In order to investigate the microstructure and mechanical property evolution of low-carbon reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM)steel during isothermal aging,the normalized and tempered specimens were aged at ...In order to investigate the microstructure and mechanical property evolution of low-carbon reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM)steel during isothermal aging,the normalized and tempered specimens were aged at 600℃for 500,1000,and 3000 h,respectively.The microstructural evolution with aging time was analyzed,including the precipitation and growth of M23C6 and MX-type carbides as well as the formation of Laves phase.The results indicate that the coarsening of M23C6 is more obvious than that of MX with increase in aging time.During the long-term thermal exposure,the Fe2 W Laves phase precipitates adjacent to M23C6 along the prior austenite grain boundaries and packet boundaries.Lower carbon content can delay the precipitation of Laves phase compared to the steel containing higher carbon.In addition,the Laves phase precipitated along boundaries can provide the precipitation strengthening,slightly increasing the tensile strength of low-carbon RAFM steel after aging for 3000 h.展开更多
Dissimilar welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM)steel and 316 L austenitic stainless steel were prepared by friction stir welding with different butt joining modes and welding parameters.The w...Dissimilar welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM)steel and 316 L austenitic stainless steel were prepared by friction stir welding with different butt joining modes and welding parameters.The weld quality of the joint was improved by placing the 316 L steel on the advancing side and the RAFM steel on the retreating side,and using a relatively high rotational speed of 400 rpm.The microstructure of the stir zone on the 316 L steel side consisted of single-phase austenite,and the microstructure of the stir zone on the RAFM steel side mainly consisted of lath martensite and equiaxed ferrite.A mechanical mixture of the two steels and diffusion of Cr and Ni could be detected near the bonding interface.Diffusion of Ni from the 316 L steel to the RAFM steel resulted in the formation of a dual-phase structure consisting of austenite and ferrite.The as-welded joints showed good strength and ductility at room temperature and 550°C,which were nearly equal to those of the 316 L base material.The heat-affected zone on the RAFM side had the lowest impact toughness throughout the weld with a value of 13.2 J at-40°C,~52%that of the RAFM base material.展开更多
To investigate the influence of tantalum content on high-temperature mechanical properties of low-carbon reduced acti- vation ferritic/martensitic （RAFM） steels, RAFM steels containing different tantalum contents （...To investigate the influence of tantalum content on high-temperature mechanical properties of low-carbon reduced acti- vation ferritic/martensitic （RAFM） steels, RAFM steels containing different tantalum contents （0 and 0.073%） were fabricated, and the tensile tests at room temperature and high temperature were performed, as well as the creep tests were conducted at 550 ~C with the applied stress of 180 and 220 MPa. It was found that 0.073% tantalum addition results in the increase in amount of stable carbonitrides （MX）, and the creep rupture time of the steel under 180 MPa is obviously increased. In addition, the increase in MX caused by tantalum addition also leads to the improvement of high-temperature tensile strength. The improvement of high-temperature mechanical properties of RAFM steels is primarily related to the evolution of precipitates.展开更多
The RAFM（reduced activation ferritic/martensitic）steels containing different tantalum contents（0wt.%,0.027wt.%,0.073wt.%）were designed and cast.Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were employe...The RAFM（reduced activation ferritic/martensitic）steels containing different tantalum contents（0wt.%,0.027wt.%,0.073wt.%）were designed and cast.Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were employed to explore the influence of tantalum content on the austenitic transformation of RAFM steels.The austenitic transformation kinetics was described by aphase-transformation model.The model,involving site saturation nucleation,diffusion-controlled growth and impingement correction,was established based on the classical Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model.The phase-transformation kinetics parameters,including D_0（pre-exponential factor for diffusion）and Q_d（activation energy for diffusion）,were calculated by fitting the experimental data and the kinetic model.The results indicated that the average grain size is decreased with the increase of tantalum.The values of A_（c1） and A_（c3） （onset and finish temperature of austenitic transformation,respectively）are increased by increasing the tantalum content.The increase of tantalum caused the decrease of D_0.However,Q_d is increased with the increase of tantalum.In addition,as a carbides forming element,tantalum would reduce the carbon diffusion coefficient and slow down the austenitic transformation rate.展开更多
