The epidemiology of HIV-1 varies in different areas of the world, and it is possible that this complexity may leave unique footprints in the viral genome. Thus, we attempted to find significant patterns in global HIV-...The epidemiology of HIV-1 varies in different areas of the world, and it is possible that this complexity may leave unique footprints in the viral genome. Thus, we attempted to find significant patterns in global HIV-1 genome sequences. By applying the rule inference algorithm RIPPER (Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction) to multiple sequence alignments of Env sequences from four classes of compiled datasets, we generated four sets of signature patterns. We found that these patterns were able to distinguish southeastern Asian from non- southeastern Asian sequences with 97.5% accuracy, Chinese from non-Chinese sequences with 98.3% accuracy, African from non-African sequences with 88.4% accuracy, and southern African from non-southern African sequences with 91.2% accuracy. These patterns showed different associations with subtypes and with amino acid positions. In addition, some signature patterns were characteristic of the geographic area from which the sample was taken. Amino acid features corresponding to the phylogenetic clustering of HIV-1 sequences were consistent with some of the deduced patterns. Using a combination of patterns inferred from subtypes B, C, and all subtypes chimeric with CRF01_AE worldwide, we found that signature patterns of subtype C were extremely common in some sampled countries (for example, Zambia in southern Africa), which may hint at the origin of this HIV-1 subtype and the need to pay special attention to this area of Africa. Signature patterns of subtype B sequences were associated with different countries. Even more, there are distinct patterns at single position 21 with glycine, leucine and isoleucine corresponding to subtype C, B and all possible recombination forms chimeric with CRF01_AE, which also indicate distinct geographic features. Our method widens the scope of inference of signature from geographic, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. These findings may provide a valuable reference for epidemiological research or vaccine design.展开更多
本文讲述的特效铃声,适合于使用YAMAHA 40和弦音效芯片(MA-3或支持mmf铃声格式)的手机,例如三星系列、NEC系列等等。 看过电影《手机》的朋友一定对其中的主人公严守一的铃声记忆犹新:“叮当,you have an incoming call。”本文就教你...本文讲述的特效铃声,适合于使用YAMAHA 40和弦音效芯片(MA-3或支持mmf铃声格式)的手机,例如三星系列、NEC系列等等。 看过电影《手机》的朋友一定对其中的主人公严守一的铃声记忆犹新:“叮当,you have an incoming call。”本文就教你如何制作这样的铃声,让你的手机在人群中引来大家羡慕的目光。展开更多
《勇敢和心》一直是笔者十分钟爱的影片，尤其中其中的那几段苏格兰风笛，真是入耳难忘，将这段音乐从DVD光盘中抓取出来自然就成了笔者的当务之急（相信不少朋友也有类似的需求）。经验不敢独享，下面我们以功能和易用性都比较出色的#1...《勇敢和心》一直是笔者十分钟爱的影片，尤其中其中的那几段苏格兰风笛，真是入耳难忘，将这段音乐从DVD光盘中抓取出来自然就成了笔者的当务之急（相信不少朋友也有类似的需求）。经验不敢独享，下面我们以功能和易用性都比较出色的#1 DVD Audio Ripper为例来给大家示范如何从DVD光盘中抓取音频。展开更多
During the last months of 1888 the populous quarter of Whitechapel, London, was stained with the blood of five women, all booked prostitutes and chronic alcoholics, worthy representatives of the diseases/vices of the ...During the last months of 1888 the populous quarter of Whitechapel, London, was stained with the blood of five women, all booked prostitutes and chronic alcoholics, worthy representatives of the diseases/vices of the Victorian East End. The shrewd and sanguinary Monster who realized these violent murders called himself ＂Jack the Ripper＂, signing with his ＂trade name＂ the letters he sent to the Central News Agency and through the press he soon became a myth, the most famous ＂serial killer＂ of all time. As a matter of fact, his legend survived, and his evil figure still haunts the pages of books and---of course--the frames of many films; among the most famous From Hell （2001） by Albert and Allen Hughes, taken from the graphic novel of the same name by Moore and Campbell; Jack the Ripper （1976） by Jess Franco, with a disturbing Klaus Kinski, but also the TV movie directed by David Wickes in 1998 entitled Jack The Ripper; more obliquely, Jack appears also in The Lodger （1913） and Frenzy （1972） by Alfred Hitchcock. But can these movies be defined as true biopics of Jack？ Strangely enough, it seems, these biographies contribute to build the mythic ＂anonymity＂ of the Ripper, encouraging （and fascinating） fear and nightmares.展开更多
