Objective:To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs)synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C.gigantea)against the larvae of Rhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus...Objective:To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs)synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C.gigantea)against the larvae of Rhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus[R.(B.)microplus]and the adult of Haemaphrysalis bispinosa(H.bispinosa).Methods:The lyophilized C.gigantea flower aqueous extract of 50 mg was added with 100 mL of TiO(OH_2)(10 mM)and magnetically stirred for 6 h.Synthesized TiO_2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX).The synthesised TiO_2 NPs were tested against the larvae of R(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa were exposed to filter paper impregnated method.Results:XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with the mean size of 10.52 nm.The functional groups for synthesized TiO_2NPs were 1405.19,and 1053.45 cm^(-1)for-NH_2 bending,primary amines and amides and 1053.84and 1078.45 cm^(-1)for C-O.SEM micrographs of the synthesized TiO_2 NPs showed the aggregated and spherical in shape.The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous flower extract of C.gigantea and synthesized TiO_2 NPs against R.(B.)microplus(LC_(50)=24.63 and 5.43 mg/L and r^2=0.960 and 0.988)and against H.bispinosa(LC_(50)=35.22 and 9.15 mg/L and r^2=0.969 and 0.969).respectively.Conclusions:The synthesized TiO_2 NPs were highly stable and had significant acaricidal activity against the larvae of R.(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa.This study provides the first report of synthesized TiO_2 NPs and possessed excellent anti-parasitic activity.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially...The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially tested against R. Boophilus microplus larvae using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). In a 2nd study the ixodicide efficacy was tested against adult ticks using the Adult Inmersion Test (AIT). Finally, a field test with the compound was carried out using 24 steers experimentally infested with R. (Boophilus) microplus ticks which were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each for treatment. Groups 1 and 2 received the experimental compound at concentrations of 16% and 20%, respectively, which were applied as an aspersion in a total volume of 4 liters/animal. Group 3 was equally treated but with a commercial ixodicide containing cipermethrin at a 16% concentration. Group 4 served as untreated control. The efficacy was measured on days 1, 2, 3 after treatment as the percentage of ticks present from the treated groups, relative to the ticks present in the untreated control. The results indicated a percentage mortality of 93.21% for LPT and 98.02% for AIT. The efficacy produced in cattle was 61.78%, 76.43% and 85.34% for groups 1, 2 y 3, respectively. It is concluded that there was no concordance between the results obtained in vitro with those found in cattle. Possibly the excipient used for the formulation of the experimental compound was not suitable and had some influence on the results.展开更多
Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R...Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R. (B.) microplus, and tick populations have developed resistance to these acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture containing P, C, or Z mixed with plant extracts through in vitro laboratory bioassays, using susceptible and triple resistant (San Alfonso) R. microplus strains. Untreated controls received only water. Results of laboratory bioassays using larval packet tests revealed an efficacy of 100% (P), 100% (Z), and 98.03% (C) using susceptible larvae, and an efficacy of 88.67% (P), 91.51% (C), and 99.27% (Z) on triple-resistant larvae. Egg laying, larvae hatching and efficacy was assessed using ticks collected from treated and untreated animals. Product Z produced a 92.04% efficacy on engorged ticks collected from experimentally-infested cattle, whereas C and P exerted 80.66% and 20.04% efficacy, respectively. Engorged females collected exclusively from control animals were challenged in vitro with the experimental products, and efficacy was as follows: 91.37% (Z), 85.95% (C), and 13.58% (P). Adding plant extracts to a pyrethroid formulation led to dramatic increases of percent reduction of both susceptible and resistant immature ticks in contrast to untreated larvae and susceptible adults. Results from this study may lead to suggesting the adoption of an acari-cide-botanical mixture strategy for tick control worldwide.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Easter...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Eastern Cape Province. We collected data on demographic and socio-economic factors from 271 farmers randomly given questionnaires. About 26 Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) owned by communal farmers were surveyed to ascertain the condition of grazing land, meanwhile, tick species and distribution on cattle and goats found in 158 sampling sites of the study area were also recorded. From the results, a total of 34,929 adult ticks belonging to five genera and 10 species were encountered. The most abundant tick genera were </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of the subgenus <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Boophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (68.91%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(20.72%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hyalomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (8.64%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ixodes</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(1.22%), and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Haemaphysalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (0.51%). By geographic distributions, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verda展开更多
