The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfl...The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfly wings were investigated by simulating a two-dimensional model using rigorous coupled-wave analysis technique.It is proved that they depend strongly on the structural parameters,incidence angle and refractive index.The peak value and the peak wavelength of the reflection efficiency increase as the vertical periodic thickness increases.The peak value decreases observably,while both of the bandwidth and the peak wavelength increase when the number of the vertical periods decreases.Increase of the horizontal periodic width causes a decrease of the peak value and an increase of the peak wavelength,although the variations are small.The peak value decreases distinctly and the peak wavelength increases as the ambient refractive index increases,which corresponds to the variation in ambient conditions.The research reveals the mechanisms of the brilliant structural color in Morpho butterfly,and is of great significance to the design,manufacture and applications of the bionic micro/nano structures for gas detection.展开更多
With high energy density and improved safety,rechargeable battery chemistries with a zinc(Zn)metal anode offer promising and sustainable alternatives to those based on lithium metal or lithium-ion intercalation/alloyi...With high energy density and improved safety,rechargeable battery chemistries with a zinc(Zn)metal anode offer promising and sustainable alternatives to those based on lithium metal or lithium-ion intercalation/alloying anode materials;however,the poor electrochemical reversibility of Zn plating/stripping,induced by parasitic reactions with both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes,presently limits the practical appeal of these systems.Although recent efforts in rechargeable Zn metal batteries(RZMBs)have achieved certain advancements in Zn metal reversibility,as quantified by the Coulombic efficiency(CE),a standard protocol for CE has not been established,and results across chemistries and systems are often conflicting.More importantly,there is still an insufficient understanding regarding the critical factors dictating Zn reversibility.In this work,a rigorous,established protocol for determining CE of lithium metal anodes is transplanted to the Zn chemistry and is used for systematically examining how a series of factors including current collector chemistry,current density,temperature,and the upper voltage limit during stripping affect the measured reversibility of different Zn electrolytes.With support from density functional theory calculations,this standardized Zn CE protocol is then leveraged to identify an important correlation between electrolyte solvation strength toward Zn2+and the measured Zn CE in the corresponding electrolyte,providing new guidance for future development and evaluation of Zn electrolytes.展开更多
Balanoposthitis(BP),a common male genitalia inflammation,is managed by clinicians from different specialties,including urology,pediatrics,dermatology,and venereology.Due to this diverse array of clinicians involved,th...Balanoposthitis(BP),a common male genitalia inflammation,is managed by clinicians from different specialties,including urology,pediatrics,dermatology,and venereology.Due to this diverse array of clinicians involved,there exists a lack of consistent,evidence-based recommendations for BP.The development of the consensus engaged 19 representative hospitals and it adhered to rigorous protocols,encompassing international registration(IPGRP-2021CN003)and the application of evidence grading criteria and recommendation standards[Appendix S1,Supplementary File,http://links.lww.com/CM9/C42].Over the period from December 2020 to October 2022,consensus on 12 clinical issues was reached through comprehensive evidence searches and two iterations of Delphi surveys[Supplementary File,http://links.lww.com/CM9/C42].展开更多
We present quasi-exact ab initio path integral Monte Carlo(PIMC)results for the partial static density responses and local field factors of hydrogen in the warm dense matter regime,from solid density conditions to the...We present quasi-exact ab initio path integral Monte Carlo(PIMC)results for the partial static density responses and local field factors of hydrogen in the warm dense matter regime,from solid density conditions to the strongly compressed case.The full dynamic treatment of electrons and protons on the same footing allows us to rigorously quantify both electronic and ionic exchange–correlation effects in the system,and to compare the results with those of earlier incomplete models such as the archetypal uniform electron gas or electrons in a fixed ion snapshot potential that do not take into account the interplay between the two constituents.The full electronic density response is highly sensitive to electronic localization around the ions,and our results constitute unambiguous predictions for upcoming X-ray Thomson scattering experiments with hydrogen jets and fusion plasmas.All PIMC results are made freely available and can be used directly for a gamut of applications,including inertial confinement fusion calculations and the modeling of dense astrophysical objects.Moreover,they constitute invaluable benchmark data for approximate but computationally less demanding approaches such as density functional theory or PIMC within the fixed-node approximation.展开更多
If the prior statistical knowledge of the parameters and the initial state to be estimated is not available,the RLS and Kalman filtering algorithms can not give least squares estimators or minimum variance estimators ...If the prior statistical knowledge of the parameters and the initial state to be estimated is not available,the RLS and Kalman filtering algorithms can not give least squares estimators or minimum variance estimators in the rigorous sense.Following the reference[1],the rigorous recursive least square algorithms(be called R 2LS algorithms for short)are derived by applying the theory of generalized inverse.The R 2LS algorithms give the least square estimators not requiring any prior statistical knowledge of parameters or the initial state to be estimated .Further discussion in this paper show that R 2LS algorithms provide the minimum time unbiased filters for linear stochastic systems and minimum time deadbeat observers for linear deterministic展开更多
Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and ris...Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and risk,but is not thought to co-occur with longitudinal,objective health information such as that found in electronic health records(EHRs).Methods We used a multistate network of community health centres to describe the extent to which country of birth is recorded in EHRs in Latinos,and to describe demographic features and cardiovascular risk profiles by country of birth.We compared geographical/demographic/clinical characteristics,from 2012 to 2020(9 years of data),of 914495 Latinos recorded as US-born,non-US-born and without a country of birth recorded.We also described the state in which these data were collected.Results Country of birth was collected for 127138 Latinos in 782 clinics in 22 states.Compared with those with a country of birth recorded,Latinos without this record were more often uninsured and less often preferred Spanish.While covariate adjusted prevalence of heart disease and risk factors were similar between the three groups,when results were disaggregated to five specific Latin countries(Mexico,Guatemala,Dominican Republic,Cuba,El Salvador),significant variation was observed,especially in diabetes,hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.Conclusions In a multistate network,thousands of non-US-born,US-born and patients without a country of birth recorded had differing demographic characteristics,but clinical variation was not observed until data was disaggregated into specific country of origin.State policies that enhance the safety of immigrant populations may enhance the collection of health equity related data.Rigorous and effective health equity research using Latino country of birth information paired with longitudinal healthcare information found in EHRs might have significant potential for aiding clinical and public health practice,but it depends on increased,widespread and accurate avai展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Congenital heart defects(CHDs)represent the most prevalent birth defects in China,exhibiting significant mortality and morbidity rates.Recent years have witnessed a stead...Summary What is already known about this topic?Congenital heart defects(CHDs)represent the most prevalent birth defects in China,exhibiting significant mortality and morbidity rates.Recent years have witnessed a steady increase in the occurrence of CHDs,highlighting a crucial need for rigorous research focus.展开更多
Polarization singularities in the near-field of Gaussian vortex beams diffracted by a circular aperture are studied by a rigorous electromagnetic theory. It is shown that there exist C-points and L-lines, which depend...Polarization singularities in the near-field of Gaussian vortex beams diffracted by a circular aperture are studied by a rigorous electromagnetic theory. It is shown that there exist C-points and L-lines, which depend on off-axis displacement parameters along the x and y directions, waist width, wavelength, and topological charge of the diffracted Gaussian vortex beam, as well as on propagation distance. The results are illustrated by numerical calculations.展开更多
Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gra...Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gratings (SG), which is composed of two identical planar dielectric gratings adjoined by thin metallic or dielectric film. The electromagnetic analytic expressions for each layer of SG structure are given and rigorous coupled-wave equations are deduced. The numerical investigations for the diffraction spectra of SG by our theoretical and computer programs are in good agreement with the results of classical RCWA in the condition when a Sandwish grating is simplified to a classical one-layer grating. The calculations by our programs of another condition when a Sandwish grating is degenerated to a classical single planar structure also conform to the results of classical electromagnetic theory. The research results above indicate that the extended theoretical formula has backwards compatibility and is self-consistent with the classical theory.展开更多
This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperat...This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are denscribed, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets isconsidered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a keystep in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditionsis then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available lit-erature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. Themathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior predic-tion. performance rnoniroring, and ontimization.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Although“waves”of pandemics are common knowledge,a rigorous timeseries analysis has not been conducted to test for cyclicity.The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the transmission of the severe acute respirat...INTRODUCTION Although“waves”of pandemics are common knowledge,a rigorous timeseries analysis has not been conducted to test for cyclicity.The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),is one of themost significant events inmodern human history.It is ongoing,and any means that can be used to understand its dynamics are critical for mitigating its harmful effects.We conducted a timeseries analysis on COVID-19 case data,which relies on the efficacy of testing.Fourteen countries were analyzed as well as a global dataset including 189 countries.Standard time-series methods were employed.展开更多
文摘The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfly wings were investigated by simulating a two-dimensional model using rigorous coupled-wave analysis technique.It is proved that they depend strongly on the structural parameters,incidence angle and refractive index.The peak value and the peak wavelength of the reflection efficiency increase as the vertical periodic thickness increases.The peak value decreases observably,while both of the bandwidth and the peak wavelength increase when the number of the vertical periods decreases.Increase of the horizontal periodic width causes a decrease of the peak value and an increase of the peak wavelength,although the variations are small.The peak value decreases distinctly and the peak wavelength increases as the ambient refractive index increases,which corresponds to the variation in ambient conditions.The research reveals the mechanisms of the brilliant structural color in Morpho butterfly,and is of great significance to the design,manufacture and applications of the bionic micro/nano structures for gas detection.