基金the funding by the Chinese Key National Science and Technology Program in the 12th Five-Year Period, grant 2012ZX10001006-002
文摘The epidemiology of HIV-1 varies in different areas of the world, and it is possible that this complexity may leave unique footprints in the viral genome. Thus, we attempted to find significant patterns in global HIV-1 genome sequences. By applying the rule inference algorithm RIPPER (Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction) to multiple sequence alignments of Env sequences from four classes of compiled datasets, we generated four sets of signature patterns. We found that these patterns were able to distinguish southeastern Asian from non- southeastern Asian sequences with 97.5% accuracy, Chinese from non-Chinese sequences with 98.3% accuracy, African from non-African sequences with 88.4% accuracy, and southern African from non-southern African sequences with 91.2% accuracy. These patterns showed different associations with subtypes and with amino acid positions. In addition, some signature patterns were characteristic of the geographic area from which the sample was taken. Amino acid features corresponding to the phylogenetic clustering of HIV-1 sequences were consistent with some of the deduced patterns. Using a combination of patterns inferred from subtypes B, C, and all subtypes chimeric with CRF01_AE worldwide, we found that signature patterns of subtype C were extremely common in some sampled countries (for example, Zambia in southern Africa), which may hint at the origin of this HIV-1 subtype and the need to pay special attention to this area of Africa. Signature patterns of subtype B sequences were associated with different countries. Even more, there are distinct patterns at single position 21 with glycine, leucine and isoleucine corresponding to subtype C, B and all possible recombination forms chimeric with CRF01_AE, which also indicate distinct geographic features. Our method widens the scope of inference of signature from geographic, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. These findings may provide a valuable reference for epidemiological research or vaccine design.
文摘本文讲述的特效铃声,适合于使用YAMAHA 40和弦音效芯片(MA-3或支持mmf铃声格式)的手机,例如三星系列、NEC系列等等。 看过电影《手机》的朋友一定对其中的主人公严守一的铃声记忆犹新:“叮当,you have an incoming call。”本文就教你如何制作这样的铃声,让你的手机在人群中引来大家羡慕的目光。
文摘《勇敢和心》一直是笔者十分钟爱的影片，尤其中其中的那几段苏格兰风笛，真是入耳难忘，将这段音乐从DVD光盘中抓取出来自然就成了笔者的当务之急（相信不少朋友也有类似的需求）。经验不敢独享，下面我们以功能和易用性都比较出色的#1 DVD Audio Ripper为例来给大家示范如何从DVD光盘中抓取音频。
文摘During the last months of 1888 the populous quarter of Whitechapel, London, was stained with the blood of five women, all booked prostitutes and chronic alcoholics, worthy representatives of the diseases/vices of the Victorian East End. The shrewd and sanguinary Monster who realized these violent murders called himself ＂Jack the Ripper＂, signing with his ＂trade name＂ the letters he sent to the Central News Agency and through the press he soon became a myth, the most famous ＂serial killer＂ of all time. As a matter of fact, his legend survived, and his evil figure still haunts the pages of books and---of course--the frames of many films; among the most famous From Hell （2001） by Albert and Allen Hughes, taken from the graphic novel of the same name by Moore and Campbell; Jack the Ripper （1976） by Jess Franco, with a disturbing Klaus Kinski, but also the TV movie directed by David Wickes in 1998 entitled Jack The Ripper; more obliquely, Jack appears also in The Lodger （1913） and Frenzy （1972） by Alfred Hitchcock. But can these movies be defined as true biopics of Jack？ Strangely enough, it seems, these biographies contribute to build the mythic ＂anonymity＂ of the Ripper, encouraging （and fascinating） fear and nightmares.
