Extensive thickly folded sedimentary sequences are exposed onshore of the Rio del Rey Basin contrary to previous reports of their rarity. Shales predominate, frequently intercalated by marlstones, sandstones...Extensive thickly folded sedimentary sequences are exposed onshore of the Rio del Rey Basin contrary to previous reports of their rarity. Shales predominate, frequently intercalated by marlstones, sandstones, mudstones, limestones and marls and have been intruded in places by volcanic rocks of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). An integration of lithostratigraphic, paleontologic, granulometric and petrographic data generated from field and laboratory studies, permitted the identification of eleven (11) lithofacies which were subsequently grouped into three facies associations to facilitate the reconstruction of the paleo-depositional environment. Graphic logs constructed from the different outcrops studied revealed general coarsening upward sequences. Mega body fossils recovered from these sediments include severely altered, ferruginized fish and turtle-like heads, bivalve shells and moulds. Two bivalve taxa were identified: Exogyra ponderosa (Roemer) and members of theVenericardiinae sub-family. Textural and mineralogical details were obtained from granulometric and thin sections (microscopy). Interpretation of these data inferred an open relatively deeper marine, probably middle neritic to near shore transitional intertidal environments into which these sediments previously dated as Lower to Upper Cretaceous were deposited. Elements of a possible petroleum system: source and reservoir rocks, migratory pathways and trapping conditions, have been pointed out and thought to exist in space and time.展开更多
The Merguechoum fluorite-barite mineralization,located in the Eastern Meseta of Morocco,is hosted in the Late Hercynian granite.The ore consists of fine crystals of fluorite 1,massive barite 1,euhedral crystals of flu...The Merguechoum fluorite-barite mineralization,located in the Eastern Meseta of Morocco,is hosted in the Late Hercynian granite.The ore consists of fine crystals of fluorite 1,massive barite 1,euhedral crystals of fluorite 2,and barite 2 with calcite and minor quartz and sulfides.The Merguechoum ore deposits have never been investigated.This study was the first contribution that studied the genesis of fluorite and barite.The ore occurs as dissemination within granite intrusion and also fills the NE-SWtrending meter-sized fractures and faults.The values of the total Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium(REY)and the ratios of LREY/HREY,Y/Ho,Tb/Ca,and Tb/La indicate that the Merguechoum fluorite precipitated from hydrothermal fluids,likely basinal brines,which interacted with the Hercynian granite.The REY data indicate that the ore-forming fluids of the early stage have intensely interacted with the Hercynian granite compared to those of the late ore stage.The gradual decrease in the europium(Eu/Eu^(*)),yttrium(Y/Y^(*)),and cerium(Ce/Ce^(*))anomalies and a low concentration ofΣREY observed in the second ore stage compared to the first ore stage suggest an increase in p H and fO_(2)and by inference a decrease in temperature during the evolution of the hydrothermal system.This evolution could be explained by fluid mixing between the ascending basinal hydrothermal fluids and the diluted sulfate-rich meteoric water barite separates from selected samples reveal that the dissolved sulfates(SO_(4)^(2-))were derived from Permian–Triassic sulfates and/or coeval poreseawater sulfates.The proposed fluid mixing triggered the precipitation of an early-stage F-Ba assemblage followed by the second-stage F-Ba mineralization.Geologic fieldwork,REY inventories,and isotope data point to the ore genesis during the Permian–Triassic extensional tectonic activity concerning the Pangea rifting.This extensional tectonic environment is likely the driving force that mobilized a large amount of the ore-forming basinal brines along the available展开更多