基金supported by the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research(JCESR),a Department of Energy,Energy Innovation Hub,under an Interagency Agreement No.IAA SN2020957Forch Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship administered by the National Research Councilsupport from Oak Ridge Associated Universities(ORAU)
文摘With high energy density and improved safety,rechargeable battery chemistries with a zinc(Zn)metal anode offer promising and sustainable alternatives to those based on lithium metal or lithium-ion intercalation/alloying anode materials;however,the poor electrochemical reversibility of Zn plating/stripping,induced by parasitic reactions with both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes,presently limits the practical appeal of these systems.Although recent efforts in rechargeable Zn metal batteries(RZMBs)have achieved certain advancements in Zn metal reversibility,as quantified by the Coulombic efficiency(CE),a standard protocol for CE has not been established,and results across chemistries and systems are often conflicting.More importantly,there is still an insufficient understanding regarding the critical factors dictating Zn reversibility.In this work,a rigorous,established protocol for determining CE of lithium metal anodes is transplanted to the Zn chemistry and is used for systematically examining how a series of factors including current collector chemistry,current density,temperature,and the upper voltage limit during stripping affect the measured reversibility of different Zn electrolytes.With support from density functional theory calculations,this standardized Zn CE protocol is then leveraged to identify an important correlation between electrolyte solvation strength toward Zn2+and the measured Zn CE in the corresponding electrolyte,providing new guidance for future development and evaluation of Zn electrolytes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82273538)Public Health Research and Development Program of the Shenyang Science and Technology Bureau(No.22-321-33-12)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC2508200)
文摘Balanoposthitis(BP),a common male genitalia inflammation,is managed by clinicians from different specialties,including urology,pediatrics,dermatology,and venereology.Due to this diverse array of clinicians involved,there exists a lack of consistent,evidence-based recommendations for BP.The development of the consensus engaged 19 representative hospitals and it adhered to rigorous protocols,encompassing international registration(IPGRP-2021CN003)and the application of evidence grading criteria and recommendation standards[Appendix S1,Supplementary File,http://links.lww.com/CM9/C42].Over the period from December 2020 to October 2022,consensus on 12 clinical issues was reached through comprehensive evidence searches and two iterations of Delphi surveys[Supplementary File,http://links.lww.com/CM9/C42].
基金supported by the Center for Advanced Systems Understanding(CASUS),financed by Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)and the Saxon State Government out of the State Budget approved by the Saxon State Parliamentfunding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2022 Research and Innovation Program(Grant Agreement No.101076233,“PREXTREME”).
文摘We present quasi-exact ab initio path integral Monte Carlo(PIMC)results for the partial static density responses and local field factors of hydrogen in the warm dense matter regime,from solid density conditions to the strongly compressed case.The full dynamic treatment of electrons and protons on the same footing allows us to rigorously quantify both electronic and ionic exchange–correlation effects in the system,and to compare the results with those of earlier incomplete models such as the archetypal uniform electron gas or electrons in a fixed ion snapshot potential that do not take into account the interplay between the two constituents.The full electronic density response is highly sensitive to electronic localization around the ions,and our results constitute unambiguous predictions for upcoming X-ray Thomson scattering experiments with hydrogen jets and fusion plasmas.All PIMC results are made freely available and can be used directly for a gamut of applications,including inertial confinement fusion calculations and the modeling of dense astrophysical objects.Moreover,they constitute invaluable benchmark data for approximate but computationally less demanding approaches such as density functional theory or PIMC within the fixed-node approximation.