Reduced-activated ferritic-martensitic steels are being considered for use in fusion energy reactor and subsequent fusion power reactor applications. Typically, those reduced activated steels can loose their radioacti...Reduced-activated ferritic-martensitic steels are being considered for use in fusion energy reactor and subsequent fusion power reactor applications. Typically, those reduced activated steels can loose their radioactivity in approximately 100 years, compared to thousands of years for the non-reduced-activated steels. The commonly used welding process for fabricating this steel are electron-beam welding, and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Therefore, Activated-flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding, a variant of TIG welding has been developed in-house to increase the depth of penetration in single pass welding. In structural materials produced by A-TIG welding process, weld bead width, depth of penetration and heat affected zone (HAZ) width play an important role in determining in mechanical properties and also the performance of the weld joints during service. To obtain the desired weld bead geometry, HAZ width and make a good weld joint, it becomes important to set up the welding process parameters. The current work attempts to develop independent models correlating the welding process parameters like current, voltage and torch speed with weld bead shape will bead shape parameters like depth of penetration, bead width, HAZ width using ANFIS. These models will be used to evaluate the objective function in the genetic algorithm. Then genetic algorithm is employed to determine the optimum A-TIG welding process parameters to obtain the desired weld bead shape parameters and HAZ width.展开更多
China reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel is irradiated at 773 K with 792 MeV Ar-ions to fluences of 2.3×10^20 and 4.6×10^20 ions/m2, respectively. The variation of the microstructures of the Reduc...China reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel is irradiated at 773 K with 792 MeV Ar-ions to fluences of 2.3×10^20 and 4.6×10^20 ions/m2, respectively. The variation of the microstructures of the Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic （RAFM） steel samples with the Ar-ion penetration depth is investigated using a transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Prom analyses of the microstrueture changes along with the Ar-ions penetrating depth, it is found that high-density cavities form in the peak damage region. The average size and the number density of the cavities depend strongly on the damage level and Ar-atom concentration. Swelling due to the formation of cavities increases significantly with an increased damage level, and the existence of deposited Ar-atoms also enhances the growth of the average size of the cavities. The effect of atom displacements and Ar-atoms on the swelling of the RAFM steel under high energy Ar-ion irradiation is discussed briefly.展开更多
Materials are stil one of the main technical bottlenecks restricting the development of fusion reactors.Reduced activated ferritic/martensitic steel(RAFM)is considered one of the main candidate structural materials fo...Materials are stil one of the main technical bottlenecks restricting the development of fusion reactors.Reduced activated ferritic/martensitic steel(RAFM)is considered one of the main candidate structural materials for fusion reactor cladding due to its good radiation resistance and mechanical properties.In the past 40 years,RAFM steel has made considerable progress,but numerous problems remain to be solved.The improvements in RAFM steel in recent years,such as chemical composition optimization,clean preparation technology,radiation performance,and applicable welding technology,were systematically summarized.A systematic review of new RAFM steels was conducted,the development direction of the traditional smelting process was analyzed,and the application of laser additive manufacturing technology to RAFM steel was introduced.The effect of rradiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of RAFM steel was described,and welding methods of RAFM steel and their research progress were reviewed.Finally,the potential applications of Si,Ti,and Zr in improving the performance of RAFM steel,electroslag remelting technology in clean smelting,heat treatment process in optimizing radiation performance,and laser-beam welding in RAFM welding were prospected and summarized.展开更多
