Purpose To summarize the major achievements of Chinese work on the epid emiology and prevention of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in recen t years, and to give a general review on the present situation ...Purpose To summarize the major achievements of Chinese work on the epid emiology and prevention of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in recen t years, and to give a general review on the present situation of HFRS in China.Data sources Reviews and papers published in Chinese journals, relevant to the objectives, written or collected by the author; and the research work of the author.Study selection An outline was drafted according to the purpose given a bove, and the relevant materials and data were grouped together into different i tems outlined.Data extraction All the materials and data extracted were published or specially assessed.Results HFRS was first recognized in the northeastern China in 1931. It has been found prevalent also in many other parts of China since 1955, and p resently, 28 out of 31 provinces (autonomous regions, or municipalities) have b een proved to be its endemic areas. The total number of cases is 1?256?431 from 1950 to 1997, with 44?304 death (3.53%). 50-100 thousands of cases co uld be registered annually since 1981 when the presence of the Rattus type HFRS wa s first identified serologically in China, with the highest peak in 1986 ( 115 ?985 cases). Three types of endemicity have been differentiated: the Apodemus type, the Rattus type and the mixed type of the two, by their peculiar season al distributions of cases and by methods of serotyping (HI, MAbs serotyping kits ). The epidemiologic features of the Rattus type HFRS are quite different from that of the Apodemus type. 67 species of vertebrates were found to harbor hanta virus antigen or antibodies, but the chief or primary reservoir hosts are A podemus agrarius and Rattus norveg icus only. Besides the commonly recognized enzootic mode of transmission (via co ntact s with the reservoir rodents or their excreta), mite transmission (including cer tain species of gamasid mites, and chigger mites) has been identified as the po tential vectors and reservoir hosts with HFRS. Vertical transmission展开更多
In the new competitive electricity market, the accurate operation management of Micro-Grid (MG) with various types of renewable power sources (RES) can be an effective approach to supply the electrical consumers more ...In the new competitive electricity market, the accurate operation management of Micro-Grid (MG) with various types of renewable power sources (RES) can be an effective approach to supply the electrical consumers more reliably and economically. In this regard, this paper proposes a novel solution methodology based on bat algorithm to solve the op- timal energy management of MG including several RESs with the back-up of Fuel Cell (FC), Wind Turbine (WT), Photovoltaics (PV), Micro Turbine (MT) as well as storage devices to meet the energy mismatch. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear constraint optimization problem to minimize the total cost of the grid and RESs, simultaneously. In addition, the problem considers the interactive effects of MG and utility in a 24 hour time interval which would in- crease the complexity of the problem from the optimization point of view more severely. The proposed optimization technique is consisted of a self adaptive modification method compromised of two modification methods based on bat algorithm to explore the total search space globally. The superiority of the proposed method over the other well-known algorithms is demonstrated through a typical renewable MG as the test system.展开更多
The inherent characteristics in the rapid expansion process of supercritical fluid solution were analyzed. The temperature change resulted from the throttling expansion of the supercritical fluid, and the strong turbu...The inherent characteristics in the rapid expansion process of supercritical fluid solution were analyzed. The temperature change resulted from the throttling expansion of the supercritical fluid, and the strong turbulence in the expansion flow resulted from the quick change of the fluid pressure were experimentally measured. It was proposed that the temperature and turbulence in the expansion flow affect the particle nucleation, growth or coating process significantly.展开更多
Poly(1,1,2,2- tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) (poly (TA-N)) was synthesized in laboratory. The resulting morphology of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) sprays of poly(TA - N) was investigated. At ap...Poly(1,1,2,2- tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) (poly (TA-N)) was synthesized in laboratory. The resulting morphology of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) sprays of poly(TA - N) was investigated. At apre - expansion temperature of 45℃), amorphous polymer was formed. At temperature around 60 ℃ to 80 ℃ , fibers were formed. Increase of temperature increasesparticle size slightly. At temperature of 105℃ , most of particles are spheres. The RESS is an attractive process. To apply the polymers desired for coating applications in an organic solvent - free process that is economically viable , and it will have implications for pollution prevention during polymer film展开更多
文摘Purpose To summarize the major achievements of Chinese work on the epid emiology and prevention of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in recen t years, and to give a general review on the present situation of HFRS in China.Data sources Reviews and papers published in Chinese journals, relevant to the objectives, written or collected by the author; and the research work of the author.Study selection An outline was drafted according to the purpose given a bove, and the relevant materials and data were grouped together into different i tems outlined.Data extraction All the materials and data extracted were published or specially assessed.Results HFRS was first recognized in the northeastern China in 1931. It has been found prevalent also in many other parts of China since 1955, and p resently, 28 out of 31 provinces (autonomous regions, or municipalities) have b een proved to be its endemic areas. The total number of cases is 1?256?431 from 1950 to 1997, with 44?304 death (3.53%). 50-100 thousands of cases co uld be registered annually since 1981 when the presence of the Rattus type HFRS wa s first identified serologically in China, with the highest peak in 1986 ( 115 ?985 cases). Three types of endemicity have been differentiated: the Apodemus type, the Rattus type and the mixed type of the two, by their peculiar season al distributions of cases and by methods of serotyping (HI, MAbs serotyping kits ). The epidemiologic features of the Rattus type HFRS are quite different from that of the Apodemus type. 67 species of vertebrates were found to harbor hanta virus antigen or antibodies, but the chief or primary reservoir hosts are A podemus agrarius and Rattus norveg icus only. Besides the commonly recognized enzootic mode of transmission (via co ntact s with the reservoir rodents or their excreta), mite transmission (including cer tain species of gamasid mites, and chigger mites) has been identified as the po tential vectors and reservoir hosts with HFRS. Vertical transmission
文摘In the new competitive electricity market, the accurate operation management of Micro-Grid (MG) with various types of renewable power sources (RES) can be an effective approach to supply the electrical consumers more reliably and economically. In this regard, this paper proposes a novel solution methodology based on bat algorithm to solve the op- timal energy management of MG including several RESs with the back-up of Fuel Cell (FC), Wind Turbine (WT), Photovoltaics (PV), Micro Turbine (MT) as well as storage devices to meet the energy mismatch. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear constraint optimization problem to minimize the total cost of the grid and RESs, simultaneously. In addition, the problem considers the interactive effects of MG and utility in a 24 hour time interval which would in- crease the complexity of the problem from the optimization point of view more severely. The proposed optimization technique is consisted of a self adaptive modification method compromised of two modification methods based on bat algorithm to explore the total search space globally. The superiority of the proposed method over the other well-known algorithms is demonstrated through a typical renewable MG as the test system.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.29906004)
文摘The inherent characteristics in the rapid expansion process of supercritical fluid solution were analyzed. The temperature change resulted from the throttling expansion of the supercritical fluid, and the strong turbulence in the expansion flow resulted from the quick change of the fluid pressure were experimentally measured. It was proposed that the temperature and turbulence in the expansion flow affect the particle nucleation, growth or coating process significantly.
文摘Poly(1,1,2,2- tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) (poly (TA-N)) was synthesized in laboratory. The resulting morphology of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) sprays of poly(TA - N) was investigated. At apre - expansion temperature of 45℃), amorphous polymer was formed. At temperature around 60 ℃ to 80 ℃ , fibers were formed. Increase of temperature increasesparticle size slightly. At temperature of 105℃ , most of particles are spheres. The RESS is an attractive process. To apply the polymers desired for coating applications in an organic solvent - free process that is economically viable , and it will have implications for pollution prevention during polymer film
