Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerica...Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future. As part of the space-based infrastructure, the Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites have contributed to earth science sustainability studies through an open data policy and stable data quality since the first launch of the FY-1A satellite in 1988. The capability of earth system monitoring was greatly enhanced after the second-generation polar orbiting FY-3 satellites and geostationary orbiting FY-4 satellites were developed. Meanwhile, the quality of the products generated from the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites is comparable to the well-known MODIS products. FY satellite data has been utilized broadly in weather forecasting, climate and climate change investigations, environmental disaster monitoring, etc. This article reviews the instruments mounted on the FY satellites. Sensor-dependent level 1 products (radiance data) and inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 products (geophysical parameters) are introduced. As an example, some typical geophysical parameters, such as wildfires, lightning, vegetation indices, aerosol products, soil moisture, and precipitation estimation have been demonstrated and validated by in-situ observations and other well-known satellite products. To help users access the FY products, a set of data sharing systems has been developed and operated. The newly developed data sharing system based on cloud technology has been illustrated to improve the efficiency of data delivery.展开更多
The downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an important part of the Earth's energy balance, driving Earth's system's energy, water, and carbon cycles. Due to the harsh Antarctic environment, the accuracy of ...The downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an important part of the Earth's energy balance, driving Earth's system's energy, water, and carbon cycles. Due to the harsh Antarctic environment, the accuracy of DSR derived from satellite and reanalysis has not been systematically evaluated over the transect of Zhongshan station to Dome A, East Antarctica.Therefore, this study aims to evaluate DSR reanalysis products(ERA5-Land, ERA5, MERRA-2) and satellite products(CERES and ICDR) in this area. The results indicate that DSR exhibits obvious monthly and seasonal variations, with higher values in summer than in winter. The ERA5-Land(ICDR) DSR product demonstrated the highest(lowest) accuracy,as evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.988(0.918), a root-mean-square error of 23.919(69.383) W m^(–2), a mean bias of –1.667(–28.223) W m^(–2) and a mean absolute error of 13.37(58.99) W m^(–2). The RMSE values for the ERA5-Land reanalysis product at seven stations, namely Zhongshan, Panda 100, Panda 300, Panda 400, Taishan, Panda 1100, and Kunlun, were 30.938, 29.447, 34.507, 29.110, 20.339, 17.267, and 14.700 W m^(-2), respectively;with corresponding bias values of 9.887, –12.159, –19.181, –15.519, –8.118, 6.297, and 3.482 W m^(–2). Regarding seasonality, ERA5-Land, ERA5,and MERRA-2 reanalysis products demonstrate higher accuracies during spring and summer, while ICDR products are least accurate in autumn. Cloud cover, water vapor, total ozone, and severe weather are the main factors affecting DSR. The error of DSR products is greatest in coastal areas(particularly at the Zhongshan station) and decreases towards the inland areas of Antarctica.展开更多
Downward shortwave radiation(DSR)is a critical variable in energy balance driving Earth’s surface processes.Satellite-derived and reanalysis DSR products have been developed and continuously improved during the last ...Downward shortwave radiation(DSR)is a critical variable in energy balance driving Earth’s surface processes.Satellite-derived and reanalysis DSR products have been developed and continuously improved during the last decades.However,as those products have different temporal resolutions,their performances in different time scales have not been well-documented,particularly in China.This study intended to evaluate several DSR products across multiple time scales(i.e.instantaneous,1-hourly,daily,and monthly average)and ecosystems in China.Six DSR products,including GLASS,BESS,CLARA-A2,MCD18A1,ERA5 and MERRA-2,were evaluated against ground measurements at Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN)and integrated land-atmosphere interaction observation(TPDC)sites from 2009 to 2012.The instantaneous DSR of MCD18 showed a root mean square error(RMSE)of 146.02 W/m^(2).The hourly RMSE of ERA5(155.52 W/m^(2))was largely smaller than MERRA-2(188.53 W/m^(2)).On the daily and monthly scale,BESS had the most optimized accuracy among the six products(RMSE of 36.82 W/m^(2)).For the satellite-derived DSR products,the monthly accuracy at CERN can meet the threshold accuracy requirement set by World Meteorological Organization(WMO)for Global Numerical Weather Prediction(20 W/m^(2)).展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900,2018YFB0504905).
