide, wind and salinity, and the river water runoff should also be included as a component in the estuary waters. The interactions among these major compo...In the near-shore waters, the actual flow is mainly induced by tide, wind and salinity, and the river water runoff should also be included as a component in the estuary waters. The interactions among these major components are very complicated. Many approaches were proposed to study isolated tide and wind-driven currents or run-off based on the measured velocity, with all its components taken as a whole. In this article, firstly, based on the actual hydrodynamic characteristics of estuarine and coastal waters, an approach is proposed to separate the measured velocity by considering the theoretical current velocity profiles and using the least squares method. The vertical structures of tidal, wind-driven currents, density current and runoff can be obtained as well as their proportions in the measured velocity. Then, this approach is applied to the analysis of velocity data obtained in the North Branch of Yangtze River estuary and of laboratory test data. The results are found to be satisfactory. Finally, this approach is used to separate the measured velocity in the South Branch of Yangtze River estuary, to determine not only the bed friction velocity and roughness height, but also the surface wind stress, and to estimate the wind velocity data above the water surface. The results show that this method is simple in principle, practical in use, and reasonable in obtained results. So it can be used to effectively analyze the field data.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( Grant Nos .40476039 and50339010) Specialized Research Fundforthe Doctoral Programof Higher Education (Grant No.20020294007)
文摘Many observed data show that the near-bed tidal velocity profile deviates from the usual logarithmic law. The amount of deviation may not be large, but it results in large errors when the logarithmic velocity profile is used to calculate the bed roughness height and friction velocity （or shear stress）. Based on their investigation, Kuo et al. （1996） indicate that the deviation amplitude may exceed 100%. On the basis of fluid dynamic principle, the profile of the near-bed tidal velocity in estuarine and coastal waters is established by introducing Prandtl＇ s mixing length theory and Von Kannan selfsimilarity theory. By the fitting and calculation of the near-bed velocity profde data observed in the west Solent, England, the results are compared with those of the usual logarithmic model, and it is shown that the present near-bed tidal velocity profile model has such advantages as higher fitting precision, and better inner consistency between the roughness height and friction velocity. The calculated roughness height and friction velocity are closer to reality. The conclusions are validated that the logarithmic model underestimates the roughness height and friction velocity during tidal acceleration and overestimates them during tidal deceleration.
基金Project supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2017M610949)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51439007)
文摘The classic hydraulic resistance formulas, such as those in the Darcy–Weisbach methods, perform well in the hydraulic design with the characteristic roughness height ks smaller than the flow depth, which can be linked with the momentum roughness height based on the turbulent boundary-layer theory with the log-law formulation. However, when the roughness scale is of the same order as the flow depth, the traditional log-law formulation cannot provide satisfactory results because the flow structure is complicated and the vortices in different layers are dominated by various principles, such as the Karman streets near the channel bed, the mixing layer near the vegetation top, and a canonical turbulent boundary layer above the vegetation layer. Thus, the distribution of the streamwise velocity in the vegetated flow is a combination of the velocity profile linked with the dominant vortex and shows significant differences as compared with the traditional log-law distribution. This paper proposes a new characteristic roughness height of vegetation kv by linking vegetation attributes, especially the characteristics of the cross section in the flow within the vegetation. The power law resistance formula is derived based on a large amount of experimental data. Results show that the new formula is applicable to shallow flows with vegetation.
文摘The full two-dimensional Navier-Stokes algorithm and the SST k-? turbulence model were used to investigate incom-pressible viscous flow past the wind turbine two-dimensional airfoil under clean and roughness surface conditions. The NACA 63-430 airfoil is chosen to be the subject, which is widely used in wind turbine airfoil and generally located at mid-span of the blade with thickness to chord length ratio of about 0.3. The numerical simulation of the airfoil under clean surface condition has been done. As a result, the numerical results had a good consistency with the experimental data. The wind turbine blade surface dust accumulation according to the operational periods in natural environment has been taken into consideration. Then, the lift coefficients and the drag coefficients of NACA 63-430 airfoil have been computed under different roughness heights, different roughness areas and different roughness locations. The role that roughness plays in promoting premature transition to turbulence and flow separation has been verified by the numeri-cal results. The trends of the lift coefficients and the drag coefficients with the roughness height and roughness area increasing have been obtained. What’s more, the critical values of roughness height, roughness area, and roughness location have been proposed. Furthermore, the performance of the airfoil under different operational periods has been simulated, and an advice for the period of cleaning wind turbine blades is proposed. As a result, the numerical simula-tion method has been verified to be economically available for investigation of the dust effect on wind turbine airfoils.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61661136006 and 41371396)
文摘Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an effective and important technique in monitoring crop and other agricultural targets because its quality does not depend on weather conditions. SAR is sensitive to the geometrical structures and dielectric properties of the targets and has a certain penetration ability to some agricultural targets. The capabilities of SAR for agriculture applications can be organized into three main categories: crop identification and crop planting area statistics, crop and cropland parameter extraction, and crop yield estimation. According to the above concepts, this paper systematically analyses the recent progresses, existing problems and future directions in SAR agricultural remote sensing. In recent years, with the remarkable progresses in SAR remote sensing systems, the available SAR data sources have been greatly enriched. The accuracies of the crop classification and parameter extraction by SAR data have been improved progressively. But the development of modern agriculture has put forwarded higher requirements for SAR remote sensing. For instance, the spatial resolution and revisiting cycle of the SAR sensors, the accuracy of crop classification, the whole phenological period monitoring of crop growth status, the soil moisture inversion under the condition of high vegetation coverage, the integrations of SAR remote sensing retrieval information with hydrological models and/or crop growth models, and so on, still need to be improved. In the future, the joint use of optical and SAR remote sensing data, the application of multi-band multi-dimensional SAR, the precise and high efficient modeling of electromagnetic scattering and parameter extraction of crop and farmland composite scene, the development of light and small SAR systems like those onboard unmanned aerial vehicles and their applications will be active research areas in agriculture remote sensing. This paper concludes that SAR remote sensing has great potential and will play a more significant role in the various fields of agricu
基金supported by the Public Welfare Projects of Ministry of Water Resources (Grant No.200701026)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49971064, 50339010)
文摘In the near-shore waters, the actual flow is mainly induced by tide, wind and salinity, and the river water runoff should also be included as a component in the estuary waters. The interactions among these major components are very complicated. Many approaches were proposed to study isolated tide and wind-driven currents or run-off based on the measured velocity, with all its components taken as a whole. In this article, firstly, based on the actual hydrodynamic characteristics of estuarine and coastal waters, an approach is proposed to separate the measured velocity by considering the theoretical current velocity profiles and using the least squares method. The vertical structures of tidal, wind-driven currents, density current and runoff can be obtained as well as their proportions in the measured velocity. Then, this approach is applied to the analysis of velocity data obtained in the North Branch of Yangtze River estuary and of laboratory test data. The results are found to be satisfactory. Finally, this approach is used to separate the measured velocity in the South Branch of Yangtze River estuary, to determine not only the bed friction velocity and roughness height, but also the surface wind stress, and to estimate the wind velocity data above the water surface. The results show that this method is simple in principle, practical in use, and reasonable in obtained results. So it can be used to effectively analyze the field data.