The thermal stability and mechanical properties of China low activation martensitic steel with Zr and Y were investigated via thermal aging at 550 °C for 8000 h. The Laves phase content monotonically increased wi...The thermal stability and mechanical properties of China low activation martensitic steel with Zr and Y were investigated via thermal aging at 550 °C for 8000 h. The Laves phase content monotonically increased with thermal aging, and the volume fraction of the Laves phases stabilized in the alloy after 3000 h of thermal aging. The observed degradation in mechanical properties was because of the coarsening of M23C6 carbides and matrix grains during the earlier stages of thermal aging. The precipitation of Laves phases and V3Zr3C particles increased the strength and hardness of the alloy. Grain coarsening was the primary reason for the decrease in impact properties, and the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature increased from-71 to -48 °C after 8000 h of thermal aging.展开更多
In the present work,the irradiation hardening behavior of a Chinese low-activation ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1,a candidate for fusion reactor blankets,is studied.Specimens were irradiated with high-energy14N and5...In the present work,the irradiation hardening behavior of a Chinese low-activation ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1,a candidate for fusion reactor blankets,is studied.Specimens were irradiated with high-energy14N and56Fe ions at the terminal of a cyclotron to three successively increasing damage levels of 0.05,0.1 and 0.2 displacements per atom(dpa)at about-50°C.The energy of the incident ions was dispersed to 11 successively decreasing grades using an energy degrader,thereby generating an atomic displacement damage plateau in the specimens from the surface to a depth of 25μm,which is sufficiently broad for the Vickers hardness test.Eight different loads(i.e.98 mN,196 m N,490 m N,980 m N,1.96 N,4.9 N,9.8 N and 19.6 N)were applied to the specimens to obtain the depth profiles of the Vickers hardness by using a microhardness tester.Hardening was observable at the lowest damage level,and increased with increasing irradiation dose.A power-law correlation of the Vickers hardness with the damage level(HV0=1.49+0.76 dpa0.31)is proposed.Testing with a nano-indentation technique was also performed,and a linear relationship between the Vickers micro-hardness and the nanohardness(HV0=0.83 H0)was observed.A comparison with other RAFM steels(CLAM,JLF-1,F82 H,EUROFER97 etc.)under neutron or charged particle irradiation conditions shows that most of the RAFM steels exhibit similar power-law exponents in the dose dependence of irradiation hardening.The difference in the irradiation hardening may be attributed to differences in microstructure prior to irradiation.展开更多
低活化铁素体/马氏体耐热(RAFM)钢在强辐照条件下仍具有良好的力学性能、导热性及抗热膨胀性,被认为是目前核聚变反应堆的首选结构材料,但是其较低的高温蠕变抗力和抗辐照性能极大限制了其使用温度,进而影响了核聚变反应堆的转换效率。...低活化铁素体/马氏体耐热(RAFM)钢在强辐照条件下仍具有良好的力学性能、导热性及抗热膨胀性,被认为是目前核聚变反应堆的首选结构材料,但是其较低的高温蠕变抗力和抗辐照性能极大限制了其使用温度,进而影响了核聚变反应堆的转换效率。纳米级MX型碳氮化物作为钢中重要的强化相,在高温下仍具有良好的稳定性,能够有效阻碍位错的运动及湮灭,可以有效提高钢的高温蠕变性能。此外,纳米级MX型碳氮化物的析出还可以增加钢中的界面比,而界面是良好的缺陷陷阱,可以有效诱捕辐照产生的离位原子、空位等点缺陷,从而提高钢的抗辐照性能,因此进一步增加钢中的MX型碳氮化物含量被认为是提升RAFM钢力学性能的有效途径。目前,提高RAFM钢中MX型碳氮化物强化最有效的方式主要有三种:氮化物强化工艺、形变热处理工艺(TMT)和Ti元素的添加工艺。三种工艺均能有效提高钢的高温拉伸及蠕变性能,但它们对钢综合力学性能的影响并不完全相同。氮化物强化工艺主要是通过降低钢中的C含量同时提高N含量,从而达到促进MX型碳氮化物析出的目的。但由于钢中的N含量较高,极易形成粗大的TaN夹杂,在低温条件下,钢的临界裂纹尺寸会大幅降低,TaN夹杂就会成为冲击过程的裂纹源,从而使钢的韧脆转变温度(DBTT)大幅升高。TMT工艺主要是将钢加热到奥氏体化温度以上进行保温,使钢中碳化物充分溶解,之后降温至M 23 C 6型碳化物熔点以上,对钢引入较大的变形量,从而产生大量位错,促进MX型碳氮化物的形核。由于较高的固溶温度和较大的变形量,TMT处理后,钢具有较大的晶粒尺寸和较高的应力状态,从而使钢的冲击性能大幅降低。Ti元素添加工艺主要是在钢中引入Ti元素,Ti是良好的碳氮化物形成元素,在钢中极易与C、N元素结合形成MX型碳氮化物,从而提高钢中的MX型碳氮化�展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1660201, 51474156 and 51501126)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Research Project (No. 2015GB119001)