文摘Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future. As part of the space-based infrastructure, the Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites have contributed to earth science sustainability studies through an open data policy and stable data quality since the first launch of the FY-1A satellite in 1988. The capability of earth system monitoring was greatly enhanced after the second-generation polar orbiting FY-3 satellites and geostationary orbiting FY-4 satellites were developed. Meanwhile, the quality of the products generated from the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites is comparable to the well-known MODIS products. FY satellite data has been utilized broadly in weather forecasting, climate and climate change investigations, environmental disaster monitoring, etc. This article reviews the instruments mounted on the FY satellites. Sensor-dependent level 1 products (radiance data) and inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 products (geophysical parameters) are introduced. As an example, some typical geophysical parameters, such as wildfires, lightning, vegetation indices, aerosol products, soil moisture, and precipitation estimation have been demonstrated and validated by in-situ observations and other well-known satellite products. To help users access the FY products, a set of data sharing systems has been developed and operated. The newly developed data sharing system based on cloud technology has been illustrated to improve the efficiency of data delivery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos.42122047 and 42306270)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant Nos.2021Z006 and 2023Z013)。
文摘The downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an important part of the Earth's energy balance, driving Earth's system's energy, water, and carbon cycles. Due to the harsh Antarctic environment, the accuracy of DSR derived from satellite and reanalysis has not been systematically evaluated over the transect of Zhongshan station to Dome A, East Antarctica.Therefore, this study aims to evaluate DSR reanalysis products(ERA5-Land, ERA5, MERRA-2) and satellite products(CERES and ICDR) in this area. The results indicate that DSR exhibits obvious monthly and seasonal variations, with higher values in summer than in winter. The ERA5-Land(ICDR) DSR product demonstrated the highest(lowest) accuracy,as evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.988(0.918), a root-mean-square error of 23.919(69.383) W m^(–2), a mean bias of –1.667(–28.223) W m^(–2) and a mean absolute error of 13.37(58.99) W m^(–2). The RMSE values for the ERA5-Land reanalysis product at seven stations, namely Zhongshan, Panda 100, Panda 300, Panda 400, Taishan, Panda 1100, and Kunlun, were 30.938, 29.447, 34.507, 29.110, 20.339, 17.267, and 14.700 W m^(-2), respectively;with corresponding bias values of 9.887, –12.159, –19.181, –15.519, –8.118, 6.297, and 3.482 W m^(–2). Regarding seasonality, ERA5-Land, ERA5,and MERRA-2 reanalysis products demonstrate higher accuracies during spring and summer, while ICDR products are least accurate in autumn. Cloud cover, water vapor, total ozone, and severe weather are the main factors affecting DSR. The error of DSR products is greatest in coastal areas(particularly at the Zhongshan station) and decreases towards the inland areas of Antarctica.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant(42090012)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2021CFA082)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YF A0608704)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities through Wuhan University under Grant 2042022dx0001.
文摘Downward shortwave radiation(DSR)is a critical variable in energy balance driving Earth’s surface processes.Satellite-derived and reanalysis DSR products have been developed and continuously improved during the last decades.However,as those products have different temporal resolutions,their performances in different time scales have not been well-documented,particularly in China.This study intended to evaluate several DSR products across multiple time scales(i.e.instantaneous,1-hourly,daily,and monthly average)and ecosystems in China.Six DSR products,including GLASS,BESS,CLARA-A2,MCD18A1,ERA5 and MERRA-2,were evaluated against ground measurements at Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN)and integrated land-atmosphere interaction observation(TPDC)sites from 2009 to 2012.The instantaneous DSR of MCD18 showed a root mean square error(RMSE)of 146.02 W/m^(2).The hourly RMSE of ERA5(155.52 W/m^(2))was largely smaller than MERRA-2(188.53 W/m^(2)).On the daily and monthly scale,BESS had the most optimized accuracy among the six products(RMSE of 36.82 W/m^(2)).For the satellite-derived DSR products,the monthly accuracy at CERN can meet the threshold accuracy requirement set by World Meteorological Organization(WMO)for Global Numerical Weather Prediction(20 W/m^(2)).