As indispensable strategic materials for high-tech industries,rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)have become particularly important in recent years,raising the demand of developing new approaches for reclamation of R...As indispensable strategic materials for high-tech industries,rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)have become particularly important in recent years,raising the demand of developing new approaches for reclamation of REY from REY-rich materials such as coal combustion products(CCPs).In this study,five coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)in Guizhou of southwest China were selected for investigating REY concentrations of solid samples,atmospheric emissions,and recovery potentials.REY concentrations of feed fuels are higher in this study(147.2-468.6 mg/kg)than what have been reported previously for coals in China and the world.REY atmospheric emissions are extremely low(38.70-180.11 mg REY/t coal).REY are enriched in bottom ash and fly ash,with average of 658±296 mg/kg and maximum of 1257 mg/kg from the five CFPPs.Relative enrichment factors(REF)of REY in bottom ash and fly ash compared with the feed fuel are 0.86-1.02 and 0.91-1.04,respectively.REY concentrations in desulfurized gypsum are very low(6-17 mg/kg),and that is mostly inherited from limestone.Critical REY(Nd,Eu,Tb,Dy,Y,and Er)in bottom/fly ash account for 34%-39%of the total REY and the outlook coefficients(Cout1)are in the range of 0.89-1.11.This study indicates a promising prospect to reclaim REY from REYrich CCPs(bottom and fly ash)in CFPPs in Guizhou,especially in the central-north Guizhou,although such practices require further technology advancement.展开更多
The Rio Del Rey basin is a prolific petroleum field on the Continental margin of the gulf of Guinea and is one of the major producers in the gulf. The study was carried out using Schlumberger Petrel and Synergy Intera...The Rio Del Rey basin is a prolific petroleum field on the Continental margin of the gulf of Guinea and is one of the major producers in the gulf. The study was carried out using Schlumberger Petrel and Synergy Interactive Petrophysics software for the sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical analysis to study the depositional setting of the Rio Del Rey Basin, using Well Log Data. Five sequence boundaries, five Transgressive Surfaces and four Maximum Flooding Surfaces were identified from wireline log. The progradation of sediments is characterised by a number of stacked sequences deposited in a coastal complex, with offshore, shoreface, beach and tidal deposits. Sequence one contains mostly Lower shoreface deposits of fine to very fine laminated sediments. In sequence two there is, an increase proportion of upper shoreface deposits. Sequence three is dominated by upper shoreface and distributary channels deposits with a concomitant reduction of lower shoreface deposits while sequence four and five contain mostly stack distributary channels and beach deposits. The study has aided the identification and interpretation of two gas bearing and two oil bearing zones in the three wells based on hydrocarbon-typing using the sonic-resistivity logcombination. The total and effective porosities of the reservoirs range from 20% to 31% and 15% to 31% respectively, indicating that the reservoirs have very good porosities. The ratio of the net to gross thickness of the reservoirs is as high as 0.83. The water saturation values of the reservoirs ranges from 11% - 80%. The results of the petrophysical investigation show that the sand formations have good reservoir properties. The vertical facies succession records a migration/translation of laterally linked depositional environment, controlling reservoir properties like geometry, heterogeneity, porosity and permeability.展开更多
A growing literature indicates that learning potential (LP) measures, which examine performance changes following training on a task, may be important for understanding the role of cognition in functional outcome amon...A growing literature indicates that learning potential (LP) measures, which examine performance changes following training on a task, may be important for understanding the role of cognition in functional outcome among people with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses. Because much of what is known about LP in this population has been demonstrated using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the present study sought to extend this work by administering the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) in an LP format. 81 adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were tested on the ROCFT using a test-train-test LP protocol. Results indicated significant performance improvements following training on the ROCFT. Further, the LP protocol differentiated subgroups of learners, non-learners, and high scorers, consistent with other LP work. These findings support the feasibility of adapting existing neurocognitive measures to examine learning potential. Further development of the LP literature is needed in order to examine the extent to which LP is test-dependent or is a more generalized construct.展开更多