文摘In order to investigate the microstructure and mechanical property evolution of low-carbon reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM)steel during isothermal aging,the normalized and tempered specimens were aged at 600℃for 500,1000,and 3000 h,respectively.The microstructural evolution with aging time was analyzed,including the precipitation and growth of M23C6 and MX-type carbides as well as the formation of Laves phase.The results indicate that the coarsening of M23C6 is more obvious than that of MX with increase in aging time.During the long-term thermal exposure,the Fe2 W Laves phase precipitates adjacent to M23C6 along the prior austenite grain boundaries and packet boundaries.Lower carbon content can delay the precipitation of Laves phase compared to the steel containing higher carbon.In addition,the Laves phase precipitated along boundaries can provide the precipitation strengthening,slightly increasing the tensile strength of low-carbon RAFM steel after aging for 3000 h.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.517011741,U1660201)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Research Project(No.2015GB119001).
文摘Dissimilar welded joints of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic(RAFM)steel and 316 L austenitic stainless steel were prepared by friction stir welding with different butt joining modes and welding parameters.The weld quality of the joint was improved by placing the 316 L steel on the advancing side and the RAFM steel on the retreating side,and using a relatively high rotational speed of 400 rpm.The microstructure of the stir zone on the 316 L steel side consisted of single-phase austenite,and the microstructure of the stir zone on the RAFM steel side mainly consisted of lath martensite and equiaxed ferrite.A mechanical mixture of the two steels and diffusion of Cr and Ni could be detected near the bonding interface.Diffusion of Ni from the 316 L steel to the RAFM steel resulted in the formation of a dual-phase structure consisting of austenite and ferrite.The as-welded joints showed good strength and ductility at room temperature and 550°C,which were nearly equal to those of the 316 L base material.The heat-affected zone on the RAFM side had the lowest impact toughness throughout the weld with a value of 13.2 J at-40°C,~52%that of the RAFM base material.
基金financially supported by the China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(Grant No.51325401)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Research Project(Grant No.2015GB119001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51501126,51474156 and U1660201)
文摘To investigate the influence of tantalum content on high-temperature mechanical properties of low-carbon reduced acti- vation ferritic/martensitic （RAFM） steels, RAFM steels containing different tantalum contents （0 and 0.073%） were fabricated, and the tensile tests at room temperature and high temperature were performed, as well as the creep tests were conducted at 550 ~C with the applied stress of 180 and 220 MPa. It was found that 0.073% tantalum addition results in the increase in amount of stable carbonitrides （MX）, and the creep rupture time of the steel under 180 MPa is obviously increased. In addition, the increase in MX caused by tantalum addition also leads to the improvement of high-temperature tensile strength. The improvement of high-temperature mechanical properties of RAFM steels is primarily related to the evolution of precipitates.
基金financially sponsored by the China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (Granted No.51325401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Granted No.51501126)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Research Program(Granted No.2015GB119001)
文摘The RAFM（reduced activation ferritic/martensitic）steels containing different tantalum contents（0wt.%,0.027wt.%,0.073wt.%）were designed and cast.Differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were employed to explore the influence of tantalum content on the austenitic transformation of RAFM steels.The austenitic transformation kinetics was described by aphase-transformation model.The model,involving site saturation nucleation,diffusion-controlled growth and impingement correction,was established based on the classical Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model.The phase-transformation kinetics parameters,including D_0（pre-exponential factor for diffusion）and Q_d（activation energy for diffusion）,were calculated by fitting the experimental data and the kinetic model.The results indicated that the average grain size is decreased with the increase of tantalum.The values of A_（c1） and A_（c3） （onset and finish temperature of austenitic transformation,respectively）are increased by increasing the tantalum content.The increase of tantalum caused the decrease of D_0.However,Q_d is increased with the increase of tantalum.In addition,as a carbides forming element,tantalum would reduce the carbon diffusion coefficient and slow down the austenitic transformation rate.
