In this study, pool boiling test results are provided for the structured enhanced tubes having pores with connecting gaps. The surface geometly of the present tube is similar to that of Turbo-B. Three tubes with diffe...In this study, pool boiling test results are provided for the structured enhanced tubes having pores with connecting gaps. The surface geometly of the present tube is similar to that of Turbo-B. Three tubes with different pore size (0.20 mm, 0.23 mm and 0.27 mm) were manufactured and tested using R-11, R-123 and R-134a. The pore size which yields the maximum heat transfer coefficient varied depending on the refrigerant. For R-134a, the maximum heat transfer coefficient was obtained for the tube having 0.27 nun pore size. For R-11 and R- 123, the optimum pore size was 0.23 mm. One novel feature of the present tubes is that their boiling curves do not show a cross-over characteristic, which existing pored tubes do. The connecting gaps of the present tube are believed to serve an additional route for the liquid supply and delay the dry-out of the tunnel. The present tubes yield the heat transfer coefficients approximately equal to those of the existing pored enhanced tubes. At the heat flux 40 kW/m2 and saturation temperature 4.4° C, the heat transfer coefficients of the present tubes are 6.5 times larger for R-11, 6.0 times larger for R-123 and 5.0 times larger for R-134a than that of the smooth tube展开更多
The Pan Pearl River Delta （PPRD） Regional Co-operation Framework Agreement was signed in 2004. It aims to bring prosperity through partnership among nine Chinese Mainland provinces and China ＂s two special administ...The Pan Pearl River Delta （PPRD） Regional Co-operation Framework Agreement was signed in 2004. It aims to bring prosperity through partnership among nine Chinese Mainland provinces and China ＂s two special administrative regions. In this paper, we use a dynamic panel data model to examine the economic growth of the PPRD economies from 1985 to 2009. Our analysis confirms the existence of regional growth spillover effects in the PPRD area. Our results also show that economic growth spillover effects of non-PPRD regions on the PPRD regions are greater than those among the PPRD members themselves. These findings imply that economic integration between Chinese provinces has generated considerable spillover effects on regional growth. However, the anticipated benefits of the implementation of the PPRD agreement have not been realized thus far. Therefore, greater effort shouM be made to promote further economic integration among these members so that their local economies can benefit from the positive spillover effects.展开更多
One of the critical problems in bladder cancer(BC)management is the local recurrence of disease.However,achieving the accurate delineation of tumor margins intraoperatively remains extremely difficult due to the lack ...One of the critical problems in bladder cancer(BC)management is the local recurrence of disease.However,achieving the accurate delineation of tumor margins intraoperatively remains extremely difficult due to the lack of effective tumor margin recognition technology.Herein,survivin molecular beacon(MB)and R11 peptide-linked spherical nucleic acids(SNAs)were synthesized as nanoprobes(AuNP-MB@R11)for sensitive detection of BC margins.Physicochemical properties proved that R11 peptides and survivin MB were successfully loaded onto the surface of SNAs.AuNP-MB@R11 had good stability against nuclease activity and high sensitivity and specificity to detect survivin single strand DNA(ssDNA)in vitro.According to cytology,R11 peptides could increase the BC targeting ability and membrane penetrability of SNAs.Notably,R11 peptides significantly promoted the disintegration of lysosomes and the release of SNAs to enhance fluorescence imaging quality.Further RNA sequencing proved that some genes and pathways related to endocytosis and lysosomes were significantly regulated,such as AGPAT5,GPD1L,and GRB2.In orthotopic BC models and a clinical sample from a patient with BC,AuNP-MB@R11 showed a more legible cancerous fluorescence margin and offered remarkably improved detection compared to those achieved by SNAs.R11 peptide-linked SNAs present promising potential to identify BC margin,which may help to improve the R0 resection rate in surgery and improve patients’quality of life.展开更多
基金theR &D Management Center for Energy and Resources ofKorea
文摘In this study, pool boiling test results are provided for the structured enhanced tubes having pores with connecting gaps. The surface geometly of the present tube is similar to that of Turbo-B. Three tubes with different pore size (0.20 mm, 0.23 mm and 0.27 mm) were manufactured and tested using R-11, R-123 and R-134a. The pore size which yields the maximum heat transfer coefficient varied depending on the refrigerant. For R-134a, the maximum heat transfer coefficient was obtained for the tube having 0.27 nun pore size. For R-11 and R- 123, the optimum pore size was 0.23 mm. One novel feature of the present tubes is that their boiling curves do not show a cross-over characteristic, which existing pored tubes do. The connecting gaps of the present tube are believed to serve an additional route for the liquid supply and delay the dry-out of the tunnel. The present tubes yield the heat transfer coefficients approximately equal to those of the existing pored enhanced tubes. At the heat flux 40 kW/m2 and saturation temperature 4.4° C, the heat transfer coefficients of the present tubes are 6.5 times larger for R-11, 6.0 times larger for R-123 and 5.0 times larger for R-134a than that of the smooth tube
基金Financial support from the University of Macao(RG017/06- 07S/CY/FSH and RG041/09-10S/CY/FSH)the Australian Research Council(DP1092913)
文摘The Pan Pearl River Delta （PPRD） Regional Co-operation Framework Agreement was signed in 2004. It aims to bring prosperity through partnership among nine Chinese Mainland provinces and China ＂s two special administrative regions. In this paper, we use a dynamic panel data model to examine the economic growth of the PPRD economies from 1985 to 2009. Our analysis confirms the existence of regional growth spillover effects in the PPRD area. Our results also show that economic growth spillover effects of non-PPRD regions on the PPRD regions are greater than those among the PPRD members themselves. These findings imply that economic integration between Chinese provinces has generated considerable spillover effects on regional growth. However, the anticipated benefits of the implementation of the PPRD agreement have not been realized thus far. Therefore, greater effort shouM be made to promote further economic integration among these members so that their local economies can benefit from the positive spillover effects.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81901838)Key research and development plan in Shaanxi province(Nos.2020SF-123 and 2020SF-195)+1 种基金Medical Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province(No.2021KY042)Medical research program of department of science and technology of Xi’an,Shaanxi Province(No.2019115713YX012SF048(4)).
文摘One of the critical problems in bladder cancer(BC)management is the local recurrence of disease.However,achieving the accurate delineation of tumor margins intraoperatively remains extremely difficult due to the lack of effective tumor margin recognition technology.Herein,survivin molecular beacon(MB)and R11 peptide-linked spherical nucleic acids(SNAs)were synthesized as nanoprobes(AuNP-MB@R11)for sensitive detection of BC margins.Physicochemical properties proved that R11 peptides and survivin MB were successfully loaded onto the surface of SNAs.AuNP-MB@R11 had good stability against nuclease activity and high sensitivity and specificity to detect survivin single strand DNA(ssDNA)in vitro.According to cytology,R11 peptides could increase the BC targeting ability and membrane penetrability of SNAs.Notably,R11 peptides significantly promoted the disintegration of lysosomes and the release of SNAs to enhance fluorescence imaging quality.Further RNA sequencing proved that some genes and pathways related to endocytosis and lysosomes were significantly regulated,such as AGPAT5,GPD1L,and GRB2.In orthotopic BC models and a clinical sample from a patient with BC,AuNP-MB@R11 showed a more legible cancerous fluorescence margin and offered remarkably improved detection compared to those achieved by SNAs.R11 peptide-linked SNAs present promising potential to identify BC margin,which may help to improve the R0 resection rate in surgery and improve patients’quality of life.
