Electrochemical energy conversion technologies involving processes such as water splitting and O_(2)/CO_(2) reduction,provide promising solutions for addressing global energy scarcity and minimizing adverse environmen...Electrochemical energy conversion technologies involving processes such as water splitting and O_(2)/CO_(2) reduction,provide promising solutions for addressing global energy scarcity and minimizing adverse environmental impact.However,due to a lack of an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the nature of the active sites,further advancement of these techniques has been limited by the development of efficient and robust catalysts.Therefore,in situ characterization of these electrocatalytic processes under working conditions is essential.In this review,recent applications of in situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy for various nano-and single-atom catalysts in energy-related reactions are summarized.Notable cases are highlighted,including the capture of oxygen-containing intermediate species formed during the reduction of oxygen and oxidation of hydrogen,and the detection of catalyst structural transformations occurring with the change in potential during the evolution of oxygen and reduction of CO_(2).Finally,the challenges and outlook for advancing in situ spectroscopic technologies to gain a deeper fundamental understanding of these energy-related electrocatalytic processes are discussed.展开更多
Study on the microscopic structure of clathrate hydrate has made significant progress in the past decades.This review aims to summarize the state of the art of the experimental characterization of guest molecular occu...Study on the microscopic structure of clathrate hydrate has made significant progress in the past decades.This review aims to summarize the state of the art of the experimental characterization of guest molecular occupancy in clathrate hydrate cages,which is an important area of the microscopic structures.The characterizing method and features of different guest molecular,such as hydrocarbon,carbon dioxide,hydrogen and inhibitor/promoter,in different hydrate cages have been extensively reviewed.A comprehensive use of advanced technologies such as X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance may provide better understanding on the compositions and microscopic mechanisms of clathrate hydrate.展开更多
We review the measurement methods and thickness characterization algorithms of semiconductor multilayer devices.Today’s ultrahigh-density,high-energy-efficient three-dimensional semiconductor devices require an itera...We review the measurement methods and thickness characterization algorithms of semiconductor multilayer devices.Today’s ultrahigh-density,high-energy-efficient three-dimensional semiconductor devices require an iterative semiconductor layer-stacking process.Accurate determination of nanometer-scale layer thickness is crucial for reliable semiconductor device fabrication.In this paper,we first review the commonly used semiconductor multilayer thickness measurement methods,including destructive and nondestructive measurement methods.Next,we review two approaches for thickness characterization:model-based algorithms using a physical interpretation of multilayer structures and a method using data-driven machine learning.With the growing importance of semiconductor multilayer devices,we anticipate that this study will help in selecting the most appropriate method for multilayer thickness characterization.展开更多
This study investigated the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed re-gions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners exposed to aqueous chloride environments.The corroded sur-face morphol...This study investigated the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed re-gions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners exposed to aqueous chloride environments.The corroded sur-face morphology,rust compositions,and corrosion kinetics of the bolt specimen were studied by visual observation,optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-Ray diffractometry(XRD),micro-Raman,electron probe micro-analyser(EPMA),and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.Re-sults obtained showed a variation in corrosion kinetics,morphology,and composition of the rust layer which were driven by differential aeration and concentration effects.Due to the availability of sufficient dissolved oxygen,the oxyhydroxide compound,lepidocrocite(γ-FeOOH)was detected in the outer rust layer in the exposed region,whereas the inner rust layer was composed of magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4)).How-ever,the oxygen-deficient contact surface revealed the presence of akaganeite(β-FeOOH)and magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4))as dominant oxide phases.The most stable phase,goethite(α-FeOOH)was also detected in the rust formed in both regions,though in significantly low amounts.Furthermore,owing to variation in environmental conditions,the amount and density of the rust layer varied in the different regions.The estimated corrosion stability values for the different regions revealed that the corrosion products formed on the steel surfaces were non-protective,suggesting the need for specific surface treatment as a protec-tive measure.展开更多
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)has advanced significantly since its inception.Numerous experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the SERS effect and demonstrate its potential.Due to i...Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)has advanced significantly since its inception.Numerous experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the SERS effect and demonstrate its potential.Due to its extremely high sensitivity and selectivity and ability to provide molecular fingerprint information,SERS has a wide range of applications in surface and interfacial chemistry,energy,materials,biomedicine,environmental analysis,etc.This review aims to provide readers with an understanding of the principles,methodologies,and applications of SERS.We briefly introduce the fundamental theory of the SERS enhancement mechanism and summarize the details of the preparation of SERS-active substrates.Recent applications of SERS in energy systems are then highlighted,including probing surface reactions and interfacial charge transfer of batteries and electrocatalysts.Finally,the challenges and prospects of SERS research are discussed.展开更多
文摘Electrochemical energy conversion technologies involving processes such as water splitting and O_(2)/CO_(2) reduction,provide promising solutions for addressing global energy scarcity and minimizing adverse environmental impact.However,due to a lack of an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the nature of the active sites,further advancement of these techniques has been limited by the development of efficient and robust catalysts.Therefore,in situ characterization of these electrocatalytic processes under working conditions is essential.In this review,recent applications of in situ Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy for various nano-and single-atom catalysts in energy-related reactions are summarized.Notable cases are highlighted,including the capture of oxygen-containing intermediate species formed during the reduction of oxygen and oxidation of hydrogen,and the detection of catalyst structural transformations occurring with the change in potential during the evolution of oxygen and reduction of CO_(2).Finally,the challenges and outlook for advancing in situ spectroscopic technologies to gain a deeper fundamental understanding of these energy-related electrocatalytic processes are discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51706248,51876222)National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0307304)
文摘Study on the microscopic structure of clathrate hydrate has made significant progress in the past decades.This review aims to summarize the state of the art of the experimental characterization of guest molecular occupancy in clathrate hydrate cages,which is an important area of the microscopic structures.The characterizing method and features of different guest molecular,such as hydrocarbon,carbon dioxide,hydrogen and inhibitor/promoter,in different hydrate cages have been extensively reviewed.A comprehensive use of advanced technologies such as X-ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance may provide better understanding on the compositions and microscopic mechanisms of clathrate hydrate.
基金Funding National Research Foundation of Korea(Grants 2021R1A2B5B03001407 and 2021R1A5A1032937).
文摘We review the measurement methods and thickness characterization algorithms of semiconductor multilayer devices.Today’s ultrahigh-density,high-energy-efficient three-dimensional semiconductor devices require an iterative semiconductor layer-stacking process.Accurate determination of nanometer-scale layer thickness is crucial for reliable semiconductor device fabrication.In this paper,we first review the commonly used semiconductor multilayer thickness measurement methods,including destructive and nondestructive measurement methods.Next,we review two approaches for thickness characterization:model-based algorithms using a physical interpretation of multilayer structures and a method using data-driven machine learning.With the growing importance of semiconductor multilayer devices,we anticipate that this study will help in selecting the most appropriate method for multilayer thickness characterization.
基金This work was financially supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2019193,KGFZD-135-19-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51801219).Special appreciation to the CAS-TWAS Presidential Fellowship for sponsorship.
文摘This study investigated the characteristics of corrosion products formed on the contact and exposed re-gions of C1045 steel bolt and nut fasteners exposed to aqueous chloride environments.The corroded sur-face morphology,rust compositions,and corrosion kinetics of the bolt specimen were studied by visual observation,optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-Ray diffractometry(XRD),micro-Raman,electron probe micro-analyser(EPMA),and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.Re-sults obtained showed a variation in corrosion kinetics,morphology,and composition of the rust layer which were driven by differential aeration and concentration effects.Due to the availability of sufficient dissolved oxygen,the oxyhydroxide compound,lepidocrocite(γ-FeOOH)was detected in the outer rust layer in the exposed region,whereas the inner rust layer was composed of magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4)).How-ever,the oxygen-deficient contact surface revealed the presence of akaganeite(β-FeOOH)and magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4))as dominant oxide phases.The most stable phase,goethite(α-FeOOH)was also detected in the rust formed in both regions,though in significantly low amounts.Furthermore,owing to variation in environmental conditions,the amount and density of the rust layer varied in the different regions.The estimated corrosion stability values for the different regions revealed that the corrosion products formed on the steel surfaces were non-protective,suggesting the need for specific surface treatment as a protec-tive measure.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFB1505800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22005130,21925404,22174165,21902137,and 21991151)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Bx20220187)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2021J01988).
文摘Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)has advanced significantly since its inception.Numerous experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the SERS effect and demonstrate its potential.Due to its extremely high sensitivity and selectivity and ability to provide molecular fingerprint information,SERS has a wide range of applications in surface and interfacial chemistry,energy,materials,biomedicine,environmental analysis,etc.This review aims to provide readers with an understanding of the principles,methodologies,and applications of SERS.We briefly introduce the fundamental theory of the SERS enhancement mechanism and summarize the details of the preparation of SERS-active substrates.Recent applications of SERS in energy systems are then highlighted,including probing surface reactions and interfacial charge transfer of batteries and electrocatalysts.Finally,the challenges and prospects of SERS research are discussed.