文摘Reduced-activated ferritic-martensitic steels are being considered for use in fusion energy reactor and subsequent fusion power reactor applications. Typically, those reduced activated steels can loose their radioactivity in approximately 100 years, compared to thousands of years for the non-reduced-activated steels. The commonly used welding process for fabricating this steel are electron-beam welding, and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Therefore, Activated-flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding, a variant of TIG welding has been developed in-house to increase the depth of penetration in single pass welding. In structural materials produced by A-TIG welding process, weld bead width, depth of penetration and heat affected zone (HAZ) width play an important role in determining in mechanical properties and also the performance of the weld joints during service. To obtain the desired weld bead geometry, HAZ width and make a good weld joint, it becomes important to set up the welding process parameters. The current work attempts to develop independent models correlating the welding process parameters like current, voltage and torch speed with weld bead shape will bead shape parameters like depth of penetration, bead width, HAZ width using ANFIS. These models will be used to evaluate the objective function in the genetic algorithm. Then genetic algorithm is employed to determine the optimum A-TIG welding process parameters to obtain the desired weld bead shape parameters and HAZ width.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2010CB832902)National Natural Science Foundation of China (10835010, 91026002)
文摘China reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel is irradiated at 773 K with 792 MeV Ar-ions to fluences of 2.3×10^20 and 4.6×10^20 ions/m2, respectively. The variation of the microstructures of the Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic （RAFM） steel samples with the Ar-ion penetration depth is investigated using a transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Prom analyses of the microstrueture changes along with the Ar-ions penetrating depth, it is found that high-density cavities form in the peak damage region. The average size and the number density of the cavities depend strongly on the damage level and Ar-atom concentration. Swelling due to the formation of cavities increases significantly with an increased damage level, and the existence of deposited Ar-atoms also enhances the growth of the average size of the cavities. The effect of atom displacements and Ar-atoms on the swelling of the RAFM steel under high energy Ar-ion irradiation is discussed briefly.
基金support from Natural ScienceFoundation of Hebei Province(No.E2021417001)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2021JQ-502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874081).
文摘Materials are stil one of the main technical bottlenecks restricting the development of fusion reactors.Reduced activated ferritic/martensitic steel(RAFM)is considered one of the main candidate structural materials for fusion reactor cladding due to its good radiation resistance and mechanical properties.In the past 40 years,RAFM steel has made considerable progress,but numerous problems remain to be solved.The improvements in RAFM steel in recent years,such as chemical composition optimization,clean preparation technology,radiation performance,and applicable welding technology,were systematically summarized.A systematic review of new RAFM steels was conducted,the development direction of the traditional smelting process was analyzed,and the application of laser additive manufacturing technology to RAFM steel was introduced.The effect of rradiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of RAFM steel was described,and welding methods of RAFM steel and their research progress were reviewed.Finally,the potential applications of Si,Ti,and Zr in improving the performance of RAFM steel,electroslag remelting technology in clean smelting,heat treatment process in optimizing radiation performance,and laser-beam welding in RAFM welding were prospected and summarized.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51874081 and 51574063)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N150204012)the Liaoning Province Doctoral Research Initiation Fund Guidance Project(No.20170520079)。
文摘The thermal stability and mechanical properties of China low activation martensitic steel with Zr and Y were investigated via thermal aging at 550 °C for 8000 h. The Laves phase content monotonically increased with thermal aging, and the volume fraction of the Laves phases stabilized in the alloy after 3000 h of thermal aging. The observed degradation in mechanical properties was because of the coarsening of M23C6 carbides and matrix grains during the earlier stages of thermal aging. The precipitation of Laves phases and V3Zr3C particles increased the strength and hardness of the alloy. Grain coarsening was the primary reason for the decrease in impact properties, and the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature increased from-71 to -48 °C after 8000 h of thermal aging.