Fly and bottom ash(FABA)produced primarily from coal combustion in a coal-fred power plant consists of fne particles of the organic and inorganic mixture and trace elements.Eight FABA samples from coal-fred power plan...Fly and bottom ash(FABA)produced primarily from coal combustion in a coal-fred power plant consists of fne particles of the organic and inorganic mixture and trace elements.Eight FABA samples from coal-fred power plants in Java,Indonesia,had been collected for composition and rare earth element and Yttrium(REY)mode of occurrence identifcation.The geochemical composition of both major and trace elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-MS/AES).Furthermore,the composition of FABA was identifed by petrography with refected light microscopy and X-ray difraction(XRD)analysis.Simultaneously,scanning electron microscope determines the mode of occurrence of REY with an energy-dispersive X-ray(SEM–EDX).The study fnds that the inorganic component of FABA consists of glass,Fe–Mg spinel,mullite,quartz,Fe-oxide mineral,and K-feldspar.In contrast,the organic component is dominated by unburned coal.Glass is the most abundant component with cenospheres as major and pleiospheres as minor constituents.Trace elements analysis indicates REY concentration with heavy REY(HREY)distribution pattern.Moreover,SEM–EDX analysis results show that Yttrium(Y)occurs in glass and has a low concentration in spinel.From the mode occurrence of REY,in particular Yttrium,it can be predicted that alkaline fusion followed by acid leaching will be the most appropriate extraction method to extract REY from Indonesian FABA.展开更多
Petroleum production in the Rio del Rey Basin,which is an extension of the Niger Delta of Nigeria into Cameroon,has been limited to the Tertiary offshore portion since the late 1970s.Owing to dedlining reserves in thi...Petroleum production in the Rio del Rey Basin,which is an extension of the Niger Delta of Nigeria into Cameroon,has been limited to the Tertiary offshore portion since the late 1970s.Owing to dedlining reserves in this offshore portion,the onshore Cretaceous portion of the basin attracted significant attention in the last decade.In the present study.shales from outcrops in the onshore portion of the basin were analyzed to evaluate their potential as source rocks,assess hydrocarbon generation,and highlight their signifcance for exploration.Outcrop observations,total organic carbon(TOC)measure-ments,and Rock Eval pyrolysis were used to generate data for these investigations.Rock-eval S2 values(0.42-3 mg HC/g rock)based on measured present-day TOC values(0.58-2.44 wtx)of the shales studied signify poor to fair source rock potentials,whereas calculated S2 values(1.74-8.19 mg HC/g rock)based on estimated original TOC values(0.67-2.87 wt%)produced fair to good source rocks containing Type Ⅱ/Ⅲ kerogen,which were transformed by maturity to the present-day Type Ⅲ/Ⅳ kerogen.Maturity of the samples based on Tmax values varying between 439 and 471℃are equivalent to maturity values ranging between 0.74% R_(r) and 1.32% R_(r), and these represent the peak oil to condensate/wet gas zones of hy-drocarbon generation.These results demonstrate that mature source rocks are present in the onshore part of the Rio del Rey Basin,and thus,it is suitable for petroleum exploration.展开更多
The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty was the one and only international opportunity that would have allowed demanding for Japan’s responsibility of the colonization of Korea.However,the United States did not demand of...The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty was the one and only international opportunity that would have allowed demanding for Japan’s responsibility of the colonization of Korea.However,the United States did not demand of such to be done.Soon,Korea and Japan resumed their diplomatic relationship and had their first summit in 1952.After numerous negotiations,finally in 1965,the“Korea-Japan Treaty”was agreed upon.Even in this treaty,the interpretation of the colonization was different for both countries and ultimately resulted as an unresolved issue.This is because of the Japanese dependence to the San Francisco Peace Treaty.On the other hand,the League of Nations,founded in 1920,believed that the systematization of international law was vital to keeping international peace.Therefore,they put much effort in and successfully carried out the codification of international law.The“Report on the law of Treaties”which was completed in 1935,noted that the“1905 Protectorate Treaty”,which was the ultimate treaty that led to Korea being annexed by the Japanese,was one of the three treaties that had no effective standing.This decision was carried out to the International Law Commission of the United Nations in 1963 and became a Resolution after being submitted to the General Assembly in the end of the same year.Using the decisions of the League of Nations and the United Nations as evidence,this paper critically reviews the San Francisco Peace Treaty’s lack of reviewing the Japanese responsibility of the colonization of Korea.展开更多
文摘Extensive thickly folded sedimentary sequences are exposed onshore of the Rio del Rey Basin contrary to previous reports of their rarity. Shales predominate, frequently intercalated by marlstones, sandstones, mudstones, limestones and marls and have been intruded in places by volcanic rocks of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). An integration of lithostratigraphic, paleontologic, granulometric and petrographic data generated from field and laboratory studies, permitted the identification of eleven (11) lithofacies which were subsequently grouped into three facies associations to facilitate the reconstruction of the paleo-depositional environment. Graphic logs constructed from the different outcrops studied revealed general coarsening upward sequences. Mega body fossils recovered from these sediments include severely altered, ferruginized fish and turtle-like heads, bivalve shells and moulds. Two bivalve taxa were identified: Exogyra ponderosa (Roemer) and members of theVenericardiinae sub-family. Textural and mineralogical details were obtained from granulometric and thin sections (microscopy). Interpretation of these data inferred an open relatively deeper marine, probably middle neritic to near shore transitional intertidal environments into which these sediments previously dated as Lower to Upper Cretaceous were deposited. Elements of a possible petroleum system: source and reservoir rocks, migratory pathways and trapping conditions, have been pointed out and thought to exist in space and time.
文摘The Merguechoum fluorite-barite mineralization,located in the Eastern Meseta of Morocco,is hosted in the Late Hercynian granite.The ore consists of fine crystals of fluorite 1,massive barite 1,euhedral crystals of fluorite 2,and barite 2 with calcite and minor quartz and sulfides.The Merguechoum ore deposits have never been investigated.This study was the first contribution that studied the genesis of fluorite and barite.The ore occurs as dissemination within granite intrusion and also fills the NE-SWtrending meter-sized fractures and faults.The values of the total Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium(REY)and the ratios of LREY/HREY,Y/Ho,Tb/Ca,and Tb/La indicate that the Merguechoum fluorite precipitated from hydrothermal fluids,likely basinal brines,which interacted with the Hercynian granite.The REY data indicate that the ore-forming fluids of the early stage have intensely interacted with the Hercynian granite compared to those of the late ore stage.The gradual decrease in the europium(Eu/Eu^(*)),yttrium(Y/Y^(*)),and cerium(Ce/Ce^(*))anomalies and a low concentration ofΣREY observed in the second ore stage compared to the first ore stage suggest an increase in p H and fO_(2)and by inference a decrease in temperature during the evolution of the hydrothermal system.This evolution could be explained by fluid mixing between the ascending basinal hydrothermal fluids and the diluted sulfate-rich meteoric water barite separates from selected samples reveal that the dissolved sulfates(SO_(4)^(2-))were derived from Permian–Triassic sulfates and/or coeval poreseawater sulfates.The proposed fluid mixing triggered the precipitation of an early-stage F-Ba assemblage followed by the second-stage F-Ba mineralization.Geologic fieldwork,REY inventories,and isotope data point to the ore genesis during the Permian–Triassic extensional tectonic activity concerning the Pangea rifting.This extensional tectonic environment is likely the driving force that mobilized a large amount of the ore-forming basinal brines along the available
基金Project supported by the K.C.Wong Education FoundationNational Natural Science Foundation of China(U1612442)+3 种基金Key Grant for Creative Research Groups of Guizhou Provincial Education Department(Qian-Jiao-He KY Zi2016047)Young Scientific Talents Growth Project of Guizhou Provincial Education Department(Qian-Jiao-He KY Zi 2016252)Doctoralof Zunyi Normal University(Zun-Shi BS 201815)Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department(Qian-Ke-He-Ping-Tai-RenCai 20175727-07)。
文摘As indispensable strategic materials for high-tech industries,rare earth elements and yttrium(REY)have become particularly important in recent years,raising the demand of developing new approaches for reclamation of REY from REY-rich materials such as coal combustion products(CCPs).In this study,five coal-fired power plants(CFPPs)in Guizhou of southwest China were selected for investigating REY concentrations of solid samples,atmospheric emissions,and recovery potentials.REY concentrations of feed fuels are higher in this study(147.2-468.6 mg/kg)than what have been reported previously for coals in China and the world.REY atmospheric emissions are extremely low(38.70-180.11 mg REY/t coal).REY are enriched in bottom ash and fly ash,with average of 658±296 mg/kg and maximum of 1257 mg/kg from the five CFPPs.Relative enrichment factors(REF)of REY in bottom ash and fly ash compared with the feed fuel are 0.86-1.02 and 0.91-1.04,respectively.REY concentrations in desulfurized gypsum are very low(6-17 mg/kg),and that is mostly inherited from limestone.Critical REY(Nd,Eu,Tb,Dy,Y,and Er)in bottom/fly ash account for 34%-39%of the total REY and the outlook coefficients(Cout1)are in the range of 0.89-1.11.This study indicates a promising prospect to reclaim REY from REYrich CCPs(bottom and fly ash)in CFPPs in Guizhou,especially in the central-north Guizhou,although such practices require further technology advancement.
文摘The Rio Del Rey basin is a prolific petroleum field on the Continental margin of the gulf of Guinea and is one of the major producers in the gulf. The study was carried out using Schlumberger Petrel and Synergy Interactive Petrophysics software for the sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical analysis to study the depositional setting of the Rio Del Rey Basin, using Well Log Data. Five sequence boundaries, five Transgressive Surfaces and four Maximum Flooding Surfaces were identified from wireline log. The progradation of sediments is characterised by a number of stacked sequences deposited in a coastal complex, with offshore, shoreface, beach and tidal deposits. Sequence one contains mostly Lower shoreface deposits of fine to very fine laminated sediments. In sequence two there is, an increase proportion of upper shoreface deposits. Sequence three is dominated by upper shoreface and distributary channels deposits with a concomitant reduction of lower shoreface deposits while sequence four and five contain mostly stack distributary channels and beach deposits. The study has aided the identification and interpretation of two gas bearing and two oil bearing zones in the three wells based on hydrocarbon-typing using the sonic-resistivity logcombination. The total and effective porosities of the reservoirs range from 20% to 31% and 15% to 31% respectively, indicating that the reservoirs have very good porosities. The ratio of the net to gross thickness of the reservoirs is as high as 0.83. The water saturation values of the reservoirs ranges from 11% - 80%. The results of the petrophysical investigation show that the sand formations have good reservoir properties. The vertical facies succession records a migration/translation of laterally linked depositional environment, controlling reservoir properties like geometry, heterogeneity, porosity and permeability.
文摘A growing literature indicates that learning potential (LP) measures, which examine performance changes following training on a task, may be important for understanding the role of cognition in functional outcome among people with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses. Because much of what is known about LP in this population has been demonstrated using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the present study sought to extend this work by administering the Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) in an LP format. 81 adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were tested on the ROCFT using a test-train-test LP protocol. Results indicated significant performance improvements following training on the ROCFT. Further, the LP protocol differentiated subgroups of learners, non-learners, and high scorers, consistent with other LP work. These findings support the feasibility of adapting existing neurocognitive measures to examine learning potential. Further development of the LP literature is needed in order to examine the extent to which LP is test-dependent or is a more generalized construct.
基金support was obtained from Universitas Gadjah Mada with funding number:828/BPP/2018。
文摘Fly and bottom ash(FABA)produced primarily from coal combustion in a coal-fred power plant consists of fne particles of the organic and inorganic mixture and trace elements.Eight FABA samples from coal-fred power plants in Java,Indonesia,had been collected for composition and rare earth element and Yttrium(REY)mode of occurrence identifcation.The geochemical composition of both major and trace elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-MS/AES).Furthermore,the composition of FABA was identifed by petrography with refected light microscopy and X-ray difraction(XRD)analysis.Simultaneously,scanning electron microscope determines the mode of occurrence of REY with an energy-dispersive X-ray(SEM–EDX).The study fnds that the inorganic component of FABA consists of glass,Fe–Mg spinel,mullite,quartz,Fe-oxide mineral,and K-feldspar.In contrast,the organic component is dominated by unburned coal.Glass is the most abundant component with cenospheres as major and pleiospheres as minor constituents.Trace elements analysis indicates REY concentration with heavy REY(HREY)distribution pattern.Moreover,SEM–EDX analysis results show that Yttrium(Y)occurs in glass and has a low concentration in spinel.From the mode occurrence of REY,in particular Yttrium,it can be predicted that alkaline fusion followed by acid leaching will be the most appropriate extraction method to extract REY from Indonesian FABA.
文摘Petroleum production in the Rio del Rey Basin,which is an extension of the Niger Delta of Nigeria into Cameroon,has been limited to the Tertiary offshore portion since the late 1970s.Owing to dedlining reserves in this offshore portion,the onshore Cretaceous portion of the basin attracted significant attention in the last decade.In the present study.shales from outcrops in the onshore portion of the basin were analyzed to evaluate their potential as source rocks,assess hydrocarbon generation,and highlight their signifcance for exploration.Outcrop observations,total organic carbon(TOC)measure-ments,and Rock Eval pyrolysis were used to generate data for these investigations.Rock-eval S2 values(0.42-3 mg HC/g rock)based on measured present-day TOC values(0.58-2.44 wtx)of the shales studied signify poor to fair source rock potentials,whereas calculated S2 values(1.74-8.19 mg HC/g rock)based on estimated original TOC values(0.67-2.87 wt%)produced fair to good source rocks containing Type Ⅱ/Ⅲ kerogen,which were transformed by maturity to the present-day Type Ⅲ/Ⅳ kerogen.Maturity of the samples based on Tmax values varying between 439 and 471℃are equivalent to maturity values ranging between 0.74% R_(r) and 1.32% R_(r), and these represent the peak oil to condensate/wet gas zones of hy-drocarbon generation.These results demonstrate that mature source rocks are present in the onshore part of the Rio del Rey Basin,and thus,it is suitable for petroleum exploration.
文摘The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty was the one and only international opportunity that would have allowed demanding for Japan’s responsibility of the colonization of Korea.However,the United States did not demand of such to be done.Soon,Korea and Japan resumed their diplomatic relationship and had their first summit in 1952.After numerous negotiations,finally in 1965,the“Korea-Japan Treaty”was agreed upon.Even in this treaty,the interpretation of the colonization was different for both countries and ultimately resulted as an unresolved issue.This is because of the Japanese dependence to the San Francisco Peace Treaty.On the other hand,the League of Nations,founded in 1920,believed that the systematization of international law was vital to keeping international peace.Therefore,they put much effort in and successfully carried out the codification of international law.The“Report on the law of Treaties”which was completed in 1935,noted that the“1905 Protectorate Treaty”,which was the ultimate treaty that led to Korea being annexed by the Japanese,was one of the three treaties that had no effective standing.This decision was carried out to the International Law Commission of the United Nations in 1963 and became a Resolution after being submitted to the General Assembly in the end of the same year.Using the decisions of the League of Nations and the United Nations as evidence,this paper critically reviews the San Francisco Peace Treaty’s lack of reviewing the Japanese responsibility of the colonization of Korea.