文摘Objective:To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs)synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C.gigantea)against the larvae of Rhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus[R.(B.)microplus]and the adult of Haemaphrysalis bispinosa(H.bispinosa).Methods:The lyophilized C.gigantea flower aqueous extract of 50 mg was added with 100 mL of TiO(OH_2)(10 mM)and magnetically stirred for 6 h.Synthesized TiO_2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX).The synthesised TiO_2 NPs were tested against the larvae of R(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa were exposed to filter paper impregnated method.Results:XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with the mean size of 10.52 nm.The functional groups for synthesized TiO_2NPs were 1405.19,and 1053.45 cm^(-1)for-NH_2 bending,primary amines and amides and 1053.84and 1078.45 cm^(-1)for C-O.SEM micrographs of the synthesized TiO_2 NPs showed the aggregated and spherical in shape.The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous flower extract of C.gigantea and synthesized TiO_2 NPs against R.(B.)microplus(LC_(50)=24.63 and 5.43 mg/L and r^2=0.960 and 0.988)and against H.bispinosa(LC_(50)=35.22 and 9.15 mg/L and r^2=0.969 and 0.969).respectively.Conclusions:The synthesized TiO_2 NPs were highly stable and had significant acaricidal activity against the larvae of R.(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa.This study provides the first report of synthesized TiO_2 NPs and possessed excellent anti-parasitic activity.
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially tested against R. Boophilus microplus larvae using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). In a 2nd study the ixodicide efficacy was tested against adult ticks using the Adult Inmersion Test (AIT). Finally, a field test with the compound was carried out using 24 steers experimentally infested with R. (Boophilus) microplus ticks which were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each for treatment. Groups 1 and 2 received the experimental compound at concentrations of 16% and 20%, respectively, which were applied as an aspersion in a total volume of 4 liters/animal. Group 3 was equally treated but with a commercial ixodicide containing cipermethrin at a 16% concentration. Group 4 served as untreated control. The efficacy was measured on days 1, 2, 3 after treatment as the percentage of ticks present from the treated groups, relative to the ticks present in the untreated control. The results indicated a percentage mortality of 93.21% for LPT and 98.02% for AIT. The efficacy produced in cattle was 61.78%, 76.43% and 85.34% for groups 1, 2 y 3, respectively. It is concluded that there was no concordance between the results obtained in vitro with those found in cattle. Possibly the excipient used for the formulation of the experimental compound was not suitable and had some influence on the results.
文摘Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R. (B.) microplus, and tick populations have developed resistance to these acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture containing P, C, or Z mixed with plant extracts through in vitro laboratory bioassays, using susceptible and triple resistant (San Alfonso) R. microplus strains. Untreated controls received only water. Results of laboratory bioassays using larval packet tests revealed an efficacy of 100% (P), 100% (Z), and 98.03% (C) using susceptible larvae, and an efficacy of 88.67% (P), 91.51% (C), and 99.27% (Z) on triple-resistant larvae. Egg laying, larvae hatching and efficacy was assessed using ticks collected from treated and untreated animals. Product Z produced a 92.04% efficacy on engorged ticks collected from experimentally-infested cattle, whereas C and P exerted 80.66% and 20.04% efficacy, respectively. Engorged females collected exclusively from control animals were challenged in vitro with the experimental products, and efficacy was as follows: 91.37% (Z), 85.95% (C), and 13.58% (P). Adding plant extracts to a pyrethroid formulation led to dramatic increases of percent reduction of both susceptible and resistant immature ticks in contrast to untreated larvae and susceptible adults. Results from this study may lead to suggesting the adoption of an acari-cide-botanical mixture strategy for tick control worldwide.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Eastern Cape Province. We collected data on demographic and socio-economic factors from 271 farmers randomly given questionnaires. About 26 Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) owned by communal farmers were surveyed to ascertain the condition of grazing land, meanwhile, tick species and distribution on cattle and goats found in 158 sampling sites of the study area were also recorded. From the results, a total of 34,929 adult ticks belonging to five genera and 10 species were encountered. The most abundant tick genera were </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of the subgenus <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Boophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (68.91%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(20.72%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hyalomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (8.64%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ixodes</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(1.22%), and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Haemaphysalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (0.51%). By geographic distributions, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verda