基金sponsored by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Program(No.2011GB108003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1532262)。
文摘In the present work,the irradiation hardening behavior of a Chinese low-activation ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1,a candidate for fusion reactor blankets,is studied.Specimens were irradiated with high-energy14N and56Fe ions at the terminal of a cyclotron to three successively increasing damage levels of 0.05,0.1 and 0.2 displacements per atom(dpa)at about-50°C.The energy of the incident ions was dispersed to 11 successively decreasing grades using an energy degrader,thereby generating an atomic displacement damage plateau in the specimens from the surface to a depth of 25μm,which is sufficiently broad for the Vickers hardness test.Eight different loads(i.e.98 mN,196 m N,490 m N,980 m N,1.96 N,4.9 N,9.8 N and 19.6 N)were applied to the specimens to obtain the depth profiles of the Vickers hardness by using a microhardness tester.Hardening was observable at the lowest damage level,and increased with increasing irradiation dose.A power-law correlation of the Vickers hardness with the damage level(HV0=1.49+0.76 dpa0.31)is proposed.Testing with a nano-indentation technique was also performed,and a linear relationship between the Vickers micro-hardness and the nanohardness(HV0=0.83 H0)was observed.A comparison with other RAFM steels(CLAM,JLF-1,F82 H,EUROFER97 etc.)under neutron or charged particle irradiation conditions shows that most of the RAFM steels exhibit similar power-law exponents in the dose dependence of irradiation hardening.The difference in the irradiation hardening may be attributed to differences in microstructure prior to irradiation.
文摘低活化铁素体/马氏体耐热(RAFM)钢在强辐照条件下仍具有良好的力学性能、导热性及抗热膨胀性,被认为是目前核聚变反应堆的首选结构材料,但是其较低的高温蠕变抗力和抗辐照性能极大限制了其使用温度,进而影响了核聚变反应堆的转换效率。纳米级MX型碳氮化物作为钢中重要的强化相,在高温下仍具有良好的稳定性,能够有效阻碍位错的运动及湮灭,可以有效提高钢的高温蠕变性能。此外,纳米级MX型碳氮化物的析出还可以增加钢中的界面比,而界面是良好的缺陷陷阱,可以有效诱捕辐照产生的离位原子、空位等点缺陷,从而提高钢的抗辐照性能,因此进一步增加钢中的MX型碳氮化物含量被认为是提升RAFM钢力学性能的有效途径。目前,提高RAFM钢中MX型碳氮化物强化最有效的方式主要有三种:氮化物强化工艺、形变热处理工艺(TMT)和Ti元素的添加工艺。三种工艺均能有效提高钢的高温拉伸及蠕变性能,但它们对钢综合力学性能的影响并不完全相同。氮化物强化工艺主要是通过降低钢中的C含量同时提高N含量,从而达到促进MX型碳氮化物析出的目的。但由于钢中的N含量较高,极易形成粗大的TaN夹杂,在低温条件下,钢的临界裂纹尺寸会大幅降低,TaN夹杂就会成为冲击过程的裂纹源,从而使钢的韧脆转变温度(DBTT)大幅升高。TMT工艺主要是将钢加热到奥氏体化温度以上进行保温,使钢中碳化物充分溶解,之后降温至M 23 C 6型碳化物熔点以上,对钢引入较大的变形量,从而产生大量位错,促进MX型碳氮化物的形核。由于较高的固溶温度和较大的变形量,TMT处理后,钢具有较大的晶粒尺寸和较高的应力状态,从而使钢的冲击性能大幅降低。Ti元素添加工艺主要是在钢中引入Ti元素,Ti是良好的碳氮化物形成元素,在钢中极易与C、N元素结合形成MX型碳氮化物,从而提高钢中的MX型碳氮化�
