Single molecular real-time(SMRT)sequencing,also called third-generation sequencing,is a novel sequencing technique capable of generating extremely long contiguous sequence reads.While conventional short-read sequencin...Single molecular real-time(SMRT)sequencing,also called third-generation sequencing,is a novel sequencing technique capable of generating extremely long contiguous sequence reads.While conventional short-read sequencing cannot evaluate the linkage of nucleotide substitutions distant from one another,SMRT sequencing can directly demonstrate linkage of nucleotide changes over a span of more than 20 kbp,and thus can be applied to directly examine the haplotypes of viruses or bacteria whose genome structures are changing in real time.In addition,an error correction method(circular consensus sequencing)has been established and repeated sequencing of a single-molecule DNA template can result in extremely high accuracy.The advantages of long read sequencing enable accurate determination of the haplotypes of individual viral clones.SMRT sequencing has been applied in various studies of viral genomes including determination of the full-length contiguous genome sequence of hepatitis C virus(HCV),targeted deep sequencing of the HCV NS5A gene,and assessment of heterogeneity among viral populations.Recently,the emergence of multi-drug resistant HCV viruses has become a significant clinical issue and has been also demonstrated using SMRT sequencing.In this review,we introduce the novel third-generation PacBio RSII/Sequel systems,compare them with conventional next-generation sequencers,and summarize previous studies in which SMRT sequencing technology has been applied for HCV genome analysis.We also refer to another long-read sequencing platform,nanopore sequencing technology,and discuss the advantages,limitations and future perspectives in using these thirdgeneration sequencers for HCV genome analysis.展开更多
We discuss a new class of RSII braneworld cosmology exhibiting accelerated expansion and dominated by quintessence. It is explicitly demonstrated that the universe expansion history （transition from inflation to dece...We discuss a new class of RSII braneworld cosmology exhibiting accelerated expansion and dominated by quintessence. It is explicitly demonstrated that the universe expansion history （transition from inflation to deceleration epoch to acceleration and effective quintessence era） may naturally occur in such unified theory for some classes of inverse scalar potentials. Besides a decaying effective cosmological constant, the model incorporates an increasing black hole mass, an increasing Maxwellian electrical charge with cosmic time and a time-dependent brahe tension. The cosmological model exhibits several features of cosmological and astrophysical interest for both the early and late universe consistent with recent observations, in particular the ones concerned with the gravitational constants, black holes masses and charges and variation of the gauge coupling parameters with cosmic time. One interesting mark of the constructed model concerns the fact that a black hole mass surrounded by quintessence energy may increase with time even if the horizon disappears.展开更多
文摘Single molecular real-time(SMRT)sequencing,also called third-generation sequencing,is a novel sequencing technique capable of generating extremely long contiguous sequence reads.While conventional short-read sequencing cannot evaluate the linkage of nucleotide substitutions distant from one another,SMRT sequencing can directly demonstrate linkage of nucleotide changes over a span of more than 20 kbp,and thus can be applied to directly examine the haplotypes of viruses or bacteria whose genome structures are changing in real time.In addition,an error correction method(circular consensus sequencing)has been established and repeated sequencing of a single-molecule DNA template can result in extremely high accuracy.The advantages of long read sequencing enable accurate determination of the haplotypes of individual viral clones.SMRT sequencing has been applied in various studies of viral genomes including determination of the full-length contiguous genome sequence of hepatitis C virus(HCV),targeted deep sequencing of the HCV NS5A gene,and assessment of heterogeneity among viral populations.Recently,the emergence of multi-drug resistant HCV viruses has become a significant clinical issue and has been also demonstrated using SMRT sequencing.In this review,we introduce the novel third-generation PacBio RSII/Sequel systems,compare them with conventional next-generation sequencers,and summarize previous studies in which SMRT sequencing technology has been applied for HCV genome analysis.We also refer to another long-read sequencing platform,nanopore sequencing technology,and discuss the advantages,limitations and future perspectives in using these thirdgeneration sequencers for HCV genome analysis.
文摘We discuss a new class of RSII braneworld cosmology exhibiting accelerated expansion and dominated by quintessence. It is explicitly demonstrated that the universe expansion history （transition from inflation to deceleration epoch to acceleration and effective quintessence era） may naturally occur in such unified theory for some classes of inverse scalar potentials. Besides a decaying effective cosmological constant, the model incorporates an increasing black hole mass, an increasing Maxwellian electrical charge with cosmic time and a time-dependent brahe tension. The cosmological model exhibits several features of cosmological and astrophysical interest for both the early and late universe consistent with recent observations, in particular the ones concerned with the gravitational constants, black holes masses and charges and variation of the gauge coupling parameters with cosmic time. One interesting mark of the constructed model concerns the fact that a black hole mass surrounded by quintessence energy may increase with time even if the horizon disappears.