文摘If the prior statistical knowledge of the parameters and the initial state to be estimated is not available,the RLS and Kalman filtering algorithms can not give least squares estimators or minimum variance estimators in the rigorous sense.Following the reference[1],the rigorous recursive least square algorithms(be called R 2LS algorithms for short)are derived by applying the theory of generalized inverse.The R 2LS algorithms give the least square estimators not requiring any prior statistical knowledge of parameters or the initial state to be estimated .Further discussion in this paper show that R 2LS algorithms provide the minimum time unbiased filters for linear stochastic systems and minimum time deadbeat observers for linear deterministic
基金This work was funded by the NIH National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities(grant number R01MD014120 awarded to JH)(grant number K23MD015267 awarded to EB)DMC was in part supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
文摘Introduction Country of birth/nativity information may be crucial to understanding health equity in Latino populations and is routinely called for in health services literature assessing cardiovascular disease and risk,but is not thought to co-occur with longitudinal,objective health information such as that found in electronic health records(EHRs).Methods We used a multistate network of community health centres to describe the extent to which country of birth is recorded in EHRs in Latinos,and to describe demographic features and cardiovascular risk profiles by country of birth.We compared geographical/demographic/clinical characteristics,from 2012 to 2020(9 years of data),of 914495 Latinos recorded as US-born,non-US-born and without a country of birth recorded.We also described the state in which these data were collected.Results Country of birth was collected for 127138 Latinos in 782 clinics in 22 states.Compared with those with a country of birth recorded,Latinos without this record were more often uninsured and less often preferred Spanish.While covariate adjusted prevalence of heart disease and risk factors were similar between the three groups,when results were disaggregated to five specific Latin countries(Mexico,Guatemala,Dominican Republic,Cuba,El Salvador),significant variation was observed,especially in diabetes,hypertension and hyperlipidaemia.Conclusions In a multistate network,thousands of non-US-born,US-born and patients without a country of birth recorded had differing demographic characteristics,but clinical variation was not observed until data was disaggregated into specific country of origin.State policies that enhance the safety of immigrant populations may enhance the collection of health equity related data.Rigorous and effective health equity research using Latino country of birth information paired with longitudinal healthcare information found in EHRs might have significant potential for aiding clinical and public health practice,but it depends on increased,widespread and accurate avai
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(No.2021YFC2701101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82171661,No.81973056,No.82373582).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Congenital heart defects(CHDs)represent the most prevalent birth defects in China,exhibiting significant mortality and morbidity rates.Recent years have witnessed a steady increase in the occurrence of CHDs,highlighting a crucial need for rigorous research focus.
基金Project supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2009450159)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies for Micro-Frabrication and Micro-Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KF001)
文摘Polarization singularities in the near-field of Gaussian vortex beams diffracted by a circular aperture are studied by a rigorous electromagnetic theory. It is shown that there exist C-points and L-lines, which depend on off-axis displacement parameters along the x and y directions, waist width, wavelength, and topological charge of the diffracted Gaussian vortex beam, as well as on propagation distance. The results are illustrated by numerical calculations.
文摘Rigorous Coupled-Wave Approach (RCWA) has been used successfully and accurately to study simple grating structures, such as one-layer gratings, one-whole gratings. In this paper, RCWA is expanded to solve Sandwich gratings (SG), which is composed of two identical planar dielectric gratings adjoined by thin metallic or dielectric film. The electromagnetic analytic expressions for each layer of SG structure are given and rigorous coupled-wave equations are deduced. The numerical investigations for the diffraction spectra of SG by our theoretical and computer programs are in good agreement with the results of classical RCWA in the condition when a Sandwish grating is simplified to a classical one-layer grating. The calculations by our programs of another condition when a Sandwish grating is degenerated to a classical single planar structure also conform to the results of classical electromagnetic theory. The research results above indicate that the extended theoretical formula has backwards compatibility and is self-consistent with the classical theory.
文摘This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are denscribed, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets isconsidered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a keystep in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditionsis then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available lit-erature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. Themathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior predic-tion. performance rnoniroring, and ontimization.
文摘INTRODUCTION Although“waves”of pandemics are common knowledge,a rigorous timeseries analysis has not been conducted to test for cyclicity.The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),is one of themost significant events inmodern human history.It is ongoing,and any means that can be used to understand its dynamics are critical for mitigating its harmful effects.We conducted a timeseries analysis on COVID-19 case data,which relies on the efficacy of testing.Fourteen countries were analyzed as well as a global dataset including 189 countries.Standard time-series methods were employed.
